acute, 2249

persistent, 2249

clinical presentation of, 2249–2250, 2250t

evaluation of, 2249–2250

neurophysiologic considerations, 2247–2248, 2248f

nonpharmacologic options, 2250

pharmacologic options, 2251–2253

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1032t

Urinary NA:K ratio, 542

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 1482–1504

asymptomatic bacteriuria and, 1500–1501

catheter-associated, 1485

in children, 1500–1501

clinical presentation of, 1485

community-acquired, 1484

complicated, 1483–1484

contraception and, 1497

diabetes and, 1484

diagnosis of, 1485–1486

drug therapy for, 1486, 1487t

in elderly, 1601

epidemiology of, 1483

etiology of, 1483–1484

females and, 1483

hospital-acquired, 1484, 1502–1503

incidence of, 1483

lower, 1486–1494

pathogenesis of, 1484–1485

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1032t

predisposing factors for, 1484–1485

during pregnancy, 977–978, 1484, 1500

prevalence of, 1483

recurrence of, 1496–1500

renal failure and, 1486

sexual intercourse and, 1485, 1500

symptomatic abacteriuria and, 1501–1503

uncomplicated, 1483–1484

Urine albumin to urine creatinine ratio (UACR), 35

Urine drug screen, 66

URL (see Upper reference limit (URL))

UROD (see Ultrarapid opiate detoxification (UROD))

Urticaria, 823

US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system, 637

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 485

US Medical Eligibility Criteria, 942

US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 144

USPSTF (see US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF))

USRDS (see United States Renal Data System (USRDS))

UTI (see Urinary tract infection (UTI))

UTIs (see Urinary tract infections (UTIs))

UVA (see Ultraviolet A (UVA), psoriasis and)

UVB (see Ultraviolet B (UVB), psoriasis and)

UV Index, 847

UVR (see Ultraviolet radiation (UVR))

V

VacA (see Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA))

Vaccination, 1351–1365 (see also Immunization)

cancer vaccines, 1949

hepatitis A vaccine, 1666–1667

dosage, 1666, 1666t

with HBV vaccine, 1666

indications for, 1667

hepatitis B vaccines

adverse effects, 1674

dosage, 1673

duration of vaccine-induced immunity, 1673–1674

immune response to, 1673

indications for, 1674

and infants, 1675

with Recombivax HB, 1673

universal, 1674

herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax), 1652

HPV vaccines, 1949

influenza, 1655–1657, 2227

for Lyme disease, 1722

for malaria, 1701

for OIs, 1598

pneumococcal vaccine, 2227

for protection against S. typhi, 1457

teratogenic effects, 973t

Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), 1358

Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), 490

VAD (see Vascular dementia (VAD))

VADT (see Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT))

Vaginal atrophy, and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t

Vaginal discharge, characteristics of, 1523t

Vaginitis, 1522–1527

VALIANT (see Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT))

Valsalva maneuver, for PSVT, 319

Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT), 282

Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT), 257, 282–283

Vancomycin, 1209

VAP (see Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP))

VAPP (see Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP))

Variant angina

clinical presentation of, 228–229

therapy for, 229

Variceal hemorrhage, 549

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 1598

VAS (see Visual analog scale (VAS))

Vascular dementia (VAD)

clinical presentation, 2241

diagnosis, 2241

etiology, 2240

neuropathology, 2240

treatment, 2242

Vascular stent, 225f

Vascular surgery, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Vasculoprotective therapy, for chronic stable angina

antiplatelet therapy, 213–214

lifestyle modifications, 212–213

risk factor modification, 213

Vasomotor rhinitis, 447

Vasomotor symptom (VMS), 1030

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t

Vasopressin, 547

Vasopressin receptor antagonists (VRAs), 266–267, 542–543, 579–580

p. 2372

p. 2373

Vasopressors, inotropic agents and, 363t

Vaughn-Williams classification, of antiarrhythmic agents, 310t

vBloc Maestro Rechargeable System, 766

VDS (see Verbal description scales (VDS))

Venography, for DVT, 183

Venous thrombi, 176

occurrence of, 176

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), 934, 934t

prevention of, 189, 190t

treatment of, 188t

Ventilation

for apnea, 2189

for BPD, 2150, 2174–2175

for hantavirus infections, 1659

medications for intubation, 2198–2201, 2199–2200t, 2201t

ribavirin, 1658

for PDA, 2180

for posttraumatic seizures, 1744

for RDS, 2169, 2170, 2172

for SS, 2206

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 1415–1420

Ventricle, remodeling of, 257

Ventricular arrhythmias, 248, 322, 610, 1639, 1817, 1828

ambulatory monitoring of, 323

amiodarone, 326

electrophysiologic studies, 323

etiology of, 323

evaluation of life-threatening, 323

implantable cardiac derillators, 325–326

premature ventricular contractions, 323–324

sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 324–325

TdP, 327–329

Ventricular fibrillation (VF), 322f

Ventricular flutter (VF), 322

Ventricular function curve, 358f, 362f

Ventricular remodeling, 236

Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 308, 322

nonsustained, 322f

Verbal description scales (VDS), 1175t

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), 102–103, 103t, 1073

Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), 1079

VF (see Ventricular fibrillation (VF))

VF (see Ventricular flutter (VF))

Vibrio cholerae, 2161

Vibrio cholerae, infection from, 1451

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, infection from, 1452

Viral gastroenteritis, 1447t, 1450–1451

Viral infection, 701

and systemic lupus erythematosus, 701

Viral infections

common cold, 1661

of Hantavirus, 1658–1659

herpes simplex, 1646–1651

influenza, 1655–1657

middle east respiratory syndrome, 1660

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 1657–1658

severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), 1660

varicella-zoster (VZV), 1651–1655

West Nile virus (WNV), 1659–1660

Zika virus, 1660–1661

Virchow’s Triad, 175

Virilizing tumors, and congenital malformations, 971

Visceral pain, 1173

treatment of, 1174

Visual analog scale (VAS), 1175t

Vital capacity (VC), 383

Vitamin D biotransformation, 618f

Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), 178

Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), 54

Vitamin K-hydroquinone (KH2), 44

Vitamins, 748

and mineralsupplementation, 456–457, 457t

PN and, 801–802, 801t

VKOR (see Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR))

VLDL (see Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL))

VMS (see Vasomotor symptom (VMS))

Volume regulation, 572

disorders in, 572–574

sodium depletion, 572–573

sodium excess, 573–574

Vomiting, 463 (see also Nausea and vomiting)

clinical presentation of, 2158–2159

definition of, 466

pathogenesis, 2158–2159

and pazopanib, 1963t

VRAs (see Vasopressin receptor antagonists (VRAs))

VTE (see Venous thromboembolism (VTE))

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), 1522–1525

causative agents of, 1522

complicated, 1525–1526

differential diagnosis of, 1523–1524

patient counseling in, 1524–1525

in pregnancy, 1526

recurrent, 1526, 1526t

risk factors for, 1524

signs and symptoms, 1522

treatment of, 1524

vaginal discharge in, 1523

VVC (see Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC))

VZV (see Varicella-zoster virus (VZV))

W

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHtR), 757

Water, 748

in body, 569–570

homeostasis, 572

Water restriction, 542

WBC (see White blood count (WBC); White blood cells (WBCs))

WBI (see Whole bowel irrigation (WBI))

Wegener granulomatosis, 626–628

Weight, 2130–2131

and AmB formulations, 1633

and dehydration, 2139–2141, 2141t, 2160

and giardiasis, 1707

loss, 761

with alcohol, 2224

behavior therapy for, 762

with bupropion, 1827

in CML, 2029–2030

and CPAP, 1777

dietary supplements for, 765

diets for, 761

for hypertension prevention, 138, 144

in leukemias, 2032

physical activity for, 762

and PN, 796

and parenteral nutrient requirements, 2140t

and PCP therapy, 1604

for SGAs, 1803

and tapeworm infections, 1709

and terbinafine, 1628

type 1 diabetes and, 1074

type 2 diabetes and, 1075

Western blot tests, 1582

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), 868

West Haven Criteria (WHC), 551

West Nile virus (WNV), 1659–1660

WFSBP (see World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP))

WHC (see West Haven Criteria (WHC))

White blood cells (WBCs), 33–34, 356

White blood count (WBC), 2030

in iron toxicity, 72

White-coat hypertension, 135–136

WHO (see World Health Organization (WHO))

Whole bowel irrigation (WBI), 67

in iron ingestion, 72

WHtR (see Waist-to-hip ratio (WHtR))

Willis–Ekbom disease (see Restless legs syndrome (RLS))

Wilms tumor, 2006–2008, 2006t

chemotherapy, 2007–2008

clinical presentation of, 2006, 2007–2008

diagnosis, 2006

epidemiology, 2006

pathophysiology, 2006

staging, 2006, 2006t

treatment of, 2006–2008

Windup, pain and, 1172

Wintrobe indices (see RBC indices)

WNV (see West Nile virus (WNV))

Wolff–Chaikoff effect, 1058

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, 319f, 320–321

WOMAC (see Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC))

Women’s Health Initiative, 870

p. 2373

p. 2374

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP), 1837, 1846–1847

World Health Organization (WHO), 409, 957

obesity and, 757

Wounds, classification of, 860, 1344t

WPW (see Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome)

X

Xerosis (dry skin), 813, 813t

Xerostomia, 1973–1974

Y

Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS), 1758

Yellow zone, of PEF, 402

Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 855

Z

ZES (see Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES))

Zika virus, 1660–1661

Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES), 489

clinical assessment and diagnosis, 502

epidemiology, 501–502

pathophysiology, 502

treatment, 502

p. 2374

p. 2375

p. 2376

p. 2377

p. 2378

p. 2379

 

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