What are/is characteristics of the Sublingual route?
Avoid first-pass effect
Slow absorption
Rapid absorption
a & c
Induction of liver microsomal enzymes can:
Require the dose increase of some drugs
Require the dose decrease of some drugs
Prolong the duration of the action of a drug
Intensify the unwanted reaction of a drug
All of the following are incorporated into the Cockcroft–Gault equation except:
Age
Gender
Serum albumin
Serum creatinine
Polypharmacy use in older adults does not result in:
Increased adherence
Increased drug–drug interaction
Increased complex regimen
Increased hospitalization
Lupus-like syndrome is a possible side effect of which of the following drug(s)?
Clonidine
Minoxidil
Doxazosin
Hydralazine
Which of the following is TRUE regarding β-blockers in heart failure?
Ideally should be started in setting of congestion to aid in diuresis
FDA-approved agents include carvedilol and metoprolol succinate
Metoprolol tartrate is more efficacious than carvedilol for heart failure
Chronic β-blockade increases ventricular mass
Which of the following diuretic combinations is used for the purpose of reducing congestion in the setting of diuretic resistance?
Hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone
Spironolactone and torsemide
Furosemide and spironolactone
Furosemide and metolazone
What is the recommended treatment duration of dual antiplatelet therapy following implantation of a drug eluting stent?
1 month
3 months
6 months
At least 12 months
Which of the following anticoagulants is preferred for PCI in a patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and ACS?
UFH
Enoxaparin
Bivalirudin
Dalteparin
Which of the following is not a secondary cause of dyslipidemia?
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes
Renal failure
Which side effect can be caused by statin therapy?
Fatty liver
New onset diabetes
Flushing
None of the above
Which one of the following medications requires monitoring of growth in children?
Montelukast
Zileuton
Theophylline
Prednisolone
Which one of the following medications may worsen the symptoms of GERD by decreasing lower esophageal sphincter pressure?
Nifedipine
Alendronate
Naproxen
Quinidine
PPIs decrease stomach acid by which of the following mechanisms?
Inhibiting gastric H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase in gastric parietal cells
Inhibiting histamine2 receptors in gastric parietal cells
Forming a viscous solution that floats on the surface of the gastric contents
Forming a protective coating over the damaged mucosa
Which of the following is not considered a potential risk associated with the use of PPIs?
Clostridium difficile infections
Community-acquired pneumonia
Hyperkalemia
Bone fractures
Which one of the following should be considered when evaluating a patient who has failed H. pylori eradication therapy?
Patient adherence
Preexisting antimicrobial resistance
Potential reinfection
All of the above
Prior to initiating therapy with azathioprine, patients should be evaluated for activity of which enzyme?
Thiopurine methyltransferase
Azathioprine dehydrogenase
Dihydrofolate reductase
Alanine aminotransferase
Which one of the following medications would be contraindicated in a pregnant patient with IBD?
Sulfasalazine
Budesonide
Infliximab
Methotrexate
Which condition is considered a contraindication to infliximab therapy?
Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Dyslipidemia
Advanced heart failure
The incidence of AKI as a result of amphotericin B is highest with which of the following formulations?
Conventional desoxycholate amphotericin B
Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC)
Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB)
Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD)
Which of the following neurotransmitters appears to be depleted in some patients with epilepsy?
GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
35-year-old woman is being started on lamotrigine for newly diagnosed epilepsy. She is otherwise healthy and is not taking any medications except for acetaminophen for an occasional headache. Which of the following will be most important to monitor as she starts lamotrigine?
Vision
Blood count
Rash
Heart rhythm
A new patient with Parkinson disease comes to the pharmacy with a prescription for pramipexole 0.25 mg at bedtime. Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of pramipexole?
Obsessive behavior
Livedo reticularis
Nausea
Thickening of heart valves
Oral glucose lowering agents that primarily inhibit the breakdown of glucagon-like peptide 1 are classified as:
Sulfonylureas
SGLT2 inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors
Meglitinides
Select the oral medication from the list below that is most likely to result in weight loss for patients with diabetes.
Dapagliflozin
Glyburide
Liraglutide
Pioglitazone
In a patient receiving stable LT4 therapy, laboratory monitoring should be performed every _______.
Month
6 to 8 weeks
3 months
Year
Untreated hyperthyroidism in the elderly can result in:
Mania
Atrial fibrillation
Deafness
Hirsutism
Why is propylthiouracil (PTU) the antithyroid therapy of choice in pregnant patients with Graves disease?
It is less hepatotoxic than methimazole (MMI)
It may be less teratogenic than MMI
It has less risk of causing fetal hypothyroidism than MMI
It causes less agranulocytosis in these patients than MMI
Therapeutic window concentrations are between:
The amount that gives an effect and the amount that gives more than desired effects
The amount that gives minimal adverse effects and the amount that gives more
The amount that gives minimal effect and the amount that gives full therapeutic effect
None of the above
The bioavailability of a drug administered directly to systemic circulation is:
45 %
100 %
Dependent on the half life of the drug
Is unpredictable
Which of the following drug is recommended for the treatment of MRSA infections?
Ceftazidime
Piperacillin +Tazobactam
Cefotaxime
Vancomycin
The following antibiotics are capable of inducing renal nephrotoxicity:
Aminoglycosides
Quinolones
Macrolides
B-lactams
What is the antibiotic that cannot be the cause of cardiac arrhythmia with risk of cardiac arrest?
Azithromycin
Gentamicin
Gatifloxacin
Clarithromycin
Which of the following diuretics is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor:
Amiloride
Acetazolamide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Furosemide
A chronic hypertensive pregnant woman may be treated as a first line with:
Enalapril
Candesartan
Methyldopa
Hydralazine
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