topics / مواضيع

 ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Aponermin, a circularly permuted tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a potential death receptor 4/5-targeted antitumour candidate. Previous phase 1/2 studies have demonstrated the efficacy of aponermin in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). To confirm the superiority of aponermin plus thalidomide and dexamethasone (aponermin group) over placebo plus thalidomide and dexamethasone (placebo group) in RRMM, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled phase 3 trial was performed. METHODS: Four hundred seventeen patients with RRMM who had previously received at least two regimens were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive aponermin, thalidomide, and dexamethasone or placebo, thalidomide, and dexamethasone. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Key secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and overall response rate (ORR). RESULTS: A total of 415 patients received at least one dose of trial t

  Serology Bacteriologic diagnosis can also be confirmed by estimating antibodies to specific antigens of the bacteria. Examples: VDRL and Kahn tests for syphilis. ASO for β-hemolytic streptococci and Widal for typhoid. Preparation of Culture Media Anything used for preparing culture media should be free from living organisms. All media prepared should be sterilized according to instructions for each type of media. pH adjustment should be correct for all media. Since, most organisms grow at a slightly alkaline pH, it should therefore be adjusted between pH 7.2–7.6. Time can be saved by using dehydrated culture media: as per the manufacturer’s instructions, weigh the dehydrated medium, add the requisite amount of boiled distilled water, mix the two and sterilize the solution. Given below are methods for preparation of culture media: Peptone Water This medium is used for the testing of indole production, for the preparation of sugar media, and when made highly alkaline (pH 8.0–8.4) is us

  Negative Staining Negative Staining is a technique by which organisms remain unstained against a dark background. India Ink Method A small quantity of India ink 10% nigrosin is mixed with the material on a slide. A smear is made by means of another slide and the preparation is allowed to dry. The smear is examined and the spirochetes are seen as clear transparent objects against a dark brown background. Capsules may also be demonstrated by this method. Motility of Bacteria Hanging Drop Method This method is used to observe the morphology but also demonstrates the motility of organisms. A special slide with a concave center is used or else a ring of plasticine can be placed on the slide. A drop of the culture of bacterial suspension is placed on a coverslip. Vaseline is placed near the concave area of the slide approximately the corners of the coverslip. The slide is placed over the coverslip so that the drop of culture is directly under the concave area and the Vaseline adheres to th

  7. Rinse in water again. 8. Stain with one of the following counterstains: Safranin, Neutral red, or 1:10 Carbol fuchsin. 9. Rinse in water and allow it to dry by standing it vertically, or by blotting it with filter paper. Results Because the gram-positive organisms retain the crystal violet after decolorization, they appear dark blue in color. The gram-negative organisms are decolorized and take up the counterstain and therefore, appear pink in color. Reagents 1. Crystal violet—0.5% solution in distilled water. 2. Iodine-(Lugol’s)—10 g iodine, 20 g potassium iodide in 1000 mL of distilled water. Dissolve the potassium iodide in 250 mL water and then add 10 g of iodine. When dissolved make up to 1000 mL with distilled water (This solution is three times stronger than Gram’s iodine and is preferable). 3. Acetone. 4. Counterstain. a. 1 g Neutral red 2 mL 1% Acetic acid Distilled water to make 1000 mL b. Safranin 1.7 g safranin 50 mL alcohol Distilled water to make 500 mL c. Dilute car