cinatory experiences and delusional thinking. There appears to be a slight male preponderance for attei^uated psychosis syndrome.
Development and Course
Onset of attenuated psychosis syndrome is usually in mid-to-late adolescence or early
adulthood. It may be preceded by normal development or evidence for impaired cognition, negative symptoms, and/or impaired social development. In help-seeking cohorts,
approximately 18% in 1 year and 32% in 3 years may progress symptomatically and met
criteria for a psychotic disorder. In some cases, the syndrome may transition to a depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features, but development to a schizophrenia spectrum disorder is more frequent. It appears that the diagnosis is best applied to individuals
ages 15-35 years. Long-term course is not yet described beyond 7-12 years.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Temperamental. Factors predicting prognosis of attenuated psychosis syndrome have
not been definitively characterized, but the presence of negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, and poor functioning are associated with poor outcome and increase risk of
transition to psychosis.
Genetic and physiological. A family history of psychosis places the individual with attenuated psychosis syndrome at increased risk for developing a full psychotic disorder.
Structural, functional, and neurochemical imaging data are associated with increased risk
of transition to psychosis.
Functional Consequences of
Attenuated Psycliosis Syndrome
Many individuals may experience functional impairments. Modest-to-moderate impairment in social and role functioning may persist even with abatement of symptoms. A substantial portion of individuals with the diagnosis will improve over time; many continue
to have mild symptoms and impairment, and many others will have a full recovery.
Differential Diagnosis
Brief psychotic disorder. When symptoms of attenuated psychosis syndrome initially
manifest, they may resemble symptoms of brief psychotic disorder. However, in attenuated psychosis syndrome, the symptoms do not cross the psychosis threshold and reality
testing/insight remains intact.
Schizotypal personality disorder. Schizotypal personality disorder, although having
symptomatic features that are similar to those of attenuated psychosis syndrome, is a relatively stable trait disorder not meeting the state-dependent aspects (Criterion C) of attenuated psychosis syndrome. In addition, a broader array of symptoms is required for
schizotypal personality disorder, although in the early stages of presentation it may resemble attenuated psychosis syndrome.
Depressive or bipolar disorders. Reality distortions that are temporally limited to an
episode of a major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder and are descriptively more
characteristic of those disorders do not meet Criterion E for attenuated psychosis syndrome. For example, feelings of low self-esteem or attributions of low regard from others
in the context of major depressive disorder would not qualify for comorbid attenuated
psychosis syndrome.
Anxiety disorders. Reality distortions that are temporally limited to an episode of an
anxiety disorder and are descriptively more characteristic of an anxiety disorder do not
meet Criterion E for attenuated psychosis syndrome. For example, a feeling of being the
focus of undesired attention in the context of social anxiety disorder would not qualify for
comorbid attenuated psychosis syndrome.
Bipolar II disorder. Reality distortions that are temporally limited to an episode of mania or hypomania and are descriptively more characteristic of bipolar disorder do not meet
Criterion E for attenuated psychosis syndrome. For example, inflated self-esteem in the
context of pressured speech and reduced need for sleep would not qualify for comorbid attenuated psychosis syndrome.
Borderline personality disorder. Reality distortions that are concomitant with borderline personality disorder and are descriptively more characteristic of it do not meet Criterion E for attenuated psychosis syndrome. For example, a sense of being unable to
experience feelings in the context of an intense fear of real or imagined abandonment and
recurrent self-mutilation would not qualify for comorbid attenuated psychosis syndrome.
Adjustment reaction of adolescence. Mild, transient symptoms typical of normal development and consistent with the degree of stress experienced do not qualify for attenuated psychosis syndrome.
Extreme end of perceptual aberration and magical thinking in the non-ill population.
This diagnostic possibility should be strongly entertained when reality distortions are not
associated with distress and functional impairment and need for care.
Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder. Substance use is common among
individuals whose symptoms meet attenuated psychosis syndrome criteria. When otherwise qualifying characteristic symptoms are strongly temporally related to substance use
episodes. Criterion E for attenuated psychosis syndrome may not be met, and a diagnosis
of substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder may be preferred.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A history of attentional impairment does not
exclude a current attenuated psychosis syndrome diagnosis. Earlier attentional impairment may be a prodromal condition or comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Comorbidity
Individuals with attenuated psychosis syndrome often experience anxiety and/or depression. Some individuals with an attenuated psychosis syndrome diagnosis will progress to
another diagnosis, including anxiety, depressive, bipolar, and personality disorders. In such
cases, the psychopathology associated with the attenuated psychosis syndrome diagnosis is
reconceptualized as the prodromal phase of another disorder, not a comorbid condition.
Depressive Episodes With Short-Duration Hypomania
Proposed Criteria
Lifetime experience of at least one major depressive episode meeting the foiiowing
criteria:
A. Five (or more) of the following criteria have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms
is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. (Note: Do not include
symptoms that are clearly attributable to a medical condition.)
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, or hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g.,
appears tearful). (Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood.)
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the
day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation).
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than
5% of bqdy weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every
day. (Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gain.)
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not
merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick).
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others).
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.
D. The disturbance is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder and is not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.
At least two lifetime episodes of hypomanie periods that involve the required criterion symptoms below but are of insufficient duration (at least 2 days but less than
4 consecutive days) to meet criteria for a hypomanie episode. The criterion symptoms are as follows:
A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy.
B. During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy and activity, three (or more)
of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable), represent a noticeable change from usual behavior, and have been present to a significant degree:
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
3. More talkative than usual or pressured to keep talking.
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external
stimuli), as reported or observed.
6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or
psychomotor agitation.
7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., the individual engages in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).
C. The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristic of the individual when not symptomatic.
D. The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by others.
E. The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization. If there are psychotic features, the
episode is, by definition, manic.
F. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug
of abuse, a medication or other treatment).
Diagnostic Features
Individuals with short-duration hypomania have experienced at least one major depressive episode as well as at least two episodes of 2-3 days' duration in which criteria for a hypomanie episode were met (except for symptom duration). These episodes are of sufficient
intensity to be categorized as a hypomanie episode but do not meet the 4-day duration requirement. Symptoms are present to a significant degree, such that they represent a noticeable change from the individual's normal behavior.
An individual with a history of a syndromal hypomanie episode and a major depressive episode by definition has bipolar II disorder, regardless of current duration of hypomanic symptoms.
Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
Individuals who have experienced both short-duration hypomania and a major depressive episode, with their increased comorbidity with substance use disorders and a greater
family history of bipolar disorder, more closely resemble individuals with bipolar disorder than those with major depressive disorder.
Differences have also been found between individuals with short-duration hypomania
and those with syndromal bipolar disorder. Work impairment was greater for individuals
with syndromal bipolar disorder, as was the estimated average number of episodes. Individuals with short-duration hypomania may exhibit less severity than individuals with
syndromal hypomanie episodes, including less mood lability.
Prevalence
The prevalence of short-duration hypomania is unclear, since the criteria are new as of this
edition of the manual. Using somewhat different criteria, however, it has been estimated
that short-duration hypomania occurs in 2.8% of the population (compared with hypomania or mania in 5.5% of the population). Short-duration hypomania may be more common
in females, who may present with more features of atypical depression.
R is k and Prognostic Factors
Genetic and physiological. A family history of mania is two to three times more common in
individuals with short-duration hypomania compared with the general population, but less
than half as common as in individuals with a history of syndromal mania or hypomania.
Suicide Risic
Individuals with short-duration hypomania have higher rates of suicide attempts than
healthy individuals, although not as high as the rates in individuals with syndromal bipolar disorder.
Functional Consequences of Short-Duration Hypomania
Functional impairments associated specifically with short-duration hypomania are as yet
not fully determined. However, research suggests that individuals with this disorder have
less work impairment than individuals with syndromal bipolar disorder but more comorbid substance use disorders, particularly alcohol use disorder, than individuals with major
depressive disorder.
Differential Diagnosis
Bipolar II disorder. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by a period of at least 4 days of
hypomanie symptoms, whereas short-duration hypomania is characterized by periods of
2-3 days of hypomanie symptoms. Once an individual has experienced a hypomanie episode (4 days oi* more), the diagnosis becomes and remains bipolar II disorder regardless
of future duration of hypomanie symptom periods.
Major depressive disorder. Major depressive disorder is also characterized by at least
one lifetime major depressive episode. However, the additional presence of at least two lifetime periods of 2-3 days of hypomanie symptoms leads to a diagnosis of short-duration hypomania rather than to major depressive disorder.
Major depressive disorder with mixed features. Both major depressive disorder with
mixed features and short-duration hypomania are characterized by the presence of some
hypomanie symptoms and a major depressive episode. However, major depressive disorder with mixed features is characterized by hypomanie features present concurrently with
a major depressive episode, while individuals with short-duration hypomania experience
subsyndromal hypomania and fully syndromal major depression at different times.
Bipolar I disorder. Bipolar I disorder is differentiated from short-duration hypomania
by at least one lifetime manic episode, which is longer (at least 1 week) and more severe
(causes more impaired social functioning) than a hypomanie episode. An episode (of any
duration) that involves psychotic symptoms or necessitates hospitalization is by definition
a manic episode rather than a hypomanie one.
Cyclothymic disorder. While cyclothymic disorder is characterized by periods of depressive symptoms and periods of hypomanie symptoms, the lifetime presence of a major
depressive episode precludes the diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder.
Comorbidity
Short-duration hypomania, similar to full hypomanie episodes, has been associated with
higher rates of comorbid anxiety disorders and substance use disorders than are found in
the general population.
Persistent Confiplex Bereavement Disorder
Proposed Criteria
A. The individual experienced the death of someone with whom he or she had a close relationship.
B. Since the death, at least one of the following symptoms is experienced on more days
than not and to a clinically significant degree and has persisted for at least 12 months
after the death in the case of bereaved adults and 6 months for bereaved children:
1. Persistent yearning/longing for the deceased. In young children, yearning may be
expressed in play and behavior, including behaviors that reflect being separated
from, and also reuniting with, a caregiver or other attachment figure.
2. Intense sorrow and emotional pain in response to the death.
3. Preoccupation with the deceased.
4. Preoccupation with the circumstances of the death. In children, this preoccupation
with the deceased may be expressed through the themes of play and behavior and
may extend to preoccupation with possible death of others close to them.
C. Since the death, at least six of the following symptoms are experienced on more days
than not and to a clinically significant degree, and have persisted for at least 12 months
after the death in the case of bereaved adults and 6 months for bereaved children:
Reactive distress to the death
1. Marked difficulty accepting the death. In children, this is dependent on the child’s
capacity to comprehend the meaning and permanence of death.
2. Experiencing disbelief or emotional numbness over the loss.
3. Difficulty with positive reminiscing about the deceased.
4. Bitterness or anger related to the loss.
5. Maladaptive appraisals about oneself in relation to the deceased or the death (e.g.,
self-blame).
6. Excessive avoidance of reminders of the loss (e.g., avoidance of individuals,
places, or situations associated with the deceased; in children, this may include
avoidance of thoughts and feelings regarding the deceased).
Social/identity disruption
7. A desire to die in order to be with the deceased.
8. Difficulty trusting other individuals since the death.
9. Feeling alone or detached from other individuals since the death.
10. Feeling that life is meaningless or empty without the deceased, or the belief that
one cannot function without the deceased.
11. Confusion about one’s role in life, or a diminished sense of one’s identity (e.g., feeling that a part of oneself died with the deceased).
12. Difficulty or reluctance to pursue interests since the loss or to plan for the future
(e.g., friendships, activities).
D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The bereavement reaction is out of proportion to or inconsistent with cultural, religious,
or age-appropriate norms.
Specify if:
With traumatic bereavement: Bereavement due to homicide or suicide with persistent distressing preoccupations regarding the traumatic nature of the death (often in response to loss reminders), including the deceased’s last moments, degree of suffering
and mutilating injury, or the malicious or intentional nature of the death.
Diagnostic Features
Persistent complex bereavement disorder is diagnosed only if at least 12 months (6 months
in children) have elapsed since the death of someone with whom the bereaved had a close
relationship (Criterion A). This time frame discriminates normal grief from persistent
grief. The condition typically involves a persistent yearning/longing for the deceased
(Criterion Bl), which may be associated with intense sorrow and frequent crying (Criterion B2) or preoccupation with the deceased (Criterion B3). The individual may also be
preoccupied with the manner in which the person died (Criterion B4).
Six additional symptoms are required, including marked difficulty accepting that the individual has died (Criterion Cl) (e.g. preparing meals for them), disbelief that the individual is
dead (Criterion C2), distressing memories of the deceased (Criterion C3), anger over the loss
(Criterion C4), maladaptive appraisals about oneself in relation to the deceased or the death
(Criterion C5), and excessive avoidance of reminders of the loss (Criterion C6). Individuals
may also report a desire to die because they wish to be with the deceased (Criterion C7); be distrustful of others (Criterion C8); feel isolated (Criterion C9); believe that life has no meaning or
purpose without the deceased (Criterion CIO); experience a diminished sense of identity in
which they feel a part of themselves has died or been lost (Criterion Cll); or have difficulty engaging in activities, pursuing relationships, or planning for the future (Criterion C12).
Persistent complex bereavement disorder requires clinically significant distress or impairment in psychosocial functioning (Criterion D). The nature and severity of grief must
be beyond expected norms for the relevant cultural setting, religious group, or developmental stage (Criterion E). Although there are variations in how grief can manifest, the
symptoms of persistent complex bereavement disorder occur in both genders and in diverse social and cultural groups.
Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
Some individuals with persistent complex bereavement disorder experience hallucinations of the deceased (auditory or visual) in which they temporarily perceive the deceased's
presence (e.g., seeing the deceased sitting in his or her favorite chair). They may also experience diverse somatic complaints (e.g., digestive complaints, pain, fatigue), including
symptoms experienced by the deceased.
Prevaience
The prevalence of persistent complex bereavement disorder is approximately 2A%-4.S%.
The disorder is more prevalent in females than in males.
Deveiopment and Course
Persistent complex bereavement disorder can occur at any age, begirming after the age of
1 year. Symptoms usually begin within the initial months after the death, although there
may be a delay of months, or even years, before the full syndrome appears. Although grief
responses commonly appear immediately following bereavement, these reactions are not
diagnosed as persistent complex bereavement disorder unless the symptoms persist beyond 12 months (6 months for children).
Young children may experience the loss of a primary caregiver as traumatic, given the
disorganizing effects the caregiver's absence can have on a child's coping response. In children, the distress may be expressed in play and behavior, developmental regressions, and
anxious or protest behavior at times of separation and reunion. Separation distress may be
predominant in younger children, and social/identity distress and risk for comorbid depression can increasingly manifest in older children and adolescents.
Risic and Prognostic Factors
Environmental. Risk for persistent complex bereavement disorder is heightened by increased dependency on the deceased person prior to the death and by the death of a child.
Disturbances in caregiver support increase the risk for bereaved children.
Genetic and physiological. Risk for the disorder is heightened by the bereaved individual being female.
Cuiture-Reiated Diagnostic issues
The symptoms of persistent complex bereavement disorder are observed across cultural
settings, but grief responses may manifest in culturally specific ways. Diagnosis of the disorder requires that the persistent and severe responses go beyond cultural norms of grief
responses and not be better explained by culturally specific mourning rituals.
Suicide Risic
Individuals with persistent complex bereavement disorder frequently report suicidal
ideation.
Functional Consequences of
Persistent Compiex Bereavement Disorder
Persistent complex bereavement disorder is associated with deficits in work and social functioning and with harmful health behaviors, such as increased tobacco and alcohol use. It is also
associated with marked increases in risks for serious medical conditions, including cardiac disease, hypertension, cancer, immunological deficiency, and reduced quality of life.
Differential Diagnosis
Normal grief. Persistent complex bereavement disorder is distinguished from normal
grief by the presence of severe grief reactions that persist at least 12 months (or 6 months in
children) after the death of the bereaved. It is only when severe levels of grief response persist at least 12 months following the death and interfere with the individual's capacity to
function that persistent complex bereavement disorder is diagnosed.
Depressive disorders. Persistent complex bereavement disorder, major depressive disorder, and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) share sadness, crying, and suicidal
thinking. Whereas major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder can share
depressed mood with persistent complex bereavement disorder, the latter is characterized
by a focus on the loss.
Posttraumatic stress disorder. Individuals who experience bereavement as a result of traumatic death may develop both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and persistent complex
bereavement disorder. Both conditions can involve intrusive thoughts and avoidance.
Whereas intrusions in PTSD revolve around the traumatic event, intrusive memories in persistent complex bereavement disorder focus on thoughts about many aspects of the relationship with the deceased, including positive aspects of the relationship and distress over the
separation. In individuals with the traumatic bereavement specifier of persistent complex bereavement disorder, the distressing thoughts or feelings may be more overtly related to the
manner of death, with distressing fantasies of what happened. Both persistent complex bereavement disorder and PTSD can involve avoidance of reminders of distressing events.
Whereas avoidance in PTSD is characterized by consistent avoidance of internal and external
reminders of the traumatic experience, in persistent complex bereavement disorder, there is
also a preoccupation with the loss and yearning for the deceased, which is absent in PTSD.
Separation anxiety disorder. Separation anxiety disorder is characterized by anxiety
about separation from current attachment figures, whereas persistent complex bereavement
disorder involves distress about separation from a deceased individual.
Comorbidity
The most common comorbid disorders with persistent complex bereavement disorder are
major depressive disorder, PTSD, and substance use disorders. PTSD is more frequently
comorbid with persistent complex bereavement disorder when the death occurred in traumatic or violent circumstances.
Caffeine Use Disorder
Proposed Criteria
A problematic pattern of caffeine use leading to clinically significant impainnent or distress, as
manifested by at least the first three of the following criteria occurring within a 12-month period:
1. A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control caffeine use.
2. Continued caffeine use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical
or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by caffeine.
3. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a. The characteristic withdrawal syndronne for caffeine.
b. Caffeine (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal
symptoms.
4. Caffeine is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
5. Recurrent caffeine use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work,
school, or home (e.g., repeated tardiness or absences from work or school related to
caffeine use or withdrawal).
6. Continued caffeine use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal
problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of caffeine (e.g., arguments with
spouse about consequences of use, medical problems, cost).
7. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a. A need for markedly increased amounts of caffeine to achieve desired effect.
b. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of caffeine.
8. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain caffeine, use caffeine, or
recover from its effects.
9. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use caffeine.
A diagnosis of substance dependence due to caffeine is recognized by the World Health
Organization in ICD-10. Since the publication of DSM-IV in 1994, considerable research on
caffeine dependence has been published, and several recent review^s provide a current
analysis of this literature. There is now sufficient evidence to warrant inclusion of caffeine
use disorder as a research diagnosis in DSM-5 to encourage additional research. The working diagnostic algorithm proposed for the study of caffeine use disorder differs from that
of the other substance use disorders, reflecting the need to identify only cases that have
sufficient clinical importance to warrant the labeling of a mental disorder. A key goal of including caffeine use disorder in this section of DSM-5 is to stimulate research that will
determine the reliability, validity, and prevalence of caffeine use disorder based on the
proposed diagnostic schema, with particular attention to the association of the diagnosis
with functional impairments as part of validity testing.
The proposed criteria for caffeine use disorder reflect the need for a diagnostic threshold higher than that used for the other substance use disorders. Such a threshold is intended to prevent overdiagnosis of caffeine use disorder due to the high rate of habitual
nonproblematic daily caffeine use in the general population.
Diagnostic Features
Caffeine use disorder is characterized by the continued use of caffeine and failure to control use despite negative physical and/or psychological consequences. In a survey of the
general population, 14% of caffeine users met the criterion of use despite harm, with most
reporting that a physician or counselor had advised them to stop or reduce caffeine use
within the last year. Medical and psychological problems attributed to caffeine included
heart, stomach, and urinary problems, and complaints of anxiety, depression, insomnia,
irritability, and difficulty thinking. In the same survey, 45% of caffeine users reported desire or unsuccessful efforts to control caffeine use, 18% reported withdrawal, 8% reported
tolerance, 28% used more than intended, and 50% reported spending a great deal of time
using caffeine. In addition, 19% reported a strong desire for caffeine that they could not resist, and less than 1% reported that caffeine had interfered with social activities.
Among those seeking treatment for quitting problematic caffeine use, 88% reported
having made prior serious attempts to modify caffeine use, and 43% reported having been
advised by a medical professional to reduce or eliminate caffeine. Ninety-three percent
endorsed signs and symptoms meeting DSM-IV criteria for caffeine dependence, with the
most commonly endorsed criteria being withdrawal (96%), persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control use (89%), and use despite knowledge of physical or psychological
problems caused by caffeine (87%). The most common reasons for wanting to modify caffeine use were health-related (59%) and a desire to not be dependent on caffeine (35%).
The DSM-5 discussion of caffeine withdrawal in the Section II chapter "SubstanceRelated and Addictive Disorders" provides information on the features of the withdrawal
criterion. It is well documented that habitual caffeine users can experience a well-defined
withdrawal syndrome upon acute abstinence from caffeine, and many caffeine-dependent
individuals report continued use of caffeine to avoid experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
Prevalence
The prevalence of caffeine use disorder in the general population is unclear. Based on all
seven generic DSM-IV-TR criteria for dependence, 30% of current caffeine users may have
met DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of caffeine dependence, with endorsement of three or
more dependence criteria, during the past year. When only four of the seven criteria (the
three primary criteria proposed above plus tolerance) are used, the prevalence appears to
drop to 9%. Thus, the expected prevalence of caffeine use disorder among regular caffeine
users is likely less than 9%. Given that approximately 75%-80% of the general population
uses caffeine regularly, the estimated prevalence would be less than 7%. Among regular
caffeine drinkers at higher risk for caffeine use problems (e.g., high school and college students, individuals in drug treatment, and individuals at pain clinics who have recent histories of alcohol or illicit drug misuse), approximately 20% may have a pattern of use that
meets all three of the proposed criteria in Criterion A.
Development and Course
Individuals whose pattern of use meets criteria for a caffeine use disorder have shown a
wide range of daily caffeine intake and have been consumers of various types of caffeinated products (e.g., coffee, soft drinks, tea) and medications. A diagnosis of caffeine use
disorder has been shown to prospectively predict a greater incidence of caffeine reinforcement and more severe withdrawal.
There has been no longitudinal or cross-sectional lifespan research on caffeine use disorder. Caffeine use disorder has been identified in both adolescents and adults. Rates of
caffeine consumption and overall level of caffeine consumption tend to increase with age
until the early to mid-30s and then level off. Age-related factors for caffeine use disorder
are unknown, although concern is growing related to excessive caffeine consumption
among adolescents and young adults through use of caffeinated energy drinks.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Genetic and physiological. Heritabilities of heavy caffeine use, caffeine tolerance, and
caffeine withdrawal range from 35% to 77%. For caffeine use, alcohol use, and cigarette
smoking, a common genetic factor (polysubstance use) underlies the use of these three
substances, with 28%^1% of the heritable effects of caffeine use (or heavy use) shared
with alcohol and smoking. Caffeine and tobacco use disorders are associated and substantially influenced by genetic factors unique to these licit drugs. The magnitude of heritability for caffeine use disorder markers appears to be similar to that for alcohol and tobacco
use disorder markers.
Functional Consequences of Caffeine Use Disorder
Caffeine use disorder may predict greater use of caffeine during pregnancy. Caffeine withdrawal, a key feature of caffeine use disorder, has been shown to produce functional im-
pairment in normal daily activities. Caffeine intoxication may include symptoms of
nausea and vomijing, as well as impairment of normal activities. Significant disruptions in
normal daily activities may occur during caffeine abstinence.
Differential Diagnosis
Nonproblematic use of caffeine. The distinction between nonproblematic use of caffeine and caffeine use disorder can be difficult to make because social, behavioral, or psychological problems may be difficult to attribute to the substance, especially in the context of
use of other substances. Regular, heavy caffeine use that can result in tolerance and withdrawal is relatively common, which by itself should not be sufficient for making a diagnosis.
Other stimulant use disorder. Problems related to use of other stimulant medications
or substances may approximate the features of caffeine use disorder.
Anxiety disorders. Chronic heavy caffeine use may mimic generalized anxiety disorder,
and acute caffeine consumption may produce and mimic panic attacks.
Comorbidity
There may be comorbidity between caffeine use disorder and daily cigarette smoking, a
family or personal history of alcohol use disorder. Features of caffeine use disorder (e.g.,
tolerance, caffeine withdrawal) may be positively associated with several diagnoses: major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, adult antisocial personality
disorder, and alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use disorders.
Internet Gaming Disorder
Proposed Criteria
Persistent and recurrent use of the Internet to engage in games, often with other players,
leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as indicated by five (or more) of the
following in a 12-month period:
1. Preoccupation with Internet games. (The individual thinks about previous gaming
activity or anticipates playing the next game; Internet gaming becomes the dominant
activity in daily life).
Note: This disorder is distinct from Internet gambling, which is included under gambling disorder.
2. Withdrawal symptoms when Internet gaming is taken away. (These symptoms are typically described as irritability, anxiety, or sadness, but there are no physical signs of
pharmacological withdrawal.)
3. Tolerance—the need to spend increasing amounts of time engaged in Internet games.
4. Unsuccessful attempts to control the participation in Internet games.
5. Loss of interests in previous hobbies and entertainment as a result of, and with the exception of, Internet games.
6. Continued excessive use of Internet games despite knowledge of psychosocial problems.
7. Has deceived family members, therapists, or others regarding the amount of Internet
gaming.
8. Use of Internet games to escape or relieve a negative mood (e.g., feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety).
9. Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of participation in Internet games.
Note: Only nongambling Internet games are included in this disorder. Use of the Internet
for required activities in a business or profession is not included; nor is the disorder intended to include other recreational or social Internet use. Similarly, sexual Internet sites are
excluded.
Specify current severity:
Internet gaming disorder can be mild, moderate, or severe depending on the degree
of disruption of normal activities. Individuals with less severe Internet gaming disorder
may exhibit fewer symptoms and less disruption of their lives. Those with severe Internet gaming disorder will have more hours spent on the computer and more severe loss
of relationships or career or school opportunities.
Subtypes
There are no well-researched subtypes for Internet gaming disorder to date. Internet gaming disorder most often involves specific Internet games, but it could involve non-Intemet
computerized games as well, although these have been less researched. It is likely that preferred games will vary over time as new games are developed and popularized, and it is
unclear if behaviors and consequence associated with Internet gaming disorder vary by
game type.
Diagnostic Features
Gambling disorder is currently the only non-substance-related disorder proposed for inclusion with DSM-5 substance-related and addictive disorders. However, there are other
behavioral disorders that show some similarities to substance use disorders and gambling
disorder for which the word addiction is commonly used in nonmedical settings, and the
one condition with a considerable literature is the compulsive playing of Internet games.
Internet gaming has been reportedly defined as an "addiction" by the Chinese government, and a treatment system has been set up. Reports of treatment of this condition have
appeared in medical journals, mostly from Asian countries and some in the United States.
The DSM-5 work group reviewed more than 240 articles and found some behavioral
similarities of Internet gaming to gambling disorder and to substance use disorders. The
literature suffers, however, from lack of a standard definition from which to derive prevalence data. An understanding of the natural histories of cases, with or without treatment,
is also missing. The literature does describe many underlying similarities to substance addictions, including aspects of tolerance, withdrawal, repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut
back or quit, and impairment in normal functioning. Further, the seemingly high prevalence rates, both in Asian countries and, to a lesser extent, in the West, justified inclusion of
this disorder in Section III of DSM-5.
Internet gaming disorder has significant public health importance, and additional research may eventually lead to evidence that Internet gaming disorder (also commonly referred to as Internet use disorder, Internet addiction, or gaming addiction) has merit as an
independent disorder. As with gambling disorder, there should be epidemiological studies to determine prevalence, clinical course, possible genetic influence, and potential biological factors based on, for example, brain imaging data.
Internet gaming disorder is a pattern of excessive and prolonged Internet gaming that results in a cluster of cognitive and behavioral symptoms, including progressive loss of control
over gaming, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, analogous to the symptoms of substance use disorders. As with substance-related disorders, individuals with Internet gaming
disorder continue to sit at a computer and engage in gaming activities despite neglect of
other activities. They typically devote 8-10 hours or more per day to this activity and at least
30 hours per week. If they are prevented from using a computer and returning to the game,
they become agitated and angry. They often go for long periods without food or sleep. Nor-
mal obligations, such as school or work, or family obligations are neglected. This condition is
separate from gambling disorder involving the Internet because money is not at risk.
The essential feature of Internet gaming disorder is persistent and recurrent participation in computer gaming, typically group games, for many hours. These games involve
competition between groups of players (often in different global regions, so that duration
of play is encouraged by the time-zone independence) participating in complex structured
activities that include a significant aspect of social interactions during play. Team aspects
appear to be a key motivation. Attempts to direct the individual toward schoolwork or interpersonal activities are strongly resisted. Thus personal, family, or vocational pursuits
are neglected. When individuals are asked, the major reasons given for using the computer are more likely to be "avoiding boredom" rather than commimicating or searching
for information.
The description of criteria related to this condition is adapted from a study in China. Until the optimal criteria and threshold for diagnosis are determined empirically, conservative definitions ought to be used, such that diagnoses are considered for endorsement of
five or more of nine criteria.
Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
No consistent personality types associated with Internet gaming disorder have been identified. Some authors describe associated diagnoses, such as depressive disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Individuals with compulsive Internet gaming have demonstrated brain activation in specific regions triggered by exposure to the Internet game but not limited to reward system
structures
Prevalence
The prevalence of Internet gaming disorder is unclear because of the varying questionnaires, criteria and thresholds employed, but it seems to be highest in Asian countries and
in male adolescents 12-20 years of age. There is an abundance of reports from Asian countries, especially China and South Korea, but fewer from Europe and North America, from
which prevalence estimates are highly variable. The point prevalence in adolescents (ages
15-19 years) in one Asian study using a threshold of five criteria was 8.4% for males and
4.5% for females.
R is k and Prognostic Factors
Environmental. Computer availability with Internet connection allows access to the
types of games with which Internet gaming disorder is most often associated.
Genetic and physiological. Adolescent males seem to be at greatest risk of developing
Internet gaming disorder, and it has been speculated that Asian environmental and/or genetic background is another risk factor, but this remains unclear.
Functional Consequences of Internet Gaming Disorder
Internet gaming disorder may lead to school failure, job loss, or marriage failure. The compulsive gaming behavior tends to crowd out normal social, scholastic, and family activities.
Students may show declining grades and eventually failure in school. Family responsibilities may be neglected.
Differential Diagnosis
Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of
social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous
to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet
would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online
may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
Comorbidity
Health may be neglected due to compulsive gaming. Other diagnoses that may be associated with Internet gaming disorder include major depressive disorder, ADHD, and OCD.
Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated
With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Proposed Criteria
A. More than minimal exposure to alcohol during gestation, including prior to pregnancy
recognition. Confirmation of gestational exposure to alcohol may be obtained from maternal self-report of alcohol use in pregnancy, medical or other records, or clinical observation.
B. Impaired neurocognitive functioning as manifested by one or more of the following:
1. Impairment in global intellectual performance (i.e., IQ of 70 or below, or a standard
score of 70 or below on a comprehensive developmental assessment).
2. Impairment in executive functioning (e.g., poor planning and organization; inflexibility: difficulty with behavioral inhibition).
3. Impairment in learning (e.g., lower academic achievement than expected for intellectual level; specific learning disability).
4. Memory impairment (e.g., problems remembering information learned recently;
repeatedly making the same mistakes; difficulty remembering lengthy verbal instructions).
5. Impairment in visual-spatial reasoning (e.g., disorganized or poorly planned drawings or constructions; problems differentiating left from right).
C. Impaired self-regulation as manifested by one or more of the following:
1. Impairment in mood or behavioral regulation (e.g., mood lability; negative affect or
irritability; frequent behavioral outbursts).
2. Attention deficit (e.g., difficulty shifting attention; difficulty sustaining mental effort).
3. Impairment in impulse control (e.g., difficulty waiting turn; difficulty complying with
rules).
D. Impairment in adaptive functioning as manifested by two or more of the following, one
of which must be (1) or (2):
1. Communication deficit (e.g., delayed acquisition of language; difficulty understanding spoken language).
2. Impainnent in social communication and interaction (e.g., overly friendly with strangers; difficulty reading social cues; difficulty understanding social consequences).
3. Impairment in daily living skills (e.g., delayed toileting, feeding, or bathing; difficulty
managing daily schedule).
4. Impairment in motor skills (e.g., poor fine motor development; delayed attainment
of gross motor milestones or ongoing deficits in gross motor function; deficits in coordination and balance).
E. Onset of the disorder (symptoms in Criteria B, C, and D) occurs in childhood.
F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
G. The disorder is not better explained by the direct physiological effects associated with
postnatal use of a substance (e.g., a medication, alcohol or other drugs), a general
medical condition (e.g., traumatic brain injury, delirium, dementia), another known teratogen (e.g., fetal hydantoin syndrome), a genetic condition (e.g., Williams syndrome,
Down syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome), or environmental neglect.
Alcohol is a neurobehavioral teratogen, and prenatal alcohol exposure has teratogenic
effects oil central nervous system (CNS) development and subsequent fimction. Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) is a new clarifying term,
intended to encompass the full range of developmental disabilities associated with exposure to alcohol in utero. The current diagnostic guidelines allow ND-PAE to be diagnosed
both in the absence and in the presence of the physical effects of prenatal alcohol exposure
(e.g., facial dysmorphology required for a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome).
Diagnostic Features
The essential features of ND-PAE are the manifestation of impairment in neurocognitive,
behavioral, and adaptive functioning associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Impairment can be documented based on past diagnostic evaluations (e.g., psychological or educational assessments) or medical records, reports by the individual or informants, and/
or observation by a clinician.
A clinical diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, including specific prenatal alcoholrelated facial dysmorphology and growth retardation, can be used as evidence of significant levels of prenatal alcohol exposure. Although both animal and human studies have
documented adverse effects of lower levels of drinking, identifying how much prenatal
exposure is needed to significantly impact neurodevelopmental outcome remains challenging. Data suggest that a history of more than minimal gestational exposure (e.g., more
than light drinking) prior to pregnancy recognition and/or following pregnancy recognition may be required. Light drinking is defined as 1-13 drinks per month during pregnancy with no more than 2 of these drinks consumed on any 1 drinking occasion. Identifying
a minimal threshold of drinking during pregnancy will require consideration of a variety
of factors known to affect exposure and/or interact to influence developmental outcomes,
including stage of prenatal development, gestational smoking, maternal and fetal genetics, and maternal physical status (i.e., age, health, and certain obstetric problems).
Symptoms of ND-PAE include marked impairment in global intellectual performance
(IQ) or neurocognitive impairments in any of the following areas: executive functioning,
learning, memory, and/or visual-spatial reasoning. Impairments in self-regulation are present and may include impairment in mood or behavioral regulation, attention deficit, or
impairment in impulse control. Finally, impairments in adaptive functioning include communication deficits and impairment in social communication and interaction. Impairment
in daily living (self-help) skills and impairment in motor skills may be present. As it may be
difficult to obtain an accurate assessment of the neurocognitive abilities of very young children, it is appropriate to defer a diagnosis for children 3 years of age and younger.
Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
Associated features vary depending on age, degree of alcohol exposure, and the individual's environment. An individual can be diagnosed with this disorder regardless of socioeconomic or cultural background. However, ongoing parental alcohol/substance misuse,
parental mental illness, exposure to domestic or community violence, neglect or abuse,
disrupted caregiving relationships, multiple out-of-home placements, and lack of continuity in medical or mental health care are often present.
Prevalence
The prevalence rates of ND-PAE are unknown. However, estimated prevalence rates of clinical conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure are 2%-5% in the United States.
Development and Course
Among individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure, evidence of CNS dysfunction varies
according to developmental stage. Although about one-half of young children prenatally
exposed to alcohol show marked developmental delay in the first 3 years of life, other children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure may not exhibit signs of CNS dysfunction until
they are preschool- or school-age. Additionally, impairments in higher order cognitive
processes (i.e., executive functioning), which are often associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, may be more easily assessed in older children. When children reach school age,
learning difficulties, impairment in executive function, and problems with integrative language functions usually emerge more clearly, and both social skills deficits and challenging behavior may become more evident. In particular, as school and other requirements
become more complex, greater deficits are noted. Because of this, the school years represent the ages at which a diagnosis of ND-PAE would be most likely.
Suicide Risic
Suicide is a high-risk outcome, with rates increasing significantly in late adolescence and
early adulthood.
Functional Consequences of Neurobehavioral Disorder
Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
The CNS dysfunction seen in individuals with ND-PAE often leads to decrements in adaptive behavior and to maladaptive behavior with lifelong consequences. Individuals
affected by prenatal alcohol exposure have a higher prevalence of disrupted school experiences, poor employment records, trouble with the law, confinement (legal or psychiatric), and dependent living conditions.
Differential Diagnosis
Disorders that are attributable to the physiological effects associated with postnatal use
of a substance, another medical condition, or environmental neglect. Other considerations include the physiological effects of postnatal substance use, such as a medication,
alcohol, or other substances; disorders due to another medical condition, such as traumatic
brain injury or other neurocognitive disorders (e.g., delirium, major neurocognitive disorder [dementia]); or environmental neglect.
Genetic and teratogenic conditions. Genetic conditions such as Williams syndrome.
Down syndrome, or Cornelia de Lange syndrome and other teratogenic conditions such as
fetal hydantoin syndrome and maternal phenylketonuria may have similar physical and
behavioral characteristics. A careful review of prenatal exposure history is needed to clarify the teratogenic agent, and an evaluation by a clinical geneticist may be needed to distinguish physical characteristics associated with these and other genetic conditions.
Comorbidity
Mental health problems have been identified in more than 90% of individuals with histories of significant prenatal alcohol exposure. The most common co-occurring diagnosis is
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but research has shown that individuals with
ND-PAE differ in neuropsychological characteristics and in their responsiveness to phar
macological interventions. Other high- probability co-occurring disorders include oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, but the appropriateness of these diagnoses
should be weighed in the context of the significant impairments in general intellectual and
executive functioning that are often associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Mood
symptoms, including symptoms of bipolar disorder and depressive disorders, have been
described. History of prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with an increased risk for
later tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use disorders.
Suicidal Behavior Disorder
Proposed Criteria
A. Within the last 24 months, the individual has made a suicide attempt.
Note: A suicide attempt is a self-initiated sequence of behaviors by an individual who,
at the time of initiation, expected that the set of actions would lead to his or her own
death. The “time of initiation” is the time when a behavior took place that involved applying the method.)
B. The act does not meet criteria for nonsuicidal self-injury—that is, it does not involve
self-injury directed to the surface of the body undertaken to induce relief from a negative feeling/cognitive state or to achieve a positive mood state.
C. The diagnosis is not applied to suicidal ideation or to preparatory acts.
D. The act was not initiated during a state of delirium or confusion.
E. The act was not undertaken solely for a political or religious objective.
Specify if:
Current: Not more than 12 months since the last attempt.
In early remission: 12-24 months since the last attempt.
Specifiers
Suicidal behavior is often categorized in terms of violence of the method. Generally, overdoses with legal or illegal substances are considered nonviolent in method, whereas jumping, gunshot wounds, and other methods are considered violent. Another dimension for
classification is medical consequences of the behavior, with high-lethality attempts being
defined as those requiring medical hospitalization beyond a visit to an emergency department. An additional dimension considered includes the degree of planning versus impulsiveness of the attempt, a characteristic that might have consequences for the medical
outcome of a suicide attempt.
If the suicidal behavior occurred 12-24 months prior to evaluation, the condition is
considered to be in early remission. Individuals remain at higher risk for further suicide attempts and death in the 24 months after a suicide attempt, and the period 12-24 months after the behavior took place is specified as "early remission."
Diagnostic Features
The essential manifestation of suicidal behavior disorder is a suicide attempt. A suicide attempt is a behavior that the individual has undertaken with at least some intent to die. The
behavior might or might not lead to injury or serious medical consequences. Several factors can influence the medical consequences of the suicide attempt, including poor planning, lack of knowledge about the lethality of the method chosen, low intentionality or
ambivalence, or chance intervention by others after the behavior has been initiated. These
should not be considered in assigning the diagnosis.
Determining the degree of intent can be challenging. Individuals might not acknowledge intent, especially in situations where doing so could result in hospitalization or cause
distress to loved ones. Markers of risk include degree of planning, including selection of a
time and place to minimize rescue or interruption; the individual's mental state at the time
of the behavior, with acute agitation being especially concerning; recent discharge from
inpatient care; or recent discontinuation of a mood stabilizer such as lithium or an antipsychotic such as clozapine in the case of schizophrenia. Examples of environmental ''triggers" include recently learning of a potentially fatal medical diagnosis such as cancer,
experiencing the sudden and unexpected loss of a close relative or partner, loss of employment, or displacement from housing. Conversely, features such as talking to others about
future events or preparedness to sign a contract for safety are less reliable indicators.
In order for the criteria to be met, the individual must have made at least one suicide attempt. Suicide attempts can include behaviors in which, after initiating the suicide attempt,
the individual changed his or her mind or someone intervened. For example, an individual
might intend to ingest a given amount of medication or poison, but either stop or be stopped
by another before ingesting the full amount. If the individual is dissuaded by another or
changes his or her mind before initiating the behavior, the diagnosis should not be made.
The act must not meet criteria for nonsuicidal self-injury—that is, it should not involve repeated (at least five times within the past 12 months) self-injurious episodes undertaken to
induce relief from a negative feeling/cognitive state or to achieve a positive mood state. The
act should not have been initiated during a state of delirium or confusion. If the individual
deliberately became intoxicated before initiating the behavior, to reduce anticipatory anxiety and to minimize interference with the intended behavior, the diagnosis should be made.
Development and Course
Suicidal behavior can occur at any time in the lifespan but is rarely seen in children under
the age of 5. In prepubertal children, the behavior will often consist of a behavior (e.g., sitting on a ledge) that a parent has forbidden because of the risk of accident. Approximately
25%-30% of persons who attempt suicide will go on to make more attempts.There is significant variability in terms of frequency, method, and lethality of attempts. However, this
is not different from what is observed in other illnesses, such as major depressive disorder,
in which frequency of episode, subtype of episode, and impairment for a given episode can
vary significantly.
Culture-Related Diagnostic issues
Suicidal behavior varies in frequency and form across cultures. Cultural differences might
be due to method availability (e.g., poisoning with pesticides in developing countries;
gunshot wounds in the southwestern United States) or the presence of culturally specific
syndromes (e.g., ataques de nervios, which in some Latino groups might lead to behaviors
that closely resemble suicide attempts or might facilitate suicide attempts).
Diagnostic IVIarkers
Laboratory abnormalities consequent to the suicidal attempt are often evident. Suicidal
behavior that leads to blood loss can be accompanied by anemia, hypotension, or shock.
Overdoses might lead to coma or obtundation and associated laboratory abnormalities
such as electrolyte imbalances.
Functional Consequences of Suicidal Behavior Disorder
Medical conditions (e.g., lacerations or skeletal trauma, cardiopulmonary instability, inhalation of vomit and suffocation, hepatic failure consequent to use of paracetamol) can
occur as a consequence of suicidal behavior.
Comorbidity
Suicidal behavior is seen in the context of a variety of mental disorders, most commonly bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, anxiety disorders (in particular, panic disorders associated with catastrophic content and PTSD
flashbacks), substance use disorders (especially alcohol use disorders), borderline personality
disorder, antisocial personality disorder, eating disorders, and adjustment disorders. It is
rarely manifested by individuals with no discernible pathology, unless it is undertaken because of a painful medical condition with the intention of drawing attention to martyrdom for
political or religious reasons, or in partners in a suicide pact, both of which are excluded from
this diagnosis, or when third-party informants wish to conceal the nature of the behavior.
Nonsuicidal Self-lnjuiy
Proposed Criteria
A. In the last year, the individual has, on 5 or more days, engaged in intentional self-inflicted
damage to the surface of his or her body of a sort likely to induce bleeding, bruising, or pain
(e.g., cutting, buming, stabbing, hitting, excessive rubbing), with the expectation that the
injury will lead to only minor or moderate physical harm (i.e., there is no suicidal intent).
Note: The absence of suicidal intent has either been stated by the individual or can be
inferred by the individual’s repeated engagement in a behavior that the individual
knows, or has learned, is not likely to result in death.
B. The individual engages in the self-injurious behavior with one or more of the following
expectations:
1. To obtain relief from a negative feeling or cognitive state.
2. To resolve an interpersonal difficulty.
3. To induce a positive feeling state.
Note: The desired relief or response is experienced during or shortly after the selfinjury, and the individual may display patterns of behavior suggesting a dependence
on repeatedly engaging in it.
C. The intentional self-injury is associated with at least one of the following:
1. Interpersonal difficulties or negative feelings or thoughts, such as depression, anxiety, tension, anger, generalized distress, or self-criticism, occurring in the period
immediately prior to the self-injurious act.
2. Prior to engaging in the act, a period of preoccupation with the intended behavior
that is difficult to control.
3. Thinking about self-injury that occurs frequently, even when it is not acted upon.
D. The behavior is not socially sanctioned (e.g., body piercing, tattooing, part of a religious
or cultural ritual) and is not restricted to picking a scab or nail biting.
E. The behavior or its consequences cause clinically significant distress or interference in
interpersonal, academic, or other important areas of functioning.
F. The behavior does not occur exclusively during psychotic episodes, delirium, substance intoxication, or substance withdrawal. In individuals with a neurodevelopmental
disorder, the behavior is not part of a pattern of repetitive stereotypies. The behavior
is not better explained by another mental disorder or medical condition (e.g., psychotic
disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, stereotypic movement disorder with self-injury, trichotillomania [hair-pulling disorder], excoriation [skin-picking] disorder).
Diagnostic Features
The essential feature of nonsuicidal self-injury is that the individual repeatedly inflicts
shallow, yet painful injuries to the surface of his or her body. Most commonly, the purpose
is to reduce negative emotions, such as tension, anxiety, and self-reproach, and/or to resolve an interpersonal difficulty. In some cases, the injury is conceived of as a deserved
self-punishment. The individual will often report an immediate sensation of relief that occurs during the process. When the behavior occurs frequently, it might be associated with
a sense of urgency and craving, the resultant behavioral pattern resembling an addiction.
The inflicted wounds can become deeper and more numerous.
The injury is most often inflicted with a knife, needle, razor, or other shaφ object. Common areas for injury include the frontal area of the thighs and the dorsal side of the forearm.
A single session of injury might involve a series of superficial, parallel cuts—separated by
1 or 2 centimeters—on a visible or accessible location. The resulting cuts will often bleed and
will eventually leave a characteristic pattern of scars.
Other methods used include stabbing an area, most often the upper arm, with a needle
or sharp, pointed knife; inflicting a superficial bum with a lit cigarette end; or burning the
skin by repeated rubbing with an eraser. Engagement in nonsuicidal self-injury with multiple methods is associated with more severe psychopathology, including engagement in
suicide attempts.
The great majority of individuals who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury do not seek
clinical attention. It is not known if this reflects frequency of engagement in the disorder,
because accurate reporting is seen as stigmatizing, or because the behaviors are experienced positively by the individual who engages in them, who is unmotivated to receive
treatment. Young children might experiment with these behaviors but not experience relief. In such cases, youths often report that the procedure is painful or distressing and
might then discontinue the practice.
Development and Course
Nonsuicidal self-injury most often starts in the early teen years and can continue for many
years. Admission to hospital for nonsuicidal self-injury reaches a peak at 20-29 years of
age and then declines. However, research that has examined age at hospitalization did not
provide information on age at onset of the behavior, and prospective research is needed to
outline the natural history of nonsuicidal self-injury and the factors that promote or inhibit its course. Individuals often leam of the behavior on the recommendation or observation of another. Research has shown that when an individual who engages in nonsuicidal
self-injury is admitted to an inpatient unit, other individuals may begin to engage in the
behavior.
Risic and Prognostic Factors
Male and female prevalence rates of nonsuicidal self-injury are closer to each other than in
suicidal behavior disorder, in which the female-to-male ratio is about 3:1 or 4:1.
Two theories of psychopathology—^based on functional behavioral analyses—have been
proposed: In the first, based on learning theory, either positive or negative reinforcement
sustains the behavior. Positive reinforcement might result from punishing oneself in a way
that the individual feels is deserved, with the behavior inducing a pleasant and relaxed state
or generating attention and help from a significant other, or as an expression of anger. Negative reinforcement results from affect regulation and the reduction of unpleasant emotions
or avoiding distressing thoughts, including thinking about suicide. In the second theory,
nonsuicidal self-injury is thought to be a form of self-punishment, in which self-punitive actions are engaged in to make up for acts that caused distress or harm to others.
Functional Consequences of Nonsuicidal Self-lnjuiy
The act of cutting\might be performed with shared implements, raisiiig the possibility of
blood-borne disease transmission.
Differential Diagnosis
Borderline personality disorder. As indicated, nonsuicidal self-injury has long been regarded as a "symptom" of borderline personality disorder, even though comprehensive
clinical evaluations have found that most individuals with nonsuicidal self-injury have
symptoms that also meet criteria for other diagnoses, with eating disorders and substance
use disorders being especially common. Historically, nonsuicidal self-injury was regarded
as pathognomonic of borderline personality disorder. Both conditions are associated with
several other diagnoses. Although frequently associated, borderline personality disorder
is not invariably found in individuals with nonsuicidal self-injury. The two conditions differ in several ways. Individuals with borderline personality disorder often manifest disturbed aggressive and hostile behaviors, whereas nonsuicidal self-injury is more often
associated with phases of closeness, collaborative behaviors, and positive relationships. At
a more fundamental level, there are differences in the involvement of different neurotransmitter systems, but these will not be apparent on clinical examination.
Suicidal behavior disorder. The differentiation between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior disorder is based either on the stated goal of the behavior being a wish to
die (suicidal behavior disorder) or, in nonsuicidal self-injury, to experience relief as described in the criteria. Depending on the circumstances, individuals may provide reports
of convenience, and several studies report high rates of false intent declaration. Individuals with a history of frequent nonsuicidal self-injury episodes have learned that a session
of cutting, while painful, is, in the short-term, largely benign. Because individuals with
nonsuicidal self-injury can and do attempt and commit suicide, it is important to check
past history of suicidal behavior and to obtain information from a third party concerning
any recent change in stress exposure and mood. Likelihood of suicide intent has been associated with the use of multiple previous methods of self-harm.
In a follow-up study of cases of "self-harm" in males treated at one of several multiple
emergency centers in the United Kingdom, individuals with nonsuicidal self-injury were
significantly more likely to commit suicide than other teenage individuals drawn from the
same cohort. Studies that have examined the relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury
and suicidal behavior disorder are limited by being retrospective and failing to obtain verified accounts of the method used during previous "attempts." A significant proportion of
those who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury have responded positively when asked if they
have ever engaged in self-cutting (or their preferred means of self-injury) with an intention
to die. It is reasonable to conclude that nonsuicidal self-injury, while not presenting a high
risk for suicide when first manifested, is an especially dangerous form of self-injurious
behavior.
This conclusion is also supported by a multisite study of depressed adolescents who had
previously failed to respond to antidepressant medication, which noted that those with previous nonsuicidal self-injury did not respond to cognitive-behavioral therapy, and by a study
that found that nonsuicidal self-injury is a predictor of substance use/misuse.
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder). Trichotillomania is an injurious behavior confined to pulling out one's own hair, most commonly from the scalp, eyebrows, or eyelashes.
The behavior occurs in "sessions" that can last for hours. It is most likely to occur during a
period of relaxation or distraction.
Stereotypic self-injury. Stereotypic self-injury, which can include head banging, selfbiting, or self-hitting, is usually associated with intense concentration or under conditions
of low external stimulation and might be associated with developmental delay.
Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder. Excoriation disorder occurs mainly in females and
is usually directed to picking at an area of the skin that the individual feels is unsightly or
a blemish, usually on the face or the scalp. As in nonsuicidal self-injury, the picking is often
preceded by an urge and is experienced as pleasurable, even though the individual realizes that he or she is harming himself or herself. It is not associated with the use of any implement.
Highlights of Changes From DSIVI-IV to DSIVI-5.................................... 809
Glossary of Technical Terms.................................................................. 817
Glossary of Cultural Concepts of Distress............................................ 833
Alphabetical Listing of DSM-5 Diagnoses and Codes
(ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM)................................................................ 839
Numerical Listing of DSM-5 Diagnoses and Codes (ICD-9-CM).......... 863
Numerical Listing of DSM-5 Diagnoses and Codes (ICD-10-CM)........877
DSM-5 Advisors and Other Contributors................................................ 897
Highlights of Changes FiNiii
DSiVi-IV to D Ü * i
ChsngGS msdG to DSM’5 diagnostic criteria and texts are outlined in this chapter
in the same order in which they appear in the DSM-5 classification. This abbreviated description is intended to orient readers to only the most significant changes in each disorder category. An expanded description of nearly all changes (e.g., except minor text or wording
changes needed for clarity) is available online (www.psychiatry.org/dsm5). It should also be
noted that Section I contains a description of changes pertaining to the chapter organization
in DSM-5, the multiaxial system, and the introduction of dimensional assessments.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
The term mental retardation was used in DSM-IV. However, intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is the term that has come into common use over the past
two decades among medical, educational, and other professionals, and by the lay public
and advocacy groups. Diagnostic criteria emphasize the need for an assessment of both
cognitive capacity (IQ) and adaptive functioning. Severity is determined by adaptive functioning rather than IQ score.
The communication disorders, which are newly named from DSM-IV phonological disorder and stuttering, respectively, include language disorder (which combines the previous
expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders), speech sound disorder (previously phonological disorder), and childhood-onset fluency disorder (previously stuttering). Also included is social (pragmatic) commimication disorder, a new condition involving
persistent difficulties in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication.
Autism spectrum disorder is a new DSM-5 disorder encompassing the previous DSMIV autistic disorder (autism), Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder,
Rett's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. It is characterized by deficits in two core domains: 1) deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities.
Several changes have been made to the diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Examples have been added to the criterion items to facilitate application
across the life span; the age at onset description has been changed (from "some hyperactiveimpulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years"
to "Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12");
subtypes have been replaced with presentation specifiers that map directly to the prior subtypes; a comorbid diagnosis with autism spectrum disorder is now allowed; and a symptom
tlu-eshold change has been made for adults, to reflect the substantial evidence of clinically significant ADHD impairment, with the cutoff for ADHD of five symptoms, instead of six required for younger persons, both for inattention and for hyperactivity and impulsivity.
Specific learning disorder combines the DSM-IV diagnoses of reading disorder, mathematics disorder, disorder of written expression, and learning disorder not otherwise
specified. Learning deficits in the areas of reading, written expression, and mathematics
are coded as separate specifiers. Acknowledgment is made in the text that specific types of
reading deficits are described internationally in various ways as dyslexia and specific types
of mathematics deficits as dyscalculia.
The following motor disorders are included in DSM-5: developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, Tourette's disorder, persistent (chronic) motor or vocal
tic disorder, provisional tic disorder, other specified tic disorder, and unspecified tic disorder.
The tic criteria have been standardized across all of these disorders in this chapter.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Two changes were made to Criterion A for schizophrenia: 1) the elimination of the special attribution of bizarre delusions and Schneiderian first-rank auditory hallucinations (e.g., two or
more voices conversing), leading to the requirement of at least two Criterion A symptoms for
any diagnosis of schizophrenia, and 2) the addition of the requirement that at least one of the
Criterion A symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. The DSM-IV
subtypes of schizophrenia were eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. Instead, a dimensional approach to rating severity for the core symptoms of schizophrenia is included in DSM-5 Section ΠΙ to capture the important heterogeneity
in symptom type and severity expressed across individuals with psychotic disorders.
Schizoaffective disorder is reconceptualized as a longitudinal instead of a cross-sectional diagnosis—more comparable to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder,
which are bridged by this condition—and requires that a major mood episode be present for a
majority of the total disorder's duration after Criterion A has been met. Criterion A for delusional disorder no longer has the requirement that the delusions must be nonbizarre; a specifier is now included for bizarre type delusions to provide continuity with DSM-IV. Criteria for
catatonia are described uniformly across DSM-5. Furthermore, catatonia may be diagnosed
with a specifier (for depressive, bipolar, and psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia), in
the context of a known medical condition, or as an other specified diagnosis.
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorders now include both changes in mood and changes in
activity or energy. The DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, mixed episodes—requiring
that the individual simultaneously meet full criteria for both mania and major depressive episode—is replaced with a new specifier "with mixed features." Particular conditions can
now be diagnosed under other specified bipolar and related disorder, including categorization for individuals with a past history of a major depressive disorder whose symptoms
meet all criteria for hypomania except the duration criterion is not met (i.e., the episode lasts
only 2 or 3 days instead of the required 4 consecutive days or more). A second condition constituting an other specified bipolar and related disorder variant is that too few symptoms of
hypomania are present to meet criteria for the full bipolar II syndrome, although the duration, at least 4 consecutive days, is sufficient. Finally, in both this chapter and in the chapter
"Depressive Disorders," an anxious distress specifier is delineated.
Depressive Disorders
To address concerns about potential overdiagnosis and overtreatment of bipolar disorder in
children, a new diagnosis, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, is included for children
up to age 18 years who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme behavioral dyscontrol. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is now promoted from Appendix B, "Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study," in DSM-IV to the main body of DSM-5. What
was referred to as dysthymia in DSM-IV now falls under the category of persistent depressive
disorder, which includes both chronic major depressive disorder and the previous dysthymic
disorder. The coexistence within a major depressive episode of at least three manic symptoms (insufficient to satisfy criteria for a manic episode) is now acknowledged by the specifier
"with mixed features." In DSM-IV, there was an exclusion criterion for a major depressive episode that was applied to depressive symptoms lasting less than 2 months following the death
of a loved one (i.e., the bereavement exclusion). This exclusion is omitted in DSM-5 for several
reasons, including the recognition that bereavement is a severe psychosocial stressor that can
precipitate a major depressive episode in a vulnerable individual, generally beginning soon
after the loss, and can add an additional risk for suffering, feelings of worthlessness, suicidal
ideation, poorer medical health, and worse interpersonal and work functioning. It was critical
to remove the implication that bereavement typically lasts only 2 months, when both physicians and grief counselors recognize that the duration is more commonly 1-2 years. A detailed
footnote has replaced the more simplistic DSM-IV exclusion to aid clinicians in making the
critical distinction between the symptoms characteristic of bereavement and those of a major
depressive disorder. Finally, a new specifier to indicate the presence of mixed symptoms has
been added across both the bipolar and the depressive disorders.
Anxiety Disorders
The chapter on anxiety disorders no longer includes obsessive-compulsive disorder (which
is in the new chapter "Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders") or posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (which are in the new chapter "Traumaand Stressor-Related Disorders"). Changes in criteria for specific phobia and social anxiety
disorder (social phobia) include deletion of the requirement that individuals over age 18
years recognize that their anxiety is excessive or unreasonable. Instead, the anxiety must be
out of proportion to the actual danger or threat in the situation, after cultural contextual factors are taken into account. In addition, the 6-month duration is now extended to all ages.
Panic attacks can now be listed as a specifier that is applicable to all DSM-5 disorders. Panic
disorder and agoraphobia are unlinked in DSM-5. Thus, the former DSM-IV diagnoses of
panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, and agoraphobia
without history of panic disorder are now replaced by two diagnoses, panic disorder and agoraphobia, each with separate criteria. The "generalized" specifier for social anxiety disorder has been deleted and replaced with a "performance only" specifier. Separation anxiety
disorder and selective mutism are now classified as anxiety disorders. The wording of the
criteria is modified to more adequately represent the expression of separation anxiety symptoms in adulthood. Also, in contrast to DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria no longer specify that
onset must be before age 18 years, and a duration statement—"typically lasting for 6 months
or more"—has been added for adults to miiumize overdiagnosis of transient fears.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
The chapter "Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders" is new in DSM-5. New disorders include hoarding disorder, excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder, and obsessive-compulsive and
related disorder due to another medical condition. The DSM-IV diagnosis of trichotillomania is now termed trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) and has been moved from a
DSM-IV classification of impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified to obsessivecompulsive and related disorders in DSM-5. The DSM-IV "with poor insight" specifier for
obsessive-compulsive disorder has been refined to allow a distinction between individuals
with good or fair insight, poor insight, and "absent insight/delusional" obsessive-compulsive disorder beliefs (i.e., complete conviction that obsessive-compulsive disorder beliefs
are true). Analogous "insight" specifiers have been included for body dysmorphic disorder
and hoarding disorder. A "tic-related" specifier for obsessive-compulsive disorder has also
been added, because presence of a comorbid tic disorder may have important clinical implications. A "muscle dysmoφhia" specifier for body dysmorphic disorder is added to reflect a growing literature on the diagnostic validity and clinical utility of making this
distinction in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The delusional variant of body
dysmorphic disorder (which identifies individuals who are completely convinced that their
perceived defects or flaws are truly abnormal appearing) is no longer coded as both delusional disorder, somatic type, and body dysmorphic disorder; in DSM-5, this presentation is
designated only as body dysmoφhic disorder with the absent insight/delusional specifier.
Individuals can also be diagnosed with other specified obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder, which can include conditions such as body-focused repetitive behavior disorder
and obsessional jealousy, or unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder.
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
For a diagnosis of acute stress disorder, qualifying traumatic events are now explicit as to
whether they were experienced directly, witnessed, or experienced indirectly. Also, the
DSM-IV Criterion A2 regarding the subjective reaction to the traumatic event (e.g., experiencing '"fear, helplessness, or horror") has been eliminated. Adjustment disorders are
reconceptualized as a heterogeneous array of stress-response syndromes that occur after
exposure to a distressing (traumatic or nontraumatic) event, rather than as a residual category for individuals who exhibit clinically significant distress but whose symptoms do
not meet criteria for a more discrete disorder (as in DSM-IV).
DSM-5 criteria for PTSD differ significantly from the DSM-IV criteria. The stressor criterion (Criterion A) is more explicit with regard to events that qualify as "traumatic" experiences. Also, DSM-IV Criterion A2 (subjective reaction) has been eliminated. Whereas
there were three major symptom clusters in DSM-IV—reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal—there are now four symptom clusters in DSM-5, because the avoidance/
numbing cluster is divided into two distinct clusters: avoidance and persistent negative alterations in cognitions and mood. This latter category, which retains most of the DSM-IV
numbing symptoms, also includes new or reconceptualized symptoms, such as persistent
negative emotional states. The final cluster—alterations in arousal and reactivity—retains
most of the DSM-IV arousal symptoms. It also includes irritable behavior or angry outbursts and reckless or self-destructive behavior. PTSD is now developmentally sensitive in
that diagnostic thresholds have been lowered for children and adolescents. Furthermore,
separate criteria have been added for children age 6 years or younger with this disorder.
The DSM-IV childhood diagnosis reactive attachment disorder had two subtypes:
emotionally withdrawn/inhibited and indiscriminately social/disinhibited. In DSM-5,
these subtypes are defined as distinct disorders: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
Dissociative Disorders
Major changes in dissociative disorders in DSM-5 include the following: 1) derealization is
included in the name and symptom structure of what previously was called depersonalization disorder (depersonalization/derealization disorder); 2) dissociative fugue is now a
specifier of dissociative amnesia rather than a separate diagnosis, and 3) the criteria for
dissociative identity disorder have been changed to indicate that symptoms of disruption
of identity may be reported as well as observed, and that gaps in the recall of events may
occur for everyday and not just traumatic events. Also, experiences of pathological possession in some cultures are included in the description of identity disruption.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
In DSM-5, somatoform disorders are now referred to as somatic symptom and related disorders. The DSM-5 classification reduces the number of these disorders and subcategories to
avoid problematic overlap. Diagnoses of somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatoform disorder have been removed. Individuals previ
ously diagnosed with somatization disorder will usually have symptoms that meet DSM-5
criteria for somatic symptom disorder, but only if they have the maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that define the disorder, in addition to their somatic symptoms. Because
the distinction between somatization disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder
was arbitrary, they are merged in DSM-5 under somatic symptom disorder. Individuals previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis who have high health anxiety but no somatic symptoms would receive a DSM-5 diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder (unless their health
anxiety was better explained by a primary anxiety disorder, such as generalized anxiety disorder). Some individuals with chronic pain would be appropriately diagnosed as having somatic symptom disorder, with predominant pain. For otiiers, psychological factors affecting
other medical conditions or an adjustment disorder would be more appropriate.
Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions is a new mental disorder in
DSM-5, having formerly been listed in the DSM-IV chapter "Other Conditions That May
Be a Focus of Clinical Attention." This disorder and factitious disorder are placed among
the somatic symptom and related disorders because somatic symptoms are predominant
in both disorders, and both are most often encountered in medical settings. The variants of
psychological factors affecting other medical conditions are removed in favor of the stem
diagnosis. Criteria for conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
have been modified to emphasize the essential importance of the neurological examination, and in recognition that relevant psychological factors may not be demonstrable at the
time of diagnosis. Other specified somatic symptom disorder, other specified illness anxiety disorder, and pseudocyesis are now the only exemplars of the other specified somatic
symptom and related disorder classification.
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Because of the elimination of the DSM-IV-TR chapter "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed
During Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence," this chapter describes several disorders found in
the DSM-IV section "Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood," such as
pica and rumination disorder. The DSM-IV category feeding disorder of infancy or early
childhood has been renamed avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, and the criteria are
significantly expanded. The core diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa are conceptually unchanged from E)SM-rV with one exception: the requirement for amenorrhea is eliminated. As
in DSM-IV, individuals with this disorder are required by Criterion A to be at a significantly
low body weight for their developmental stage. The wording of the criterion is changed for
clarification, and guidance regarding how to judge whether an individual is at or below a significantly low weight is provided in the text. In DSM-5, Criterion B is expanded to include not
only overtly expressed fear of weight gain but also persistent behavior that interferes with
weight gain. The only change in the DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa is a reduction in the
required minimum average frequency of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior frequency from twice to once weekly. The extensive research that followed the promulgation of preliminary criteria for binge-eating disorder in Appendix B of DSM-IV
documented the clinical utility and validity of binge-eating disorder. The only significant difference from the preliminary criteria is that the minimum average frequency of binge eating required for diagnosis is once weekly over the last 3 months, identical to the frequency criterion
for bulimia nervosa (rather than at least 2 days a week for 6 months in DSM-IV).
Elimination Disorders
There have been no significant changes in this diagnostic class from DSM-IV to DSM-5.
The disorders in this chapter were previously classified under disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence in DSM-IV and exist now as an independent
classification in DSM-5.
Sleep-Wake Disorders
In DSM-5, the DSM-IV diagnoses named sleep disorder related to another mental disorder
and sleep disorder related to another medical condition have been removed, and instead
greater specification of coexisting conditions is provided for each sleep-wake disorder. The
diagnosis of primary insomnia has been renamed insomnia disorder to avoid the differentiation between primary and secondary insomnia. DSM-5 also distinguishes narcolepsy—
now known to be associated with hypocretin deficiency—from other forms of hypersomnolence (hypersomnolence disorder). Finally, throughout the DSM-5 classification of sleepwake disorders, pediatric and developmental criteria and text are integrated where existing
science and considerations of clinical utility support such integration. Breathing-related
sleep disorders are divided into three relatively distinct disorders: obstructive sleep apnea
hypopnea, central sleep apnea, and sleep-related hypoventilation. The subtypes of circadian
rhythm sleep disorders are expanded to include advanced sleep phase type and irregular
sleep-wake type, whereas the jet lag type has been removed. The use of the former "not otherwise specified" diagnoses in DSM-IV have been reduced by elevating rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and restless legs syndrome to independent disorders.
Sexual Dysfunctions
In DSM-5, some gender-specific sexual dysfunctions have been added, and, for females,
sexual desire and arousal disorders have been combined into one disorder: female sexual
interest/arousal disorder. All of the sexual dysfunctions (except substance/medication-induced sexual dysfunction) now require a minimum duration of approximately 6 months and
more precise severity criteria. Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder has been added to
DSM-5 and represents a merging of vaginismus and dyspareunia, which were highly comorbid and difficult to distinguish. The diagnosis of sexual aversion disorder has been removed due to rare use and lack of supporting research.
There are now only two subtypes for sexual dysfunctions: lifelong versus acquired
and generalized versus situational. To indicate the presence and degree of medical and
other nonmedical correlates, the following associated features have been added to the text:
partner factors, relationship factors, individual vulnerability factors, cultural or religious
factors, and medical factors.
Gender Dysplioria
Gender dysphoria is a new diagnostic class in DSM-5 and reflects a change in conceptualization of the disorder's defining features by emphasizing the phenomenon of "gender incongruence" rather than cross-gender identification per se, as was the case in DSM-IV gender
identity disorder. Gender dysphoria includes separate sets of criteria: for children and for
adults and adolescents. For the adolescents and adults criteria, the previous Criterion A
(cross-gender identification) and Criterion B (aversion toward one's gender) are merged. In
the wording of the criteria, "the other sex" is replaced by "the other gender" (or "some alternative gender")." Gender instead of sex is used systematically because the concept "sex" is inadequate when referring to individuals with a disorder of sex development. In the child
criteria, "strong desire to be of the other gender" replaces the previous "repeatedly stated desire to be...the other sex" to capture the situation of some children who, in a coercive environment, may not verbalize the desire to be of another gender. For children. Criterion A1 ("a
strong desire to be of the other gender or an insistence that he or she is the other gender...)"
is now necessary (but not sufficient), which makes the diagnosis more restrictive and conservative. The subtyping on the basis of sexual orientation is removed because the distinction is
no longer considered clinically useful. A posttransition specifier has been added to identify
individuals who have undergone at least one medical procedure or treatment to support the
new gender assignment (e.g., cross-sex hormone treatment). Although the concept of posttransition is modeled on the concept of full or partial remission, the term remission has implications in terms of symptom reduction that do not apply directly to gender dysphoria.
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
The chapter "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders" is new to DSM-5 and
combines disorders that were previously included in the chapter "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence" (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder; conduct
disorder; and disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified, now categorized as other
specified and unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders) and the chapter "Impulse-Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified" (i.e., intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania). These disorders are all characterized by problems in
emotional and behavioral self-control. Notably, ADHD is frequently comorbid with the disorders in this chapter but is listed with the neurodevelopmental disorders. Because of its
close association with conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder is listed both in this
chapter and in the chapter "Personality Disorders," where it is described in detail.
The criteria for oppositional defiant disorder are now grouped into three types: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. Additionally,
the exclusionary criterion for conduct disorder has been removed. The criteria for conduct
disorder include a descriptive features specifier for individuals who meet full criteria for
the disorder but also present with limited prosocial emotions. The primary change in intermittent explosive disorder is in the type of aggressive outbursts that should be considered: DSM-IV required physical aggression, whereas in DSM-5 verbal aggression and
nondestructive/noninjurious physical aggression also meet criteria. DSM-5 also provides
more specific criteria defining frequency needed to meet the criteria and specifies that the
aggressive outbursts are impulsive and/or anger based in nature, and must cause marked
distress, cause impairment in occupational or interpersonal functioning, or be associated
with negative financial or legal consequences. Furthermore, a minimum age of 6 years (or
equivalent developmental level) is now required.
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
An important departure from past diagnostic manuals is that the chapter on substance-related
disorders has been expanded to include gambling disorder. Another key change is that
DSM-5 does not separate the diagnoses of substance abuse and dependence as in DSM-IV. Rather
criteria are provided for substance use disorder, accompanied by criteria for intoxication,
withdrawal, substance-induced disorders, and unspecified substance-related disorders,
where relevant. Within substance use disorders, the DSM-IV recurrent substance-related legal
problems criterion has been deleted from DSM-5, and a new criterion—craving, or a strong desire or urge to use a substance—^has been added. In addition, the threshold for substance use
disorder diagnosis in DSM-5 is set at two or more criteria, in contrast to a threshold of one or
more criteria for a diagnosis of DSM-IV substance abuse and three or more for DSM-IV dependence. Cannabis withdrawal and caffeine withdrawal are new disorders (the latter was in
DSM-IV Appendbc B, "Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study").
Severity of the DSM-5 substance use disorders is based on the number of criteria endorsed. The DSM-IV specifier for a physiological subtype is eliminated in DSM-5, as is the
DSM-IV diagnosis of polysubstance dependence. Early remission from a DSM-5 substance
use disorder is defined as at least 3 but less than 12 months without meeting substance use
disorder criteria (except craving), and sustained remission is defined as at least 12 months
without meeting criteria (except craving). Additional new DSM-5 specifiers include "in a
controlled environment" and "on maintenance therapy" as the situation warrants.
Neurocognitive Disorders
The DSM-IV diagnoses of dementia and amnestic disorder are subsumed under the newly
named entity major neurocognitive disorder (NCD). The term dementia is not precluded from
use in the etiological subtypes where that term is standard. Furthermore, DSM-5 now recognizes a less severe level of cognitive impairment, mild NCD, which is a new disorder that permits the diagnosis of less disabling syndromes that may nonetheless be the focus of concern
and treatment. Diagnostic criteria are provided for both of these disorders, followed by diagnostic criteria for different etiological subtypes. In DSM-IV, individual diagnoses were designated for dementia of the Alzheimer's type, vascular dementia, and substance-induced
dementia, whereas the other neurodegenerative disorders were classified as dementia due to
another medical condition, with HIV, head trauma, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease.
Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and other medical conditions specified. In DSM-5,
major or mild NCD due to Alzheimer's disease and major or mild vascular NCD have been retained, while new separate criteria are now presented for major or mild frontotemporal NCD,
NCD with Lewy bodies, and NCDs due to traumatic brain injury, a substance/medication,
HIV infection, prion disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, another medical condition, and multiple etiologies, respectively. Unspecified NCD is also included as a diagnosis.
Personality Disorders
The criteria for personality disorders in Section II of DSM-5 have not changed from those in
DSM-IV. An alternative approach to the diagnosis of personality disorders was developed
for DSM-5 for further study and can be found in Section III (see "Alternative DSM-5 Model
for Personality Disorders"). For the general criteria for personality disorder, presented in
Section III, a revised personality functioning criterion (Criterion A) has been developed
based on a literature review of reliable clinical measures of core impairments central to personality pathology. A diagnosis of personality disorder—trait specified, based on moderate
or greater impairment in personality functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits, replaces personality disorder not otherwise specified and provides a much more informative diagnosis for individuals who are not optimally described as having a specific
personality disorder. A greater emphasis on personality functioning and trait-based criteria
increases the stability and empirical bases of the disorders. Personality functioning and personality traits also can be assessed whether or not the individual has a personality disorder—a feature that provides clinically useful information about all individuals.
Paraphilic Disorders
An overarching change from DSM-IV is the addition of the course specifiers "in a controlled
environment" and "in remission" to the diagnostic criteria sets for all the paraphilic disorders. These specifiers are added to indicate important changes in an individual's status. In
DSM-5, paraphilias are not ipso facto mental disorders. There is a distinction between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders. A paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or a paraphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal
harm, or risk of harm, to others. A paraphilia is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for
having a paraphilic disorder, and a paraphilia by itself does not automatically justify or require
clinical intervention. The distinction between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders was implemented without making any changes to the basic structure of the diagnostic criteria as they
had existed since DSM-III-R. The change proposed for DSM-5 is that individuals who meet
both Criterion A and Criterion B would now be diagnosed as having a paraphilic disorder. A
diagnosis would not be given to individuals whose symptoms meet Criterion A but not Criterion B—that is, to individuals who have a paraphilia but not a paraphilic disorder.
Glossa
Technical Terms
affect A pattern of observable behaviors that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion). Examples of affect include sadness, elation, and anger. In
contrast to mood, which refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional "climate," ajfect
refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional "weather." What is considered the normal range of the expression of affect varies considerably, both within and among different cultures. Disturbances in affect include
blunted Significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression.
flat Absence or near absence of any sign of affective expression.
inappropriate Discordance between affective expression and the content of speech
or ideation.
labile Abnormal variability in affect with repeated, rapid, and abrupt shifts in affective expression.
restricted or constricted Mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression.
affective blunting See AFFECT.
agitation (psychomotor) See PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION.
agnosia Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells that occurs
in the absence of either impairment of the specific sense or significant memory loss.
alogia An impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from observing speech and language behavior. There may be brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in
the amount of spontaneous speech (termed poverty of speech). Sometimes the speech is
adequate in amoimt but conveys little information because it is overconcrete, overabstract, repetitive, or stereotyped (termed poverty of content).
amnesia An inability to recall important autobiographical information that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.
anhedonia Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life's experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure and take interest in things. Anhedonia is a facet of
the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT.
anosognosia A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness.
antagonism Behaviors that put an individual at odds with other people, such as an exaggerated sense of self-importance with a concomitant expectation of special treatment, as well as a callous antipathy toward others, encompassing both unawareness of
others' needs and feelings, and a readiness to use others in the service of self-enhancement. Antagonism is one of the five broad PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS defined in Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders."
Small caps indicate term found elsewhere in this glossary. Glossary definitions were informed by
DSM-5 Work Groups, publicly available Internet sources, and previously published glossaries for
mental disorders (World Health Organization and American Psychiatric Association).
antidepressant discontinuation syndrome A set of symptoms that can occur after
abrupt cessation, or marked reduction in dose, of an antidepressant medication that
had been taken continuously for at least 1 month.
anxiety The apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by
a feeling of worry, distress, and/or somatic symptoms of tension. The focus of anticipated danger may be internal or external.
anxiousness Feelings of nervousness or tenseness in reaction to diverse situations; frequent
v^orry about the negative effects of past unpleasant experiences and future negative possibilities; feeling fearful and apprehensive about uncertainty; expecting the worst to happen.
Anxiousness is a facet of the broad personality trait domain NEGATIVE AFFECnviTY.
arousal The physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli.
asociality A reduced initiative for interacting with other people.
attention The ability to focus in a sustained manner on a particular stimulus or activity.
A disturbance in attention may be manifested by easy DISTRACTIBILITY or difficulty in
finishing tasks or in concentrating on work.
attention seeking Engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself
the focus of others' attention and admiration. Attention seeking is a facet of the broad
personality trait domain ANTAGONISM.
autogynephilia Sexual arousal of a natal male associated with the idea or image of being
a woman.
avoidance The act of keeping away from stress-related circumstances; a tendency to circumvent cues, activities, and situations that remind the individual of a stressful event
experienced.
avolition An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. When severe enough
to be considered pathological, avolition is pervasive and prevents the person from completing many different types of activities (e.g., work, intellectual pursuits, self-care).
bereavement The state of having lost through death someone with whom one has had
a close relationship. This state includes a range of grief and mourning responses.
biological rhythms See CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS.
callousness Lack of concern for the feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one's actions on others. Callousness is a
facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM.
catalepsy Passive induction of a posture held against gravity. Compare with WAXY FLEXIBILITY.
cataplexy Episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone resulting in the individual
collapsing, often occurring in association with intense emotions such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprise.
circadian rhythms Cyclical variations in physiological and biochemical function, level
of sleep-wake activity, and emotional state. Circadian rhythms have a cycle of about 24
hours, ultradian rhythms have a cycle that is shorter than 1 day, and infradian rhythms
have a cycle that may last weeks or months.
cognitive and perceptual dysregulation Odd or unusual thought processes and experiences, including DEPERSONALIZAΉON, DEREALIZATON, and DISSOCIATON; mixed sleepwake state experiences; and thought-control experiences. Cognitive and perceptual
dysregulation is a facet of the broad personality trait domain PSYCHOTICISM.
coma State of complete loss of consciousness.
compulsion Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental
acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven
to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or
mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive.
conversion symptom A loss of, or alteration in, voluntary motor or sensory functioning,
with or without apparent impairment of consciousness. The symptom is not fully explained by a neurological or another medical condition or the direct effects of a substance and is not intentionally produced or feigned.
deceitfulness Dishonesty and fraudulence; misrepresentation of self; embellishment or
fabrication when relating events. Deceitfulness is a facet of the broad personality trait
domain ANTAGONISM.
defense mechanism Mechanisms that mediate the individual's reaction to emotional
conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting,
acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others (e.g., suppression, denial) may
be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and
the context in which they occur.
delusion A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly
held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (i.e., it is not an article of
religious faith). When a false belief involves a value judgment, it is regarded as a delusion
only when the judgment is so extreme as to defy credibility. Delusional conviction can
sometimes be inferred from an overvalued idea (in which case the individual has an unreasonable belief or idea but does not hold it as firmly as is the case with a delusion). Delusions are subdivided according to their content. Common types are listed below:
bizarre A delusion that involves a phenomenon that the person's culture would regard as physically impossible.
delusional jealousy A delusion that one's sexual partner is unfaithful.
érotomanie A delusion that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with
the individual.
grandiose A delusion of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person.
mixed type Delusions of more than one type (e.g., EROTOMANIC, GRANDIOSE, PERSECUTORY, SOMATIC) in which no one theme predominates.
mood-congruent See MOOD-CONGRUENT PSYCHOTIC FEATURES.
mood-incongruent See MOOD-INCONGRUENT PSYCHOΉC FEATURES.
of being controlled A delusion in which feelings, impulses, thoughts, or actions
are experienced as being under the control of some external force rather than being under one's own control.
of reference A delusion in which events, objects, or other persons in one's immediate environment are seen as having a particular and unusual significance. These
delusions are usually of a negative or pejorative nature but also may be grandiose
in content. A delusion of reference differs from an idea of reference, in which the
false belief is not as firmly held nor as fully organized into a true belief.
persecutory A delusion in which the central theme is that one (or someone to whom
one is close) is being attacked, harassed, cheated, persecuted, or conspired against.
somatic A delusion whose main content pertains to the appearance or functioning
of one's body.
thought broadcasting A delusion that one's thoughts are being broadcast out loud
so that they can be perceived by others.
thought insertion A delusion that certain of one's thoughts are not one's own, but
rather are inserted into one's mind.
depersonalization The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside
observer of, one's mental processes, body, or actions (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream;
a sense of unreality of self, perceptual alterations; emotional and/or physical numbing;
temporal distortions; sense of unreality).
depressivity Feelings of being intensely sad, miserable, and/or hopeless. Some patients
describe an absence of feelings and/or dysphoria; difficulty recovering from such
moods; pessimism about the future; pervasive shame and/or guilt; feelings of inferior
self-worth; and thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior. Depressivity is a facet of the
broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT.
derealization The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal,
dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted).
detachment Avoidance of socioemotional experience, including both WITHDRAWAL from
interpersonal interactions (ranging from casual, daily interactions to friendships and intimate relationships [i.e., INTIMACY AVOIDANCE]) and RESTRICTED AFFECTWITY, particularly
limited hedonic capacity. Detachment is one of the five pathological PERSONALITY TRAIT
DOMAINS defined in Section ΙΠ "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders."
disinhibition Orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts, feelings, and external stimuli, without regard for past
learning or consideration of future consequences. RIGID PERFECTIONISM, the opposite
pole of this domain, reflects excessive constraint of impulses, risk avoidance, hyperresponsibility, hyperperfectionism, and rigid, rule-governed behavior. Disinhibition
is one of the five pathological PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS defined in Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders."
disorder of sex development Condition of significant inborn somatic deviations of the
reproductive tract from the norm and/or of discrepancies among the biological indicators of male and female.
disorientation Confusion about the time of day, date, or season (time); where one is
(place); or who one is (person).
dissociation The splitting off of clusters of mental contents from conscious awareness.
Dissociation is a mechanism central to dissociative disorders. The term is also used to
describe the separation of an idea from its emotional significance and affect, as seen in
the inappropriate affect in schizophrenia. Often a result of psychic trauma, dissociation
may allow the individual to maintain allegiance to two contradictory truths while remaining unconscious of the contradiction. An extreme manifestation of dissociation is
dissociative identity disorder, in which a person may exhibit several independent personalities, each unaware of the others.
distractibility Difficulty concentrating and focusing on tasks; attention is easily diverted by extraneous stimuli; difficulty maintaining goal-focused behavior, including both
planning and completing tasks. Distractibility is a facet of the broad personality trait
domain DiSlNHlBmON.
dysarthria A disorder of speech sound production due to structural or motor impairment affecting the articulatory apparatus. Such disorders include cleft palate, muscle
disorders, cranial nerve disorders, and cerebral palsy affecting bulbar structures (i.e.,
lower and upper motor neuron disorders).
dyskinesia Distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscle activity.
dysphoria (dysphoric mood) A condition in which a person experiences intense feelings
of depression, discontent, and in some cases indifference to the world around them.
dyssomnias Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by INSOMNIA or
HYPERSOMNIA as the major presenting symptom. Dyssomnias are disorders of the
amount, quality, or timing of sleep. Compare with PARASOMNIAS.
dysthymia Presence, while depressed, of two or more of the following: 1) poor appetite
or overeating, 2) insomnia or hypersonnnia, 3) low energy or fatigue, 4) low self-esteem,
5) poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, or 6) feelings of hopelessness.
dystonia Disordered tonicity of muscles.
eccentricity Odd, unusual, or bizarre behavior, appearance, and/or speech having
strange and unpredictable thoughts; saying unusual or inappropriate things. Eccentricity is a facet of the broad personality trait domain PSYCHOTICISM.
echolalia The pathological, parrotlike, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of
a word or phrase just spoken by another person.
echopraxia Mimicking the movements of another.
emotional lability Instability of emotional experiences and mood; emotions that are
easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances. Emotional lability is a facet of the broad personality trait domain NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY.
empathy Comprehension and appreciation of others' experiences and motivations; tolerance of differing perspectives; understanding the effects of own behavior on others.
episode (episodic) A specified duration of time during which the patient has developed or
experienced symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria for a given mental disorder. Depending on the type of mental disorder, episode may denote a certain number of symptoms
or a specified severity or frequency of symptoms. Episodes may be further differentiated
as a single (first) episode or a recurrence or relapse of multiple episodes if appropriate.
euphoria A mental and emotional condition in which a person experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness, excitement, and joy.
fatigability Tendency to become easily fatigued. See also FATIGUE.
fatigue A state (also called exhaustion, tiredness, lethargy, languidness, languor, lassitude, and listlessness) usually associated with a weakening or depletion of one's physical and/or mental resources, ranging from a general state of lethargy to a specific,
work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles. Physical fatigue leads to an inability to continue functioning at one's normal level of activity. Although widespread
in everyday life, this state usually becomes particularly noticeable during heavy exercise. Mental fatigue, by contrast, most often manifests as SOMNOLENCE (sleepiness).
fear An emotional response to perceived imminent threat or danger associated with
urges to flee or fight.
flashback A dissociative state during which aspects of a traumatic event are reexperienced as though they were occurring at that moment.
flight of ideas A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes
from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting
stimuli, or plays on words. When the condition is severe, speech may be disorganized
and incoherent.
gender The public (and usually legally recognized) lived role as boy or girl, man or
woman. Biological factors are seen as contributing in interaction with social and psychological factors to gender development.
gender assignment The initial assignment as male or female, which usually occurs at
birth and is subsequently referred to as the "natal gender."
gender dysphoria Distress that accompanies the incongruence between one's experienced and expressed gender and one's assigned or natal gender.
gender experience The unique and personal ways in which individuals experience their
gender in the context of the gender roles provided by their societies.
gender expression The specific ways in which individuals enact gender roles provided
in their societies.
gender identity A category of social identity that refers to an individual's identification
as male, female or, occasionally, some category other than male or female.
gender reassignment A change of gender that can be either medical (hormones, surgery) or legal (government recognition), or both. In case of medical interventions, often
referred to as sex reassignment.
geometric hallucination See HALLUCINATION.
grandiosity Believing that one is superior to others and deserves special treatment; selfcenteredness; feelings of entitlement; condescension toward others. Grandiosity is a
facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM.
grimace (grimacing) Odd and inappropriate facial expressions unrelated to situation
(as seen in individuals with CATATONIA).
hallucination A perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Hallucinations
should be distinguished from ILLUSIONS, in which an actual external stimulus is
misperceived or misinteφreted. The person may or may not have insight into the nonveridical nature of the hallucination. One hallucinating person may recognize the false
sensory experience, whereas another may be convinced that the experience is grounded
in reality. The term hallucination is not ordinarily applied to the false perceptions that
occur during dreaming, while falling asleep (hypnagogic), or upon awakening (hypnopompic). Transient hallucinatory experiences may occur without a mental disorder.
auditory A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of
voice.
geometric Visual hallucinations involving geometric shapes such as tunnels and
funnels, spirals, lattices, or cobwebs.
gustatory A hallucination involving the perception of taste (usually unpleasant).
mood-congruent See MOOD-CONGRUENT PSYCHOTIC FEATURES.
mood-incongruent See MOOD-INCONGRUENT PSYCHOTIC FEATURES.
olfactory A hallucination involving the perception of odor, such as of burning rubber or decaying fish.
somatic A hallucination involving the perception of physical experience localized
within the body (e.g., a feeling of electricity). A somatic hallucination is to be distinguished from physical sensations arising from an as-yet-undiagnosed general
medical condition, from hypochondriacal preoccupation with normal physical
sensations, or from a tactile hallucination.
tactile A hallucination involving the perception of being touched or of something
being under one's skin. The most common tactile hallucinations are the sensation
of electric shocks and formication (the sensation of something creeping or crawling on pr under the skin).
visual A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of
people, or of unformed images, such as flashes of light. Visual hallucinations should
be distinguished from ILLUSIONS, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli.
hostility Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor
slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behavior. Hostility is a facet of the broad
personality trait domain ANTAGONISM.
hyperacusis Increased auditory perception.
hyperorality A condition in which inappropriate objects are placed in the mouth.
hypersexuality A stronger than usual urge to have sexual activity.
hypersomnia Excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by prolonged nocturnal sleep, difficulty maintaining an alert awake state during the day, or undesired daytime sleep episodes. See also SOMNOLENCE.
hypervigilance An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated
intensity of behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats. Hypervigilance is also accompanied by a state of increased anxiety which can cause exhaustion. Other symptoms include
abnormally increased arousal, a high responsiveness to stimuli, and a continual scanning
of the environment for threats. In hypervigilance, there is a perpetual scanning of the environment to search for sights, sounds, people, behaviors, smells, or anything else that is reminiscent of threat or trauma. The individual is placed on high alert in order to be certain
danger is not near. Hypervigilance can lead to a variety of obsessive behavior patterns, as
well as producing difficulties with social interaction and relationships.
hypomania An abnormality of mood resembling mania but of lesser intensity. See also
MANIA.
hypopnea Episodes of overly shallow breathing or an abnormally low respiratory rate.
ideas of reference The feeling that causal incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. An idea of reference is to be distinguished from a DELUSION OF REFERENCE, in which there is a belief that is held with
delusional conviction.
identity Experience of oneself as unique, with clear boundaries between self and others;
stability of self-esteem and accuracy of self-appraisal; capacity for, and ability to regulate, a range of emotional experience.
illusion A misperception or misinterpretation of a real external stimulus, such as hearing the rustling of leaves as the sound of voices. See also HALLUCINATION.
impulsivity Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting
on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans; a sense of urgency and self-harming behavior under emotional distress. Impulsivity is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DiSlNHlBmON.
incoherence Speech or thinking that is essentially incomprehensible to others because
word or phrases are joined together without a logical or meaningful connection. This
disturbance occurs within clauses, in contrast to derailment, in which the disturbance
is between clauses. This has sometimes been referred to a "word salad" to convey the
degree of linguistic disorganization. Mildly ungrammatical constructions or idiomatic
usages characteristic of a particular regional or cultural backgrounds, lack of education, or low intelligence should not be considered incoherence. The term is generally
not applied when there is evidence that the disturbance in speech is due to an aphasia.
insomnia A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality.
intersex condition A condition in which individuals have conflicting or ambiguous biological indicators of sex.
intimacy Depth and duration of connection with others; desire and capacity for closeness; mutuality of regard reflected in interpersonal behavior.
intimacy avoidance Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships. Intimacy avoidance is a facet of the broad
personality trait domain DETACHMENT.
irresponsibility Disregard for—and failure to honor—financial and other obligations or
commitments; lack of respect for—and lack of follow-through on—agreements and
promises; carelessness with others' property. Irresponsibility is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DiSINHIBmON.
language pragmatics The understanding and use of language in a given context. For
example, the warning "Watch your hands" when issued to a child who is dirty is intended not only to prompt the child to look at his or her hands but also to communicate
the admonition "Don't get anything dirty."
lethargy A state of decreased mental activity, characterized by sluggishness, drowsiness, inactivity, and reduced alertness.
macropsia The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are. Compare
with MICROPSIA.
magical thinking The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, words, or actions will cause
or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of
cause and effect. Magical thinking may be a part of normal child development.
mania A mental state of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased level of activity or energy. See also HYPOMANIA.
manipulativeness Use of subterfuge to influence or control others; use of seduction,
charm, glibness, or ingratiation to achieve one's ends. Manipulativeness is a facet of the
broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM.
mannerism A peculiar and characteristic individual style of movement, action, thought,
or speech.
melancholia (melancholic) A mental state characterized by very severe depression.
micropsia The visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are. Compare with MACROPSIA.
mixed symptoms The specifier "with mixed features" is applied to mood episodes during
which subthreshold symptoms from the opposing pole are present. Whereas these concurrent "mixed" symptoms are relatively simultaneous, they may also occur closely
juxtaposed in time as a waxing and waning of individual symptoms of the opposite
pole (i.e., depressive symptoms during hypomanie or manic episodes, and vice versa).
mood A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to
affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional "weather," mood refers to
a pervasive and sustained emotional "climate." Types of mood include
dysphoric An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.
elevated An exaggerated feeling of well-being, or euphoria or elation. A person
with elevated mood may describe feeling "high," "ecstatic," "on top of the world,"
or "up in the clouds."
euthymie Mood in the "normal" range, which implies the absence of depressed or
elevated mood.
expansive Lack of restraint in expressing one's feelings, frequently with an overvaluatipn of one's significance or importance.
irritable Easily annoyed and provoked to anger.
mood-congruent psychotic features Delusions or hallucinations whose content is entirely consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. If the mood is
depressed, the content of the delusions or hallucinations would involve themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment. The content
of the delusion may include themes of persecution if these are based on self-derogatory
concepts such as deserved punishment. If the mood is manic, the content of the delusions
or hallucinations would involve themes of inflated worth, power, knowledge, or identity, or a special relationship to a deity or a famous person. The content of the delusion
may include themes of persecution if these are based on concepts such as inflated
worth or deserved punishment.
mood-incongruent psychotic features Delusions or hallucinations whose content is not
consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. In the case of depression, the delusions or hallucinations would not involve themes of personal inadequacy,
guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment. In the case of mania, the delusions or hallucinations would not involve themes of inflated worth, power, knowledge,
or identity, or a special relationship to a deity or a famous person.
multiple sleep latency test Polysomnographie assessment of the sleep-onset period,
with several short sleep-wake cycles assessed during a single session. The test repeatedly measures the time to daytime sleep onset ("sleep latency") and occurrence of and
time to onset of the rapid eye movement sleep phase.
mutism No, or very little, verbal response (in the absence of known aphasia).
narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by periods of extreme drowsiness and frequent
daytime lapses into sleep (sleep attacks). These must have been occurring at least three
times per week over the last 3 months (in the absence of treatment).
negative affectivity Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of
negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger), and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g., dependency) manifestations. Negative Affectivity is one of the five pathological PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS defined in
Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders."
negativism Opposition to suggestion or advice; behavior opposite to that appropriate to
a specific situation or against the wishes of others, including direct resistance to efforts
to be moved.
night eating syndrome Recurrent episodes of night eating, as manifested by eating after
awakening from sleep or excessive food consumption after the evening meal. There is
awareness and recall of the eating. The night eating is not better accounted for by external influences such as changes in the individual's sleep-wake cycle or by local social
norms.
nightmare disorder Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and wellremembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security
or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep
episode. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the individual rapidly becomes
oriented and alert.
nonsubstance addiction(s) Behavioral disorder (also called behavioral addiction) not related to any substance of abuse that shares some features with substance-induced
addiction.
obsession Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at
some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress
such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion).
overeating Eating too much food too quickly.
overvalued idea An unreasonable and sustained belief that is maintained with less than
delusional intensity (i.e., the person is able to acknowledge the possibility that the belief may not be true). The belief is not one that is ordinarily accepted by other members
of the person's culture or subculture.
panic attacks Discrete periods of sudden onset of intense fear or terror, often associated
with feelings of impending doom. During these attacks there are symptoms such as
shortness of breath or smothering sensations; palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate; chest pain or discomfort; choking; and fear of going crazy or losing control. Panic attacks may be unexpected, in which the onset of the attack is not associated
with an obvious trigger and instead occurs "out of the blue," or expected, in which the
panic attack is associated with an obvious trigger, either internal or external.
paranoid ideation Ideation, of less than delusional proportions, involving suspiciousness or the belief that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated.
parasomnias Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events
occurring during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. Compare with DYSSOMNIAS.
perseveration Persistence at tasks or in particular way of doing things long after the behavior has ceased to be functional or effective; continuance of the same behavior despite repeated failures or clear reasons for stopping. Perseveration is a facet of the
broad personality trait domain NEGATIVE Affectivity.
personality Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. PERSONALITY TRAITS are prominent aspects of personality that are
exhibited in relatively consistent ways across time and across situations. Personality
traits influence self and interpersonal functioning. Depending on their severity, impairments in personality functioning and personality trait expression may reflect the
presence of a personality disorder.
personality disorder—trait specified In Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders," a proposed diagnostic category for use when a personality disorder is considered present but the criteria for a specific disorder are not met. Personality
disorder—trait specified (PD-TS) is defined by significant impairment in personality
functioning, as measured by the Level of Personality Functioning Scale and one or
more pathological PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS or PERSONALITY TRAIT FACETS. PD-TS is
proposed in DSM-5 Section III for further study as a possible future replacement for
other specified personality disorder and unspecified personality disorder.
personality functioning Cognitive models of self and others that shape patterns of emotional and affiliative engagement.
personality trait A tendency to behave, feel, perceive, and think in relatively consistent
ways across time and across situations in which the trait may be manifest.
personality trait facets Specific personality components that make up the five broad personality trait domains in the dimensional taxonomy of Section III "Alternative DSM-5
Model for Personality Disorders." For example, the broad domain antagonism has the
following component facets: MANIPULAΉVENESS, DECEITFULNESS, GRANDIOSITY, ATTENΉΟΝ SEEKING, CALLOUSNESS, and HOSTILITY.
personality trait domains In the dimensional taxonomy of Section III ''Alternative DSM5 Model for Personality Disorders," personality traits are organized into five broad domains: Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, DisiNHiBmoN, and PsyCHOTICISM. Within these five broad trait domains are 25 specific personality trait facets
(e.g., IMPULSIVITY, RIGID PERFECTIONISM).
phobia A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (i.e., the phobic stimulus) out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that
results in a compelling desire to avoid it. If it cannot be avoided, the phobic stimulus is
endured with marked distress.
pica Persistent eating of nonnutritive nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month.
The eating of nonnutritive nonfood substances is inappropriate to the developmental
level of the individual (a minimum age of 2 years is suggested for diagnosis). The eating behavior is not part of a culturally supported or socially normative practice.
polysomnography Polysomnography (PSG), also known as a sleep study, is a multiparametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. The
test result is called a polysomnogram, also abbreviated PSG. PSG monitors many body
functions, including brain (electroencephalography), eye movements (electro-oculography), muscle activity or skeletal muscle activation (electromyography), and heart
rhythm (electrocardiography).
posturing Spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity (as seen in
catatonia). Abnormal posturing may also be a sign of certain injuries to the brain or
spinal cord, including the following:
decerebrate posture The arms and legs are out straight and rigid, the toes point
downward, and the head is arched backward.
decorticate posture The body is rigid, the arms are stiff and bent, the fists are tight,
and the legs are straight out.
opisthotonus The back is rigid and arching, and the head is thrown backward.
An affected person may alternate between different postures as the condition changes.
pressured speech Speech that is increased in amount, accelerated, and difficult or impossible to interrupt. Usually it is also loud and emphatic. Frequently the person talks without
any social stimulation and may continue to talk even though no one is listening.
prodrome An early or premonitory sign or symptom of a disorder.
pseudocyesis A false belief of being pregnant that is associated with objective signs and
reported symptoms of pregnancy.
psychological distress A range of symptoms and experiences of a person's internal life
that are commonly held to be troubling, confusing, or out of the ordinary.
psychometric measures Standardized instruments such as scales, questionnaires, tests,
and assessments that are designed to measure human knowledge, abilities, attitudes,
or personality traits.
psychomotor agitation Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension.
The activity is usuaUy nonproductive and repetitious and consists of behaviors such as pacing, fidgeting, wringing of the hands, pulling of clothes, and inability to sit still.
psychomotor retardation Visible generalized slowing of movements and speech.
psychotic features Features characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought
disorder.
psychoticism Exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation)
and content (e.g., beliefs). Psychoticism is one of the five broad PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS defined in Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders."
purging disorder Eating disorder characterized by recurrent purging behavior to influence weight or shape, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or
other medications, in the absence of binge eating.
racing thoughts A state in which the mind uncontrollably brings up random thoughts
and memories and switches between them very quickly. Sometimes the thoughts are
related, with one thought leading to another; other times they are completely random.
A person experiencing an episode of racing thoughts has no control over them and is
unable to focus on a single topic or to sleep.
rapid cycling Term referring to bipolar disorder characterized by the presence of at least
four mood episodes in the previous 12 months that meet the criteria for a manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode. Episodes are demarcated either by partial or full
remissions of at least 2 months or by a switch to an episode of the opposite polarity
(e.g., major depressive episode to manic episode). The rapid cycling specifier can be applied to bipolar I or bipolar II disorder.
rapid eye movement (REM) A behavioral sign of the phase of sleep during which the
sleeper is likely to be experiencing dreamlike mental activity.
repetitive speech Morphologically heterogeneous iterations of speech.
residual phase Period after an episode of schizophrenia that has partly or completed remitted but in which some symptoms may remain, and symptoms such as listlessness,
problems with concentrating, and withdrawal from social activities may predominate.
restless legs syndrome An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied or caused by
uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs (for pediatric restless legs syndrome, the description of these symptoms should be in the child's own words). The
symptoms begin or worsen during periods of rest or inactivity. Symptoms are partially
or totally relieved by movement. Symptoms are worse in the evening or at night than
during the day or occur only in the night/evening.
restricted affectivity Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted
emotional experience and expression; indifference and aloofness in normatively engaging
situations. Restricted affectivity is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT.
rigid perfectionism Rigid insistence on everything being flawless, perfect, and without
errors or faults, including one's own and others' performance; sacrificing of timeliness
to ensure correctness in every detail; believing that there is only one right way to do
things; difficulty changing ideas and/or viewpoint; preoccupation with details, organization, and order. Lack of rigid perfectionism is a facet of the broad personality trait
domain DisiNHiBmON.
risk taking Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard to consequences; lack of concern for one's limitations and
denial of the reality of personal danger; reckless pursuit of goals regardless of the level of
risk involved. Risk taking is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DiSlNHlBmON.
rumination (rumination disorders) Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at
least 1 month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. In
rumination disorders, there is no evidence that an associated gastrointestinal or another medical condition (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux) is sufficient to account for the
repeated regurgitation.
seasonal pattern A pattern of the occurrence of a specific mental disorder in selected
seasons of thç year.
self-directedness, self-direction Pursuit of coherent and meaningful short-term and life
goals; utilization of constructive and prosocial internal standards of behavior; ability to
self-reflect productively.
separation insecurity Fears of being alone due to rejection by and/or separation from
significant others, based in a lack of confidence in one's ability to care for oneself, both
physically and emotionally. Separation insecurity is a facet of the broad personality
trait domain NEGATIVE Affectivity.
sex Biological indication of male and female (understood in the context of reproductive
capacity), such as sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, and nonambiguous internal and external genitalia.
sign An objective manifestation of a pathological condition. Signs are observed by the
examiner rather than reported by the affected individual. Compare with SYMPTOM.
sleep-onset REM Occurrence of the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep within
minutes after falling asleep. Usually assessed by a polysomnographic MULTIPLE SLEEP
LATENCY TEST.
sleep terrors Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals from sleep, usually occurring
during the first third of the major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream.
There is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as mydriasis, tachycardia,
rapid breathing, and sweating, during each episode.
sleepwalking Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about,
usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. While sleepwalking,
the person has a blank, staring face, is relatively unresponsive to the efforts of others to
communicate with him or her, and can be awakened only with great difficulty.
somnolence (or "drowsiness") A state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual
state preceding falling asleep and to the chronic condition that involves being in that
state independent of a circadian rhythm. Compare with HYPERSOMNIA.
specific food cravings Irresistible desire for special types of food.
startle response (or "startle reaction") An involuntary (reflexive) reaction to a sudden
unexpected stimulus, such as a loud noise or sharp movement.
stereotypies, stereotyped behaviors/movements Repetitive, abnormally frequent, nongoal-directed movements, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g.,
hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting).
stress The pattern of specific and nonspecific responses a person makes to stimulus
events that disturb his or her equilibrium and tax or exceed his or her ability to cope.
stressor Any emotional, physical, social, economic, or other factor that disrupts the normal physiological, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral balance of an individual.
stressor, psychological Any life event or life change that may be associated temporally
(and perhaps causally) with the onset, occurrence, or exacerbation of a mental disorder.
stupor Lack of psychomotor activity, which may range from not actively relating to the
environment to complete immobility.
submissiveness Adaptation of one's behavior to the actual or perceived interests and
desires of others even when doing so is antithetical to one's own interests, needs, or
desires. Submissiveness is a facet of the broad personality trait domain NEGATIVE Affectivity.
subsyndromal Below a specified level or threshold required to qualify for a particular
condition. Subsyndromal conditions (formes frustes) are medical conditions that do not
meet full criteria for a diagnosis—for example, because the symptoms are fewer or less
severe than a defined syndrome—but that nevertheless can be identified and related to
the "'full-blown" syndrome.
suicidal ideas (suicidal ideation) Thoughts about self-harm, with deliberate consideration or planning of possible techniques of causing one's own death.
suicide The act of intentionally causing one's own death.
suicide attempt An attempt to end one's own life, which may lead to one's death.
suspiciousness Expectations of—and sensitivity to—signs of interpersonal ill intent or
harm; doubts about loyalty and fidelity of others; feelings of being mistreated, used,
and/or persecuted by others. Suspiciousness is a facet of the broad personality trait domain Detachment.
symptom A subjective manifestation of a pathological condition. Symptoms are reported
by the affected individual rather than observed by the examiner. Compare with SIGN.
syndrome A grouping of signs and symptoms, based on their frequent co-occurrence
that may suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection.
synesthesias A condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway
leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
temper outburst An emotional outburst (also called a "tantrum"), usually associated
with children or those in emotional distress, and typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, defiance, angry ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification, and in some cases hitting. Physical control may be lost, the person may be unable
to remain still, and even if the "goal" of the person is met, he or she may not be calmed.
thought-action fusion The tendency to treat thoughts and actions as equivalent.
tic An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.
tolerance A situation that occurs with continued use of a drug in which an individual
requires greater dosages to achieve the same effect.
transgender The broad spectrum of individuals who transiently or permanently identify
with a gender different from their natal gender.
transsexual An individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to
female or female to male, which in many, but not all cases may also involve a somatic
transition by cross-sex hormone treatment and genital surgery ("sex reassignment
surgery").
traumatic stressor Any event (or events) that may cause or threaten death, serious injury,
or sexual violence to an individual, a close family member, or a close friend.
unusual beliefs and experiences Belief that one has unusual abilities, such as mind
reading, telekinesis, or THOUGHT-ACTION FUSION; unusual experiences of reality, including hallucinatory experiences. In general, the unusual beliefs are not held at the
same level of conviction as DELUSIONS. Unusual beliefs and experiences are a facet of
the personality trait domain PSYCHOTICISM.
waxy flexibility Slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner. Compare with CATALEPSY.
withdrawal, social Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social
situations; AVpiDANCE of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.
Social withdrawal is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT.
worry Unpleasant or uncomfortable thoughts that cannot be consciously controlled by
trying to turn the attention to other subjects. The worrying is often persistent, repetitive, and out of proportion to the topic worried about (it can even be about a triviality).
Glossary of Culltai^l
Concepts of Distréii
Ataque de nervios
Ataque de nervios ("attack of nerves") is a syndrome among individuals of Latino descent,
characterized by symptoms of intense emotional upset, including acute anxiety, anger, or
grief; screaming and shouting uncontrollably; attach of crying; trembling; heat in the chest
rising into the head; and becoming verbally and physically aggressive. Dissociative experiences (e.g., depersonalization, derealization, amnesia), seizure-like or fainting episodes, and
suicidal gestures are prominent in some ataques but absent in others. A general feature of an
ataque de nervios is a sense of being out of control. Attacks frequently occur as a direct result
of a stressful event relating to the family, such as news of the death of a close relative, conflicts with a spouse or children, or witnessing an accident involving a family member. For a
minority of individuals, no particular social event triggers their ataques; instead, their vulnerability to losing control comes from the accumulated experience of suffering.
No one-to-one relationship has been found between ataque and any specific psychiatric disorder, although several disorders, including panic disorder, other specified or unspecified dissociative disorder, and conversion disorder, have symptomatic overlap with ataque.
In community samples, ataque is associated with suicidal ideation, disability, and outpatient psychiatric utilization, after adjustment for psychiatric diagnoses, traumatic exposure, and other covariates. However, some ataques represent normative expressions of
acute distress (e.g., at a funeral) without clinical sequelae. The term ataque de nervios may
also refer to an idiom of distress that includes any "fit"-like paroxysm of emotionality (e.g.,
hysterical laughing) and may be used to indicate an episode of loss of control in response
to an intense stressor.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Indisposition in Haiti, blacking out in
the Southern United States, and falling out in the West Indies.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Panic attack, panic disorder, other specified or unspecified dissociative disorder, conversion (functional neurologic symptom) disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, other specified or unspecified anxiety disorder, other specified
or unspecified trauma and stressor-related disorder.
Dhat syndrome
Dhat syndrome is a term that was coined in South Asia little more than half a century ago to
account for common clinical presentations of young male patients who attributed their
various symptoms to semen loss. Despite the name, it is not a discrete syndrome but rather
a cultural explanation of distress for patients who refer to diverse symptoms, such as anxiety, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, impotence, other multiple somatic complaints, and
depressive mood. The cardinal feature is anxiety and distress about the loss of dhat in the
absence of any identifiable physiological dysfunction. Dhat was identified by patients as
a white discharge that was noted on defecation or urination. Ideas about this substance
are related to the concept of dhatu (semen) described in the Hindu system of medicine,
Ayurveda, as one of seven essential bodily fluids whose balance is necessary to maintain
health.
Although dhat syndrome was formulated as a cultural guide to local clinical practice, related
ideas about the harmful effects of semen loss have been shown to be widespread in the general
population, suggesting a cultural disposition for explaining health problems and symptoms
with reference to dhat syndrome. Research in health care settings has yielded diverse estimates
of the syndrome's prevalence (e.g., 64% of men attending psychiatric clinics in India for sexual
complaints; 30% of men attending general medical clinics in Pakistan). Although dhat syndrome
is most commonly identified with young men from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, middle-aged men may also be affected. Comparable concerns about white vaginal discharge (leukorrhea) have been associated with a variant of the concept for women.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: koro in Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore and shen-k'uei ("kidney deficiency") in China.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), generalized anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety
disorder, erectile disorder, early (premature) ejaculation, other specified or unspecified
sexual dysfunction, academic problem.
Khyâl cap
"Khyal attacks" (khyâl cap), or "wind attacks," is a syndrome found among Cambodians in
the United States and Cambodia. Common symptoms include those of panic attacks, such
as dizziness, palpitations, shortness of breath, and cold extremities, as well as other symptoms of anxiety and autonomic arousal (e.g., tinnitus and neck soreness). Khyâl attacks include catastrophic cognitions centered on the concern that khyâl (a windlike substance)
may rise in the body—along with blood—and cause a range of serious effects (e.g., compressing the lungs to cause shortness of breath and asphyxia; entering the cranium to
cause tinnitus, dizziness, blurry vision, and a fatal syncope). Khyâl attacks may occur without warning, but are frequently brought about by triggers such as worrisome thoughts,
standing up (i.e., orthostasis), specific odors with negative associations, and agoraphobictype cues like going to crowded spaces or riding in a car. Khyâl attacks usually meet panic
attack criteria and may shape the experience of other anxiety and trauma- and stressorrelated disorders. Khyâl attacks may be associated with considerable disability.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Laos (pen lom), Tibet (srog rlunggi nad),
Sri Lanka (vata), and Korea (hwa byung).
Related conditions in DSM-5: Panic attack, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, illness anxiety disorder.
Kufungisisa
Kufungisisa ("thinking too much" in Shona) is an idiom of distress and a cultural explanation among the Shona of Zimbabwe. As an explanation, it is considered to be causative of
anxiety, depression, and somatic problems (e.g., "my heart is painful because I think too
much"). As an idiom of psychosocial distress, it is indicative of interpersonal and social
difficulties (e.g., marital problems, having no money to take care of children). Kufungisisa
involves ruminating on upsetting thoughts, particularly worries.
Kufungisisa is associated with a range of psychopathology, including anxiety symptoms, excessive worry, panic attacks, depressive symptoms, and irritability. In a study of a
random community sample, two-thirds of the cases identified by a general psychopathology measure were of this complaint.
In many cultures, "thinking too much" is considered to be damaging to the mind and
body and to cause specific symptoms like headache and dizziness. "Thinking too much"
may also be a key component of cultural syndromes such as "brain fag" in Nigeria. In the
case of brain fag, "thinking too much" is primarily attributed to excessive study, which is
considered to damage the brain in particular, with symptoms including feelings of heat or
crawling sensations in the head.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: "'Thinking too much" is a common idiom of distress ^nd cultural explanation across many countries and ethnic groups. It has
been described in Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America, and among East Asian and
Native American groups.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder
(dysthymia), generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, persistent complex bereavement disorder (see "Conditions for Further Study").
Maladi moun
Maladi moun (literally "humanly caused illness," also referred to as "sent sickness") is a
cultural explanation in Haitian communities for diverse medical and psychiatric disorders. In this explanatory model, interpersonal envy and malice cause people to harm their
enemies by sending illnesses such as psychosis, depression, social or academic failure, and
inability to perform activities of daily living. The etiological model assumes that illness
may be caused by others' envy and hatred, provoked by the victim's economic success as
evidenced by a new job or expensive purchase. One person's gain is assumed to produce
another person's loss, so visible success makes one vulnerable to attack. Assigning the label of sent sickness depends on mode of onset and social status more than presenting
symptoms. The acute onset of new symptoms or an abrupt behavioral change raises suspicions of a spiritual attack. Someone who is attractive, intelligent, or wealthy is perceived
as especially vulnerable, and even young healthy children are at risk.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Concerns about illness (typically, physical illness) caused by envy or social conflict are common across cultures and often expressed in the form of "evil eye" (e.g. in Spanish, mal de ojo, in Italian, mal'occhiu).
Related conditions in DSM-5: Delusional disorder, persecutory type; schizophrenia
with paranoid features.
Nervios
Nervios ("nerves") is a common idiom of distress among Latinos in the United States and
Latin America. Nervios refers to a general state of vulnerability to stressful life experiences
and to difficult life circumstances. The term nervios includes a wide range of symptoms of
emotional distress, somatic disturbance, and inability to function. The most common
symptoms attributed to nervios include headaches and "brain aches" (occipital neck tension), irritability, stomach disturbances, sleep difficulties, nervousness, easy tearfulness,
inability to concentrate, trembling, tingling sensations, and mareos (dizziness with occasional vertigo-like exacerbations). Nervios is a broad idiom of distress that spans the range
of severity from cases with no mental disorder to presentations resembling adjustment,
anxiety, depressive, dissociative, somatic symptom, or psychotic disorders. "Being nervous since childhood" appears to be more of a trait and may precede social anxiety disorder, while "being ill with nerves" is more related than other forms of nervios to psychiatric
problems, especially dissociation and depression.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Nevra among Greeks in North America,
nierbi among Sicilians in North America, and nerves among whites in Appalachia and
Newfoundland.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Major depressive disorder, peristent depressive disorder (dysthymia), generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, other specified or
unspecified dissociative disorder, somatic symptom disorder, schizophrenia.
Shenjing shuairuo
Shenjing shuairuo ("weakness of the nervous system" in Mandarin Chinese) is a cultural
syndrome that integrates conceptual categories of traditional Chinese medicine with the
Western diagnosis of neurasthenia. In the second, revised edition of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2-R), shenjing shuairuo is defined as a syndrome composed
of three out of five nonhierarchical symptom clusters: weakness (e.g., mental fatigue),
emotions (e.g., feeling vexed), excitement (e.g., increased recollections), nervous pain (e.g.,
headache), and sleep (e.g., insomnia). Fan nao (feeling vexed) is a form of irritability mixed
with worry and distress over conflicting thoughts and unfulfilled desires. The third edition of the CCMD retains shenjing shuairuo as a somatoform diagnosis of exclusion. Salient
précipitants of shenjing shuairuo include work- or family-related stressors, loss of face
{mianzi, lianzi), and an acute sense of failure (e.g., in academic performance). Shenjing shuairuo is related to traditional concepts of weakness (xu) and health imbalances related to
deficiencies of a vital essence (e.g., the depletion of qi [vital energy] following overstraining or stagnation of qi due to excessive worry). In the traditional interpretation, shenjing
shuairuo results when bodily channels (jing) conveying vital forces (shen) become dysregulated as a result of various social and interpersonal stressors, such as the inability to
change a chronically frustrating and distressing situation. Various psychiatric disorders
are associated with shenjing shuairuo, notably mood, anxiety, and somatic symptom disorders. In medical clinics in China, however, up to 45% of patients with shenjing shuairuo do
not meet criteria for any DSM-IV disorder.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Neurasthenia-spectrum idioms and
syndromes are present in India (ashaktapanna) and Japan (shinkei-suijaku), among other settings. Other conditions, such as brain fag syndrome, burnout syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome, are also closely related.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), generalized anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, social anxiety
disorder, specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder.
Susto
Susto ("fright") is a cultural explanation for distress and misfortune prevalent among
some Latinos in the United States and among people in Mexico, Central America, and
South America. It is not recognized as an illness category among Latinos from the Caribbean. Susto is an illness attributed to a frightening event that causes the soul to leave the
body and results in unhappiness and sickness, as well as difficulties functioning in key
social roles. Symptoms may appear any time from days to years after the fright is experienced. In extreme cases, susto may result in death. There are no specific defining symptoms for susto; however, symptoms that are often reported by people with susto include
appetite disturbances, inadequate or excessive sleep, troubled sleep or dreams, feelings of
sadness, low self-worth or dirtiness, interpersonal sensitivity, and lack of motivation to do
anything. Somatic symptoms accompanying susto may include muscle aches and pains,
cold in the extremities, pallor, headache, stomachache, and diarrhea. Precipitating events
are diverse, and include natural phenomena, animals, interpersonal situations, and supernatural agents, among others.
Three syndromic types of susto (referred to as cibih in the local Zapotec language) have
been identified, each having different relationships with psychiatric diagnoses. An interpersonal susto characterized by feelings of loss, abandonment, and not being loved by family,
with accompanying symptoms of sadness, poor self-image, and suicidal ideation, seemed to
be closely related to major depressive disorder. When susto resulted from a traumatic event
that played a major role in shaping symptoms and in emotional processing of the experience,
the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder appeared more appropriate. Susto characterized by various recurrent somatic symptoms—for which the person sought health care from
several practitioners—was thought to resemble a somatic symptom disorder.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Similar etiological concepts and symptom configurations are found globally. In the Andean region, susto is referred to as espanto.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, other specified or unspecified trauma and stressor-related disorder, somatic symptom disorders.
Taijin kyofusho
Taijin kyofusho ("interpersonal fear disorder" in Japanese) is a cultural syndrome characterized by anxiety about and avoidance of interpersonal situations due to the thought, feeling, or conviction that one's appearance and actions in social interactions are inadequate
or offensive to others. In the United States, the variant involves having an offensive body
odor and is termed olfactory reference syndrome. Individuals with taijin kyofusho tend to focus
on the impact of their symptoms and behaviors on others. Variants include major concerns
about facial blushing (erythrophobia), having an offensive body odor (olfactory reference
syndrome), inappropriate gaze (too much or too little eye contact), stiff or awkward facial
expression or bodily movements (e.g., stiffening, trembling), or body deformity.
Taijin kyofusho is a broader construct than social anxiety disorder in DSM-5. In addition
to performance anxiety, taijin kyofusho includes two culture-related forms: a "sensitive type,"
with extreme social sensitivity and anxiety about interpersonal interactions, and an "offensive type," in which the major concern is offending others. As a category, taijin kyofusho
thus includes syndromes with features of body dysmorphic disorder as well as delusional
disorder. Concerns may have a delusional quality, responding poorly to simple reassurance
or counterexample.
The distinctive symptoms of taijin kyofusho occur in specific cultural contexts and, to
some extent, with more severe social anxiety across cultures. Similar syndromes are found
in Korea and other societies that place a strong emphasis on the self-conscious maintenance of appropriate social behavior in hierarchical interpersonal relationships. Taijin kyofushoAike symptoms have also been described in other cultural contexts, including the
United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
Related conditions in other cultural contexts: Taein kong po in Korea.
Related conditions in DSM-5: Social anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, delusional disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, olfactory reference syndrome (a type of
other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder). Olfactory reference syndrome
is related specifically to the jikoshu-kyofu variant of taijin kyofusho, whose core symptom is
the concern that the person emits an offensive body odor. This presentation is seen in various cultures outside Japan.
Alphabetical Listing of
DSIM-5 Diagnoses and Codes
(iCD-9-CIVi and iCD-IO-CIM)
ICD-9-CM codes are to be used for coding purposes in the United States through
September 30, 2014. ICD-IO-CM codes are to be used starting October 1,2014.
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
V62.3 Z55.9 Academic or educational problem
V62.4 Z60.3 Acculturation difficulty
308.3 F43.0 Acute stress disorder
Adjustment disorders
309.24 F43.22 With anxiety
309.0 F43.21 With depressed mood
309.3 F43.24 With disturbance of conduct
309.28 F43.23 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood
309.4 F43.25 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct
309.9 F43.20 Unspecified
V71.01 Z72.811 Adult antisocial behavior
307.0 F98.5 Adult-onset fluency disorder
Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed
995.81 T74.11XA Initial encounter
995.81 T74.11XD Subsequent encounter
Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected
995.81 T76.11XA Initial encounter
995.81 T76.11XD Subsequent encounter
Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner.
Confirmed
995.82 T74.31XA Initial encounter
995.82 T74.31XD Subsequent encounter
Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected
995.82 T76.31XA Initial encounter
995.82 T76.31XD Subsequent encounter
Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed
995.83 T74.21XA Initial encounter
995.83 T74.21XD Subsequent encounter
Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, Suspected
995.83 T76.21XA Initial encounter
995.83 T76.21XD Subsequent encounter
300.22
291.89
291.89
291.89
291.1
291.2
291.89
291.9
291.89
291.82
303.00
F40.00
F10.180
F10.280
F10.980
F10.14
F10.24
F10.94
F10.14
F10.24
F10.94
F10.26
F10.96
F10.27
F10.97
F10.288
F10.988
F10.159
F10.259
F10.959
F10.181
F10.281
F10.981
F10.182
F10.282
F10.982
F10.129
F10.229
F10.929
F10.121
F10.221
F10.921
Agoraphobia
Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorder
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced depressive disorder
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder. Amnestic
confabulatory type
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder, Nonamnestic
confabulatory type
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced mild neurocognitive disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol-induced sleep disorder
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol intoxication
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol intoxication delirium
With mild use disorder
With moderate or severe use disorder
Without use disorder
Alcohol use disorder
305.00 FIO.IO Mild
303.90 F10.20 Moderate
303.90 F10.20 Severe
291.81 Alcohol withdrawal
F10.232 With perceptual disturbances
F10.239 Without perceptual disturbances
291.0 F10.231 Alcohol withdrawal delirium
292.89 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced anxiety disorder
F15.180 With mild use disorder
F15.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced bipolar and related
disorder
F15.14 With mild use disorder
F15.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.94 Without use disorder
F15.921 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced delirium
292.84 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced depressive disorder
F15.14 With mild use disorder
F15.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.94 Without use disorder
292.89 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced obsessive-compulsive
and related disorder
F15.188 With mild use disorder
F15.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.988 Without use disorder
292.9 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced psychotic disorder
F15.159 With mild use disorder
F15.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sexual dysfunction
F15.181 With mild use disorder
F15.281 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.981 Without use disorder
292.85 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder
F15.182 With mild use disorder
F15.282 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.982 Without use disorder
292.89 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication
Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. With perceptual
disturbances
F15.122 With mild use disorder
FI5.222 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.922 Without use disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
F15.129
Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. Without perceptual
disturbances
With mild use disorder
F15.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Amphetamine (or other stimulant) intoxication delirium
F15.121 With mild use disorder
F15.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.921 Without use disorder
292.0 F15.23 Amphetamine or other stimulant withdrawal
305.70 F15.10
Amphetamine-type substance use disorder
Mild
304.40 F15.20 Moderate
304.40 F15.20 Severe
307.1 Anorexia nervosa
F50.02 Binge-eating/purging type
F50.01 Restricting type
995.29 T43.205A
Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
Initial encounter
995.29 T43.205S Sequelae
995.29 T43.205D Subsequent encounter
301.7 F60.2 Antisocial personality disorder
293.84 F06.4 Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
314.01 F90.2
Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
Combined presentation
314.01 F90.1 Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
314.00 F90.0 Predominantly inattentive presentation
299.00 F84.0 Autism spectrum disorder
301.82 F60.6 Avoidant personality disorder
307.59 F50.8 Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
307.51 F50.8 Binge-eating disorder
296.56 F31.76
Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed
In full remission
296.55 F31.75 In partial remission
296.51 F31.31 Mild
296.52 F31.32 Moderate
296.53 F31.4 Severe
296.54 F31.5 With psychotic features
296.50 F31.9 Unspecified
296.40 F31.0 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie
296.46 F31.74 In full remission
296.45 F31.73 In partial remission
296.40 F31.9 Unspecified
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
296.46 F31.74
Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic
In full remission
296.45 F31.73 In partial remission
296.41 F31.il Mild
296.42 F31.12 Moderate
296.43 F31.13 Severe
296.44 F31.2 With psychotic features
296.40 F31.9 Unspecified
296.7 F31.9 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode unspecified
296.89 F31.81 Bipolar II disorder
293.83 Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition
F06.33 With manic features
F06.33 With manic- or hypomanic-like episodes
F06.34 With mixed features
300.7 F45.22 Body dysmorphic disorder
V62.89 R41.83 Borderline intellectual functioning
301.83 F60.3 Borderline personality disorder
298.8 F23 Brief psychotic disorder
307.51 F50.2 Bulimia nervosa
292.89 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
F15.180 With mild use disorder
F15.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.980 Without use disorder
292.85 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
F15.182 With mild use disorder
F15.282 With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.982 Without use disorder
305.90 F15.929 Caffeine intoxication
292.0 F15.93 Caffeine withdrawal
292.89 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder
F12.180 With mild use disorder
F12.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.980 Without use disorder
292.9 Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder
F12.159 With mild use disorder
F12.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.959 Without use disorder
292.85 Cannabis-induced sleep disorder
F12.188 With mild use disorder
F12.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.988 Without use disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
F12.122
Cannabis intoxication. With perceptual disturbances
With mild use disorder
F12.222 With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.922 Without use disorder
F12.129
Carmabis intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances
With mild use disorder
F12.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Cannabis intoxication delirium
F12.121 With mild use disorder
F12.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.921 Without use disorder
305.20 F12.10
Cannabis use disorder
Mild
304.30 F12.20 Moderate
304.30 F12.20 Severe
292.0 F12.288 Cannabis withdrawal
293.89 F06.1 Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia
293.89 F06.1
specifier)
Catatonic disorder due to another medical condition
780.57 G47.37
Central sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use
786.04 R06.3 Cheyne-Stokes breathing
327.21 G47.31 Idiopathic central sleep apnea
V61.29 Z62.898 Child affected by parental relationship distress
995.52 T74.02XA
Child neglect. Confirmed
Initial encounter
995.52 T74.02XD Subsequent encounter
995.52 T76.02XA
Child neglect. Suspected
Initial encounter
995.52 T76.02XD Subsequent encounter
V71.02 Z72.810 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior
995.54 T74.12XA
Child physical abuse. Confirmed
Initial encounter
995.54 T74.12XD Subsequent encounter
995.54 T76.12XA
Child physical abuse. Suspected
Initial encounter
995.54 T76.12XD Subsequent encounter
995.51 T74.32XA
Child psychological abuse. Confirmed
Initial encounter
995.51 T74.32XD Subsequent encounter
995.51 T76.32XA
Child psychological abuse. Suspected
Initial encounter
995.51 T76.32XD Subsequent encounter
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
995.53 T74.22XA
Child sexual abuse. Confirmed
Initial encounter
995.53 T74.22XD Subsequent encounter
995.53 T76.22XA
Child sexual abuse. Suspected
Initial encounter
995.53 T76.22XD Subsequent encounter
315.35 F80.81 Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
307.45 G47.22
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
Advanced sleep phase type
307.45 G47.21 Delayed sleep phase type
307.45 G47.23 Irregular sleep-wake type
307.45 G47.24 Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
307.45 G47.26 Shift work type
307.45 G47.20 Unspecified type
292.89 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder
F14.180 With mild use disorder
F14.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Cocaine-induced bipolar and related disorder
F14.14 With mild use disorder
F14.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.94 Without use disorder
292.84 Cocaine-induced depressive disorder
F14.14 With mild use disorder
F14.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.94 Without use disorder
292.89 Cocaine-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
F14.188 With mild use disorder
F14.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.988 Without use disorder
292.9 Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
F14.159 With mild use disorder
F14.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction
F14.181 With mild use disorder
F14.281 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.981 Without use disorder
292.85 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder
F14.182 With mild use disorder
F14.282 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.982 Without use disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
292.89 Cocaine intoxication
Cocaine intoxication. With perceptual disturbances
F14.122 With mild use disorder
F14.222 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.922 Without use disorder
Cocaine intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances
F14.129 With mild use disorder
F14.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Cocaine intoxication delirium
F14.121 With mild use disorder
F14.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.921 Without use disorder
Cocaine use disorder
305.60 F14.10 Mild
304.20 F14.20 Moderate
304.20 F14.20 Severe
292.0 F14.23 Cocaine withdrawal
Conduct disorder
312.32 F91.2 Adolescent-onset type
312.81 F91.1 Childhood-onset type
312.89 F91.9 Unspecified onset
300.11 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
F44.4 With abnormal movement
F44.6 With anesthesia or sensory loss
F44.5 With attacks or seizures
F44.7 With mixed symptoms
F44.6 With special sensory symptoms
F44.4 With speech symptoms
F44.4 With swallowing symptoms
F44.4 With weakness/paralysis
V62.5 Z65.0 Conviction in civil or criminal proceedings without imprisonment
301.13 F34.0 Cyclothymic disorder
302.74 F52.32 Delayed ejaculation
Delirium
293.0 F05 Delirium due to another medical condition
293.0 F05 Delirium due to multiple etiologies
292.81 Medication-induced delirium (for ICD-IO-CM codes, see specific
substances)
Substance intoxication delirium (see specific substances for codes)
Substance withdrawal delirium (see specific substances for codes)
297.1 F22 Delusional disorder
301.6 F60.7 Dependent personality disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM
\
Disorder, condition, or problem
300.6 F48.1 Depersonalization/derealization disorder
293.83 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
F06.31 With depressive features
F06.32 With major depressive-like episode
F06.34 With mixed features
315.4 F82 Developmental coordination disorder
V60.89 Z59.2 Discord with neighbor, lodger, or landlord
V62.89 Z64.4 Discord with social service provider, including probation officer,
case manager, or social services worker
313.89 F94.2 Disinhibited social engagement disorder
V61.03 Z63.5 Disruption of family by separation or divorce
296.99 F34.8 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
300.12 F44.0 Dissociative amnesia
300.13 F44.1 Dissociative amnesia, with dissociative fugue
300.14 F44.81 Dissociative identity disorder
307.7 F98.1 Encopresis
307.6 F98.0 Enuresis
302.72 F52.21 Erectile disorder
698.4 L98.1 Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
302.4 F65.2 Exhibitionistic disorder
V62.22 Z65.5 Exposure to disaster, war, or other hostilities
V60.2 Z59.5 Extreme poverty
300.19 F68.10 Factitious disorder
302.73 F52.31 Female orgasmic disorder
302.72 F52.22 Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
302.81 F65.0 Fetishistic disorder
302.89 F65.81 Frotteuristic disorder
312.31 F63.0 Gambling disorder
302.85 F64.1 Gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
302.6 F64.2 Gender dysphoria in children
300.02 F41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder
302.76 F52.6 Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
315.8 F88 Global developmental delay
292.89 F16.983 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
V61.8 Z63.8 High expressed emotion level within family
301.50 F60.4 Histrionic personality disorder
300.3 F42 Hoarding disorder
V60.0 Z59.0 Homelessness
780.54 G47.10 Hypersomnolence disorder
300.7 F45.21 Illness anxiety disorder
V62.5 Z65.1 Imprisonment or other incarceration
V60.1 Z59.1 Inadequate housing
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
292.89 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder
F18.180 With mild use disorder
F18.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Inhalant-induced depressive disorder
F18.14 With mild use disorder
F18.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.94 Without use disorder
292.82 Inhalant-induced major neurocognitive disorder
F18.17 With mild use disorder
F18.27 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.97 Without use disorder
292.89 Inhalant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder
F18.188 With mild use disorder
F18.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.988 Without use disorder
292.9 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder
F18.159 With mild use disorder
F18.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Inhalant intoxication
F18.129 With mild use disorder
F18.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Inhalant intoxication delirium
F18.121 With mild use disorder
F18.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.921 Without use disorder
Inhalant use disorder
305.90 F18.10 Mild
304.60 F18.20 Moderate
304.60 F18.20 Severe
780.52 G47.00 Insomnia disorder
V60.2 Z59.7 Insufficient social insurance or welfare support
319 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
F70 Mild
F71 Moderate
F73 Profound
F72 Severe
312.34 F63.81 Intermittent explosive disorder
312.32 F63.3 Kleptomania
V60.2 Z59.4 Lack of adequate food or safe drinking water
315.39 F80.9 Language disorder
V60.2 Z59.6 Low income
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM
\
Disorder, condition, or problem
296.36 F33.42
Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode
In full remission
296.35 F33.41 In partial remission
296.31 F33.0 Mild
296.32 F33.1 Moderate
296.33 F33.2 Severe
296.34 F33.3 With psychotic features
296.30 F33.9 Unspecified
296.26 F32.5
Major depressive disorder. Single episode
In full remission
296.25 F32.4 In partial remission
296.21 F32.0 Mild
296.22 F32.1 Moderate
296.23 F32.2 Severe
296.24 F32.3 With psychotic features
296.20 F32.9 Unspecifed
331.9 G31.9 Major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. Possible
294.11 F02.81
Major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. Probable (code first
331.19 [G31.09] frontotemporal disease)
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
331.9 G31.9 Major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease. Possible
294.11 F02.81
Major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.
Probable {code first 331.0 [G30.9] Alzheimer's disease)
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
294.11 F02.81
Major neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
294.11 F02.81
Major neurocognitive disorder due to HTV infection (code first 042
[B20] HIV infection)
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
294.11 F02.81
Major neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease (code
first 333.4 [GIO] Huntington's disease)
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
331.9 G31.9 Major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. Possible
294.11 F02.81
Major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. Probable (code
first 331.82 [G31.83] Lewy body disease)
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
294.11 F02.81
Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies
With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
331.9 G31.9 Major neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease. Possible
Major neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease.
Probable (code first 332.0 [G20] Parkinson's disease)
294.11 F02.81 With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
Major neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease {code first
046.79 [A81.9] prion disease)
294.11 F02.81 With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
Major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury {code
first 907.0 late effect of intracranial injury without skull fracture
[S06.2X9S diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela])
294.11 F02.81 With behavioral disturbance
294.10 F02.80 Without behavioral disturbance
331.9 G31.9 Major vascular neurocognitive disorder. Possible
Major vascular neurocognitive disorder. Probable
290.40 F01.51 With behavioral disturbance
290.40 F01.50 Without behavioral disturbance
302.71 F52.0 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
V65.2 Z76.5 Malingering
333.99 G25.71 Medication-induced acute akathisia
333.72 G24.02 Medication-induced acute dystonia
292.81 Medication-induced dehrium (for ICD-IO-CM codes, see specific
substances)
333.1 G25.1 Medication-induced postural tremor
331.83 G31.84 Mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury
331.83 G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies
331.83 G31.84 Mild vascular neurocognitive disorder
301.81 F60.81 Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcolepsy
347.00 G47.419 Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and
narcolepsy
347.00 G47.419 Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity, and type 2 diabetes
347.10 G47.429 Narcolepsy secondary to another medical condition
347.01 G47.411 Narcolepsy with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency
347.00 G47.419 Narcolepsy without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency
332.1 G21.il Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM \
Disorder, condition, or problem
333.92 G21.0 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
307.47 F51.5 Nightmare disorder
V15.81 Z91.19 Nonadherence to medical treatment
Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders
307.46 F51.4 Sleep terror type
307.46 F51.3 Sleepwalking type
300.3 F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
301.4 F60.5 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
294.8 F06.8 Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another
medical condition
327.23 G47.33 Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
292.89 Opioid-induced anxiety disorder
F11.188 With mild use disorder
F11.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F11.988 Without use disorder
F11.921 Opioid-induced delirium
292.84 Opioid-induced depressive disorder
F11.14 With mild use disorder
F11.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.94 Without use disorder
292.89 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction
F11.181 With mild use disorder
FI 1.281 With moderate or severe use disorder
F11.981 Without use disorder
292.85 Opioid-induced sleep disorder
F11.182 With mild use disorder
F11.282 With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.982 Without use disorder
292.89 Opioid intoxication
Opioid intoxication. With perceptual disturbances
F11.122 With mild use disorder
FI 1.222 With moderate or severe use disorder
F11.922 Without use disorder
Opioid intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances
F11.129 With mild use disorder
FI 1.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F11.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Opioid intoxication delirium
F11.121 With mild use disorder
FI 1.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.921 Without use disorder
Opioid use disorder
305.50 Fll.lO Mild
304.00 FI 1.20 Moderate
304.00 FI 1.20 Severe
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
292.0 FI 1.23 Opioid withdrawal
292.0 F11.23 Opioid withdrawal delirium
313.81 F91.3 Oppositional defiant disorder
Other adverse effect of medication
995.20 T50.905A Initial encounter
995.20 T50.905S Sequelae
995.20 T50.905D Subsequent encounter
Other circumstances related to adult abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner
V62.83 Z69.82 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of
nonspousal adult abuse
V65.49 Z69.81 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonspousal
adult abuse
Other circumstances related to child neglect
V62.83 Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of
nonparental child neglect
V61.22 Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for peφetrator of parental
child neglect
V61.21 Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child neglect by
parent
V61.21 Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental
child neglect
V15.42 Z62.812 Personal history (past history) of neglect in childhood
Other circumstances related to child physical abuse
V62.83 Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of
nonparental child abuse
V61.22 Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental
child abuse
V61.21 Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child abuse by
parent
V61.21 Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental
child abuse
V15.41 Z62.810 Personal history (past history) of physical abuse in childhood
Other circumstances related to child psychological abuse
V62.83 Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of
nonparental child psychological abuse
V61.22 Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental
child psychological abuse
V61.21 Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child
psychological abuse by parent
V61.21 Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental
child psychological abuse
V15.42 Z62.811 Personal history (past history) of psychological abuse in childhood
Other circumstances related to child sexual abuse
V62.83 Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of
nonparental child sexual abuse
V61.22 Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental
V61.21 Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child sexual
abuse by parent
V61.21 Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental
child sexual abuse
V15.41 Z62.810 Personal history (past history) of sexual abuse in childhood
Other circumstances related to spouse or partner abuse, Psychological
V61.12 Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or
partner psychological abuse
V61.ll Z69.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or
partner psychological abuse
V15.42 Z91.411 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner
psychological abuse
Other circumstances related to spouse or partner neglect
V61.12 Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or
partner neglect
V61.ll Z69.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or
partner neglect
V15.42 Z91.412 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner neglect
Other circumstances related to spouse or partner violence, Physical
V61.12 Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or
partner violence. Physical
V61.ll Z69.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or
partner violence. Physical
V15.41 Z91.410 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner violence.
Physical
Other circumstances related to spouse or partner violence, Sexual
V61.12 Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for peφetrator of spouse or
partner violence. Sexual
V61.ll Z69.81 Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or
partner violence. Sexual
V15.41 Z91.410 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner violence.
Sexual
V65.40 Z71.9 Other counseling or consultation
292.89 Other hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder
F16.180 With mild use disorder
F16.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Other hallucinogen-induced bipolar and related disorder
F16.14 With mild use disorder
F16.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.94 Without use disorder
292.84 Other hallucinogen-induced depressive disorder
F16.14 With mild use disorder
F16.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.94 Without use disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
292.9 Other hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder
F16.159 With mild use disorder
F16.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Other hallucinogen intoxication
F16.129 With mild use disorder
F16.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Other hallucinogen intoxication delirium
F16.121 With mild use disorder
F16.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.921 Without use disorder
Other hallucinogen use disorder
305.30 F16.10 Mild
304.50 F16.20 Moderate
304.50 F16.20 Severe
333.99 G25.79 Other medication-induced movement disorder
332.1 G21.19 Other medication-induced parkinsonism
V15.49 Z91.49 Other personal history of psychological trauma
V15.89 Z91.89 Other personal risk factors
V62.29 Z56.9 Other problem related to employment
V62.89 Z65.8 Other problem related to psychosocial circumstances
300.09 F41.8 Other specified anxiety disorder
314.01 F90.8 Other specified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
296.89 F31.89 Other specified bipolar and related disorder
780.09 R41.0 Other specified delirium
311 F32.8 Other specified depressive disorder
312.89 F91.8 Other specified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
300.15 F44.89 Other specified dissociative disorder
Other specified elimination disorder
787.60 R15.9 With fecal symptoms
788.39 N39.498 With urinary symptoms
307.59 F50.8 Other specified feeding or eating disorder
302.6 F64.8 Other specified gender dysphoria
780.54 G47.19 Other specified hypersomnolence disorder
780.52 G47.09 Other specified insomnia disorder
300.9 F99 Other specified mental disorder
294.8 F06.8 Other specified mental disorder due to another medical condition
315.8 F88 Other specified neurodevelopmental disorder
300.3 F42 Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
302.89 F65.89 Other specified paraphilic disorder
301.89 F60.89 Other specified personality disorder
298.8 F28 Other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder
302.79 F52.8 Other specified sexual dysfunction
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
780.59 G47.8 Other specified sleep-wake disorder
300.89 F45.8 Other specified somatic symptom and related disorder
307.20 F95.8 Other specified tic disorder
309.89 F43.8 Other specified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder
F19.180 With mild use disorder
F19.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Other (or unknown) substance-induced bipolar and related disorder
F19.14 With mild use disorder
F19.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.94 Without use disorder
F19.921 Other (or unknown) substance-induced delirium
292.84 Other (or unknown) substance-induced depressive disorder
F19.14 With mild use disorder
F19.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.94 Without use disorder
292.82 Other (or unknown) substance-induced major neurocognitive
disorder
F19.17 With mild use disorder
F19.27 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.97 Without use disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mild neurocognitive
disorder
F19.188 With mild use disorder
F19.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.988 Without use disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced obsessive-compulsive
and related disorder
F19.188 With mild use disorder
F19.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.988 Without use disorder
292.9 Other (or unknown) substance-induced psychotic disorder
F19.159 With mild use disorder
F19.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction
F19.181 With mild use disorder
F19.281 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.981 Without use disorder
292.85 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder
F19.182 With mild use disorder
F19.282 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.982 Without use disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication
F19.129 With mild use disorder
F19.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication delirium
F19.121 With mild use disorder
F19.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F19.921 Without use disorder
Other (or unknown) substance use disorder
305.90 F19.10 Mild
304.90 F19.20 Moderate
304.90 F19.20 Severe
292.0 F19.239 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal
292.0 F19.231 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal delirium
Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder
305.70 F15.10 Mild
304.40 F15.20 Moderate
304.40 F15.20 Severe
278.00 E66.9 Overweight or obesity
Panic attack specifier
300.01 F41.0 Panic disorder
301.0 F60.0 Paranoid personahty disorder
V61.20 Z62.820 Parent-child relational problem
302.2 F65.4 Pedophilic disorder
307.22 F95.1 Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
300.4 F34.1 Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
V62.22 Z91.82 Personal history of military deployment
V15.59 Z91.5 Personal history of self-harm
310.1 F07.0 Personality change due to another medical condition
V62.89 Z60.0 Phase of life problem
292.89 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder
F16.180 With mild use disorder
F16.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Phencyclidine-induced bipolar and related disorder
F16.14 With mild use disorder
F16.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.94 Without use disorder
292.84 Phencyclidine-induced depressive disorder
F16.14 With mild use disorder
F16.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.94 Without use disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM
\
Disorder, condition, or problem
292.9 Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder
F16.159 With mild use disorder
F16.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Phencyclidine intoxication
F16.129 With mild use disorder
F16.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.929 Without use disorder
292.81 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium
F16.121 With mild use disorder
F16.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.921 Without use disorder
Phencyclidine use disorder
305.90 F16.10 Mild
304.60 F16.20 Moderate
304.60 F16.20 Severe
307.52 Pica
F50.8 In adults
F98.3 In children
309.81 F43.10 Posttraumatic stress disorder
302.75 F52.4 Premature (early) ejaculation
625.4 N94.3 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
V62.21 Z56.82 Problem related to current military deployment status
V69.9 Z72.9 Problem related to lifestyle
V60.3 Z60.2 Problem related to living alone
V60.6 Z59.3 Problem related to living in a residential institution
V61.5 Z64.1 Problems related to multiparity
V62.5 Z65.3 Problems related to other legal circumstances
V62.5 Z65.2 Problems related to release from prison
V61.7 Z64.0 Problems related to unwanted pregnancy
307.21 F95.0 Provisional tic disorder
316 F54 Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition
293.81 F06.2 With delusions
293.82 F06.0 With hallucinations
312.33 F63.1 Pyromania
327.42 G47.52 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
313.89 F94.1 Reactive attachment disorder
V61.10 Z63.0 Relationship distress with spouse or intimate partner
V62.89 Z65.8 Religious or spiritual problem
333.94 G25.81 Restless legs syndrome
307.53 F98.21 Rumination disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
295.70 F25.0 Bipolar type
295.70 F25.1 Depressive type
301.20 F60.1 Schizoid personality disorder
295.90 F20.9 Schizophrenia
295.40 F20.81 Schizophreniform disorder
301.22 F21 Schizotypal personality disorder
292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder
F13.180 With mild use disorder
F13.280 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.980 Without use disorder
292.84 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced bipolar and related
disorder
F13.14 With mild use disorder
F13.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.94 Without use disorder
F13.921 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced delirium
292.84 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced depressive disorder
F13.14 With mild use disorder
F13.24 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.94 Without use disorder
292.82 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced major neurocognitive
disorder
F13.27 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.97 Without use disorder
292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced mild neurocognitive
disorder
F13.288 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.988 Without use disorder
292.9 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder
F13.159 With mild use disorder
F13.259 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.959 Without use disorder
292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction
F13.181 With mild use disorder
F13.281 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.981 Without use disorder
292.85 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder
F13.182 With mild use disorder
F13.282 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.982 Without use disorder
292.89 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication
F13.129 With mild use disorder
FI3.229 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.929 Without use disorder
F13.121 With mild use disorder
F13.221 With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.921 Without use disorder
Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolyhc use disorder
305.40 F13.10 Mild
304.10 F13.20 Moderate
304.10 F13.20 Severe
292.0 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal
F13.232 With perceptual disturbances
F13.239 Without perceptual disturbances
292.0 F13.231 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal delirium
312.23 F94.0 Selective mutism
309.21 F93.0 Separation anxiety disorder
V65.49 Z70.9 Sex counseling
302.83 F65.51 Sexual masochism disorder
302.84 F65.52 Sexual sadism disorder
V61.8 Z62.891 Sibling relational problem
Sleep-related hypoventilation
327.26 G47.36 Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation
327.25 G47.35 Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation
327.24 G47.34 Idiopathic hypoventilation
300.23 F40.10 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
V62.4 Z60.4 Social exclusion or rejection
315.39 F80.89 Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
300.82 F45.1 Somatic symptom disorder
Specific learning disorder
315.1 F81.2 With impairment in mathematics
315.00 F81.0 With impairment in reading
315.2 F81.81 With impairment in written expression
Specific phobia
300.29 F40.218 Animal
300.29 Blood-injection-injury
F40.230 Fear of blood
F40.231 Fear of injections and transfusions
F40.233 Fear of injury
F40.232 Fear of other medical care
300.29 F40.228 Natural environment
300.29 F40.298 Other
300.29 F40.248 Situational
315.39 F80.0 Speech sound disorder
Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Confirmed
995.82 T74.31XA Initial encounter
995.82 T74.31XD Subsequent encounter
995.82
995.82
995.85
995.85
995.85
995.85
995.81
995.81
995.81
995.81
995.83
995.83
995.83
995.83
307.3
T76.31XA
T76.31XD
T74.01XA
T74.01XD
T76.01XA
T76.01XD
T74.11XA
T74.11XD
T76.11XA
T76.11XD
T74.21XA
T74.21XD
T76.21XA
T76.21XD
F98.4
Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Suspected
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Spouse or partner neglect. Confirmed
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Spouse or partner neglect. Suspected
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Confirmed
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Suspected
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Confirmed
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Suspected
Initial encounter
Subsequent encounter
Stereotypic movement disorder
Stimulant intoxication (see amphetamine or cocaine intoxication for
specific codes)
Stimulant use disorder (see amphetamine or cocaine use disorder for
specific codes)
Stimulant withdrawal (see amphetamine or cocaine withdrawal for
specific codes)
Substance intoxication delirium (see specific substances for codes)
Substance withdrawal delirium (see specific substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder (see specific
substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder (see
specific substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder (see specific
substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced major or mild neurocognitive
disorder (see specific substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder (see specific substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder (see specific
substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced sexual dysfunction (see specific
substances for codes)
Substance/medication-induced sleep disorder (see specific
substances for codes)
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
333.99 G25.71 Tardive akathisia
333.85 G24.01 Tardive dyskinesia
333.72 G24.09 Tar dive dystonia
V62.4 Z60.5 Target of (perceived) adverse discrimination or persecution
292.85 Tobacco-induced sleep disorder
F17.208 With moderate or severe use disorder
Tobacco use disorder
305.1 Z72.0 Mild
305.1 F17.200 Moderate
305.1 F17.200 Severe
292.0 F17.203 Tobacco withdrawal
307.23 F95.2 Tourette's disorder
302.3 F65.1 Transvestic disorder
312.39 F63.2 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
V63.9 Z75.3 Unavailability or inaccessibility of health care facilities
V63.8 Z75.4 Unavailability or inaccessibility of other helping agencies
V62.82 Z63.4 Uncomplicated bereavement
291.9 F10.99 Unspecified alcohol-related disorder
300.00 F41.9 Unspecified anxiety disorder
314.01 F90.9 Unspecified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
296.80 F31.9 Unspecified bipolar and related disorder
292.9 F15.99 Unspecified caffeine-related disorder
292.9 F12.99 Unspecified cannabis-related disorder
293.89 F06.1 Unspecified catatonia {code first 781.99 [R29.818] other symptoms
involving nervous and musculoskeletal systems)
307.9 F80.9 Unspecified communication disorder
780.09 R41.0 Unspecified delirium
311 F32.9 Unspecified depressive disorder
312.9 F91.9 Unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
300.15 F44.9 Unspecified dissociative disorder
Unspecified elimination disorder
787.60 R15.9 With fecal symptoms
788.30 R32 With urinary symptoms
307.50 F50.9 Unspecified feeding or eating disorder
302.6 F64.9 Unspecified gender dysphoria
292.9 F16.99 Unspecified hallucinogen-related disorder
V60.9 Z59.9 Unspecified housing or economic problem
780.54 G47.10 Unspecified hypersomnolence disorder
292.9 F18.99 Unspecified inhalant-related disorder
780.52 G47.00 Unspecified insomnia disorder
319 F79 Unspecified intellectual disability (intellectual developmental
disorder)
300.9 F99 Unspecified mental disorder
294.9 F09 Unspecified mental disorder due to another medical condition
799.59 R41.9 Unspecified neurocognitive disorder
ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
315.9 F89 Unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder
300.3 F42 Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
292.9 FI 1.99 Unspecified opioid-related disorder
292.9 F19.99 Unspecified other (or unknown) substance-related disorder
302.9 F65.9 Unspecified paraphilic disorder
301.9 F60.9 Unspecified personality disorder
292.9 F16.99 Unspecified phencyclidine-related disorder
V62.9 Z60.9 Unspecified problem related to social environment
V62.9 Z65.9 Unspecified problem related to imspecified psychosocial
circumstances
298.9 F29 Unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder
292.9 F13.99 Unspecified sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorder
302.70 F52.9 Unspecified sexual dysfunction
780.59 G47.9 Unspecified sleep-wake disorder
300.82 F45.9 Unspecified somatic symptom and related disorder
292.9 Unspecified stimulant-related disorder
F15.99 Unspecified amphetamine or other stimulant-related disorder
F14.99 Unspecified cocaine-related disorder
307.20 F95.9 Unspecified tic disorder
292.9 F17.209 Unspecified tobacco-related disorder
309.9 F43.9 Unspecified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
V61.8 Z62.29 Upbringing away from parents
V62.89 Z65.4 Victim of crime
V62.89 Z65.4 Victim of terrorism or torture
302.82 F65.3 Voyeuristic disorder
V40.31 Z91.83 Wandering associated with a mental disorder
Numerical Listing of
DSIVi-5 Diagnoses and Codes
(ICD-9-CM)
ICD-9-CM codes are to be used for coding purposes in the United States through
September 30,2014.
ICD-9-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
278.00 Overweight or obesity
290.40 Probable major vascular neurocognitive disorder. With behavioral disturbance
290.40 Probable major vascular neurocognitive disorder. Without behavioral
disturbance
291.0 Alcohol intoxication delirium
291.0 Alcohol withdrawal delirium
291.1 Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder. Amnestic confabulatory type
291.2 Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder, Nonamnestic confabulatory type
291.81 Alcohol withdrawal
291.82 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder
291.89 Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder
291.89 Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorder
291.89 Alcohol-induced depressive disorder
291.89 Alcohol-induced mild neurocognitive disorder
291.89 Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction
291.9 Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder
291.9 Unspecified alcohol-related disorder
292.0 Amphetamine or other stimulant withdrawal
292.0 Caffeine withdrawal
292.0 Cannabis withdrawal
292.0 Cocaine withdrawal
292.0 Opioid withdrawal
292.0 Opioid withdrawal delirium
292.0 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal
292.0 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal delirium
292.0 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal
292.0 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal delirium
292.0 Tobacco withdrawal
292.81 Amphetamine (or other stimulant) intoxication delirium
292.81 Cannabis intoxication delirium
292.81 Cocaine intoxication delirium
292.81 Inhalant intoxication delirium
292.81 Medication-induced delirium
292.81 Opioid intoxication delirium
292.81 Other hallucinogen intoxication delirium
292.81 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication delirium
292.81 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium
292.81 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication delirium
292.82 Inhalant-induced major neurocognitive disorder
292.82 Other (or unknown) substance-induced major neurocognitive disorder
292.82 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced major neurocognitive disorder
292.84 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced bipolar and related disorder
292.84 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Cocaine-induced bipolar and related disorder
292.84 Cocaine-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Inhalant-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Opioid-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Other hallucinogen-induced bipolar and related disorder
292.84 Other hallucinogen-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Other (or unknown) substance-induced bipolar and related disorder
292.84 Other (or unknown) substance-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Phencyclidine-induced bipolar and related disorder
292.84 Phencyclidine-induced depressive disorder
292.84 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced bipolar and related disorder
292.84 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced depressive disorder
292.85 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Cannabis-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Opioid-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Tobacco-induced sleep disorder
292.89 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder
292.89 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sexual dysfunction
292.89 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication
292.89 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Cannabis intoxication
292.89 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Cocaine-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
292.89 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction
292.89 Cocaine intoxication
292.89 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
292.89 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Inhalant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder
292.89 Inhalant intoxication
292.89 Opioid-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction
292.89 Opioid intoxication
292.89 Other hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Other hallucinogen intoxication
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mild neurocognitive disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction
292.89 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication
292.89 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Phencyclidine intoxication
292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder
292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced mild neurocognitive disorder
292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction
292.89 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication
292.9 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Other hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Other (or ui^cnown) substance-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder
292.9 Unspecified caffeine-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified cannabis-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified hallucinogen-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified inhalant-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified opioid-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified other (or unknown) substance-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified phencyclidine-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified stimulant-related disorder
292.9 Unspecified tobacco-related disorder
293.0 Delirium due to another medical condition
293.0 Delirium due to multiple etiologies
293.81 Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. With delusions
293.82 Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. With hallucinations
293.83 Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition
293.83 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
293.84 Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
293.89 Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier)
ICD-9-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
293.89 Catatonic disorder due to another medical condition
293.89 Unspecified catatonia (code first 781.99 other symptoms involving nervous and
musculoskeletal systems)
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition. Without
behavioral disturbance
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first 042 HIV infection)
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first 333.4 Huntington's disease)
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies. Without behavioral
disturbance
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder probably due to Parkinson's disease. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first 332.0 Parkinson's disease)
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first 046.79 prion disease)
294.10 Major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury. Without
behavioral disturbance (codefirst 907.0 late effect of intracranial injury without
skull fracture)
294.10 Probable major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first 331.19 frontotemporal disease)
294.10 Probable major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first 331.0 Alzheimer's disease)
294.10 Probable major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first 331.82 Lewy body disease)
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition. With
behavioral disturbance
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection. With behavioral
disturbance (code first 042 HIV infection)
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease. With behavioral
disturbance (code first 333.4 Huntington's disease)
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies. With behavioral
disturbance
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder probably due to Parkinson's disease. With
behavioral disturbance (code first 332.0 Parkinson's disease)
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease. With behavioral
disturbance (code first 046.79 prion disease)
294.11 Major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury. With behavioral
disturbance (code first 907.0 late effect of intracranial injury without skull
fracture)
294.11 Probable major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. With behavioral
disturbance (code first 331.19 frontotemporal disease)
294.11 Probable major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease. With
behavioral disturbance (code first 331.0 Alzheimer's disease)
294.11 Probable major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. With behavioral
disturbance (code first 331.82 Lewy body disease)
294.8 Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition
294.8 Other specified mental disorder due to another medical condition
294.9 Unspecified mental disorder due to another medical condition
295.40 Schizophreniform disorder
295.70 Schizoaffective disorder. Bipolar type
295.70 Schizoaffective disorder. Depressive type
295.90 Schizophrenia
296.20 Major depressive disorder. Single episode, Unspecifed
296.21 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. Mild
296.22 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. Moderate
296.23 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. Severe
296.24 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. With psychotic features
296.25 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. In partial remission
296.26 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. In full remission
296.30 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Unspecified
296.31 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Mild
296.32 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Moderate
296.33 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Severe
296.34 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. With psychotic features
296.35 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. In partial remission
296.36 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. In full remission
296.40 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie
296.40 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie. Unspecified
296.40 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Unspecified
296.41 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Mild
296.42 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Moderate
296.43 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Severe
296.44 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. With psychotic features
296.45 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie. In partial remission
296.45 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. In partial remission
296.46 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie. In full remission
296.46 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. In full remission
296.50 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. Unspecified
296.51 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. Mild
296.52 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. Moderate
296.53 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. Severe
296.54 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. With psychotic
features
296.55 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. In partial remission
296.56 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. In full remission
296.7 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode unspecified
296.80 Unspecified bipolar and related disorder
296.89 Bipolar II disorder
296.89 Other specified bipolar and related disorder
296.99 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
297.1 Delusional disorder
298.8 Brief psychotic disorder
298.8 Other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder
298.9 Unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder
299.00 Autism spectrum disorder
300.00 Unspecified anxiety disorder
300.01 Panic disorder
300.02 Generalized anxiety disorder
300.09 Other specified anxiety disorder
300.11 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
300.12 Dissociative amnesia
300.13 Dissociative amnesia. With dissociative fugue
300.14 Dissociative identity disorder
300.15 Other specified dissociative disorder
300.15 Unspecified dissociative disorder
300.19 Factitious disorder
300.22 Agoraphobia
300.23 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
300.29 Specific phobia. Animal
300.29 Specific phobia, Blood-injection-injury
300.29 Specific phobia. Natural environment
300.29 Specific phobia. Other
300.29 Specific phobia. Situational
300.3 Hoarding disorder
300.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
300.3 Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
300.3 Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
300.4 Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
300.6 Depersonalization/derealization disorder
300.7 Body dysmorphic disorder
300.7 Illness anxiety disorder
300.82 Somatic symptom disorder
300.82 Unspecified somatic symptom and related disorder
300.89 Other specified somatic symptom and related disorder
300.9 Other specified mental disorder
300.9 Unspecified mental disorder
301.0 Paranoid personality disorder
301.13 Cyclothymic disorder
301.20 Schizoid personality disorder
301.22 Schizotypal personality disorder
301.4 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
301.50 Histrionic personality disorder
301.6 Dependent personality disorder
301.7 Antisocial personality disorder
301.81 Narcissistic personality disorder
301.82 Avoidant personality disorder
301.83 Borderline personality disorder
301.89 Other specified personality disorder
301.9 Unspecified personality disorder
302.2 Pedophilic disorder
302.3 Transvestic disorder
302.4 Exhibitionistic disorder
302.6 Gender dysphoria in children
302.6 Other specified gender dysphoria
302.6 Unspecified gender dysphoria
302.70 Unspecified sexual dysfunction
302.71 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
302.72 Erectile disorder
302.72 Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
302.73 Female orgasmic disorder
302.74 Delayed ejaculation
302.75 Premature (early) ejaculation
302.76 Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
302.79 Other specified sexual dysfunction
302.81 Fetishistic disorder
302.82 Voyeuristic disorder
302.83 Sexual masochism disorder
302.84 Sexual sadism disorder
302.85 Gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
302.89 Frotteuristic disorder
302.89 Other specified paraphilic disorder
302.9 Unspecified paraphilic disorder
303.00 Alcohol intoxication
303.90 Alcohol use disorder. Moderate
303.90 Alcohol use disorder. Severe
304.00 Opioid use disorder. Moderate
304.00 Opioid use disorder. Severe
304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. Moderate
304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. Severe
304.20 Cocaine use disorder. Moderate
304.20 Cocaine use disorder. Severe
304.30 Cannabis use disorder. Moderate
304.30 Cannabis use disorder. Severe
304.40 Amphetamine-type substance use disorder. Moderate
304.40 Amphetamine-type substance use disorder. Severe
304.40 Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder. Moderate
304.40 Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder. Severe
304.50 Other hallucinogen use disorder. Moderate
304.50 Other hallucinogen use disorder. Severe
304.60 Inhalant use disorder. Moderate
304.60 Inhalant use disorder. Severe
304.60 Phencyclidine use disorder. Moderate
304.60 Phencyclidine use disorder. Severe
304.90 Other (or unknown) substance use disorder. Moderate
304.90 Other (or unknown) substance use disorder. Severe
305.00 Alcohol use disorder. Mild
305.1 Tobacco use disorder. Mild
305.1 Tobacco use disorder. Moderate
305.1 Tobacco use disorder. Severe
305.20 Cannabis use disorder. Mild
305.30 Other hallucinogen use disorder. Mild
305.40 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. Mild
305.50 Opioid use disorder. Mild
305.60 Cocaine use disorder. Mild
305.70 Amphetamine-type substance use disorder. Mild
305.70 Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder. Mild
305.90 Caffeine intoxication
305.90 Inhalant use disorder. Mild
305.90 Other (or unknown) substance use disorder. Mild
305.90 Phencyclidine use disorder. Mild
307.0 Adult-onset fluency disorder
307.1 Anorexia nervosa
307.20 Other specified tic disorder
307.20 Unspecified tic disorder
307.21 Provisional tic disorder
307.22 Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
307.23 Tourette's disorder
307.3 Stereotypic movement disorder
307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Advanced sleep phase type
307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Delayed sleep phase type
307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Irregular sleep-wake type
307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Shift work type
307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Unspecified type
307.46 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders. Sleep terror type
307.46 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders. Sleepwalking type
307.47 Nightmare disorder
307.50 Unspecified feeding or eating disorder
307.51 Binge-eating disorder
307.51 Bulimia nervosa
307.52 Pica
307.53 Rumination disorder
307.59 Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
307.59 Other specified feeding or eating disorder
307.6 Enuresis
307.7 Encopresis
307.9 Unspecified communication disorder
308.3 Acute stress disorder
309.0 Adjustment disorders. With depressed mood
309.21 Separation anxiety disorder
309.24 Adjustment disorders. With anxiety
309.28 Adjustment disorders. With mixed anxiety and depressed mood
309.3 Adjustment disorders. With disturbance of conduct
309.4 Adjustment disorders. With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct
309.81 Posttraumatic stress disorder
309.89 Other specified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
309.9 Adjustment disorders. Unspecified
309.9 Unspecified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
310.1 Personality change due to another medical condition
311 Other specified depressive disorder
311 Unspecified depressive disorder
312.23 Selective mutism
312.31 Gambling disorder
312.32 Conduct disorder, Adolescent-onset type
312.32 Kleptomania
312.33 Pyromania
312.34 Intermittent explosive disorder
312.39 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
312.81 Conduct disorder, Childhood-onset type
312.89 Conduct disorder. Unspecified onset
312.89 Other specified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
312.9 Unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
313.81 Oppositional defiant disorder
313.89 Disinhibited social engagement disorder
313.89 Reactive attachment disorder
314.00 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Predominantly inattentive presentation
314.01 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Combined presentation
314.01 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Predominantly hyperactive/
impulsive presentation
314.01 Other specified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
314.01 Unspecified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
315.00 Specific learning disorder. With impairment in reading
315.1 Specific learning disorder. With impairment in mathematics
315.2 Specific learning disorder. With impairment in written expression
315.35 Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
315.39 Language disorder
315.39 Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
315.39 Speech sound disorder
315.4 Developmental coordination disorder
315.8 Global developmental delay
315.8 Other specified neurodevelopmental disorder
315.9 Unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder
316 Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
319 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
319 Unspecified intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
327.21 Central sleep apnea. Idiopathic central sleep apnea
327.23 Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
327.24 Sleep-related hypoventilation. Idiopathic hypoventilation
327.25 Sleep-related hypoventilation. Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation
327.26 Sleep-related hypoventilation, Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation
327.42 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
331.83 Mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease
331.83 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury
331.83 Mild vascular neurocognitive disorder
331.9 Major neurocognitive disorder possibly due to Parkinson's disease
331.9 Possible major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
331.9 Possible major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
331.9 Possible major neurocognihve disorder with Lewy bodies
331.9 Possible major vascular neurocognitive disorder
333.1 Medication-induced postural tremor
332.1 Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism
332.1 Other medication-induced parkinsonism
333.72 Medication-induced acute dystonia
333.72 Tardive dystonia
333.85 Tardive dyskinesia
333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
333.94 Restless legs syndrome
333.99 Medication-induced acute akathisia
333.99 Other medication-induced movement disorder
333.99 Tardive akathisia
347.00 Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy
347.00 Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity, and type 2 diabetes
347.00 Narcolepsy without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency
347.01 Narcolepsy with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency
347.10 Narcolepsy secondary to another medical condition
625.4 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
698.4 Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
780.09 Other specified delirium
780.09 Unspecified delirium
780.52 Insomnia disorder
780.52 Other specified insomnia disorder
780.52 Unspecified insomnia disorder
780.54 Hypersomnolence disorder
780.54 Other specified hypersomnolence disorder
780.54 Unspecified hypersomnolence disorder
780.57 Central sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use
780.59 Other specified sleep-wake disorder
780.59 Unspecified sleep-wake disorder
786.04 Central sleep apnea, Cheyne-Stokes breathing
787.60 Other specified elimination disorder. With fecal symptoms
787.60 Unspecified elimination disorder. With fecal symptoms
788.30 Unspecified elimination disorder. With urinary symptoms
788.39 Other specified elimination disorder. With urinary symptoms
799.59 Unspecified neurocognitive disorder
995.20 Other adverse effect of medication. Initial encounter
995.20 Other adverse effect of medication. Sequelae
995.20 Other adverse effect of medication. Subsequent encounter
995.29 Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Initial encounter
995.29 Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Sequelae
995.29 Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Subsequent encounter
995.51 Child psychological abuse. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.51 Child psychological abuse. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.51 Child psychological abuse. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.51 Child psychological abuse. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.52 Child neglect. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.52 Child neglect. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.52 Child neglect. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.52 Child neglect. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.53 Child sexual abuse. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.53 Child sexual abuse. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.53 Child sexual abuse. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.53 Child sexual abuse. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.54 Child physical abuse. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.54 Child physical abuse. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.54 Child physical abuse. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.54 Child physical abuse. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.81 Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.81 Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Subsequent
encounter
995.81 Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.81 Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Subsequent
encounter
995.81 Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.81 Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.81 Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Suspected, Initial encounter
995.81 Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.82 Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Initial
encounter
995.82 Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed,
Subsequent encounter
995.82 Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, Suspected, Initial
encounter
995.82 Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected,
Subsequent encounter
995.82 Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.82 Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.82 Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Suspected, Initial encounter
995.82 Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.83 Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.83 Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Subsequent
encounter
995.83 Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.83 Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Subsequent
encounter
995.83 Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.83 Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.83 Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Suspected, Initial encounter
995.83 Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Suspected, Subsequent encounter
995.85 Spouse or partner neglect. Confirmed, Initial encounter
995.85 Spouse or partner neglect. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
995.85 Spouse or partner neglect. Suspected, Initial encounter
995.85 Spouse or partner neglect. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
V15.41 Personal history (past history) of physical abuse in childhood
V15.41 Personal history (past history) of sexual abuse in childhood
VI5.41 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner violence. Physical
V15.41 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner violence. Sexual
V15.42 Personal history (past history) of neglect in childhood
V15.42 Personal history (past history) of psychological abuse in childhood
V15.42 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner neglect
V15.42 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner psychological abuse
VI5.49 Other personal history of psychological trauma
V15.59 Personal history of self-harm
V15.81 Nonadherence to medical treatment
VI5.89 Other personal risk factors
V40.31 Wandering associated with a mental disorder
V60.0 Homelessness
V60.1 Inadequate housing
V60.2 Extreme poverty
V60.2 Insufficient social insurance or welfare support
V60.2 Lack of adequate food or safe drinking water
V60.2 Low income
V60.3 Problem related to living alone
V60.6 Problem related to living in a residential institution
V60.89 Discord with neighbor, lodger, or landlord
V60.9 Unspecified housing or economic problem
V61.03 Disruption of family by separation or divorce
V61.10 Relationship distress with spouse or intimate partner
V61.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner neglect
V61.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner
psychological abuse
V61.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner violence.
Physical
V61.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner violence.
Sexual
V61.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
neglect
V61.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
psychological abuse
V61.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
violence, Physical
V61.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
violence. Sexual
V61.20 Parent-child relational problem
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child abuse by parent
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child neglect by parent
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child psychological abuse by
parent
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child sexual abuse by parent
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child abuse
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child neglect
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child
psychological abuse
V61.21 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child sexual
abuse
V61.22 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child abuse
V61.22 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child neglect
V61.22 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child
psychological abuse
V61.22 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child sexual
abuse
V61.29 Child affected by parental relationship distress
V61.5 Problems related to multiparity
V61.7 Problems related to unwanted pregnancy
V61.8 High expressed emotion level within family
V61.8 Sibling relational problem
V61.8 Upbringing away from parents
V62.21 Problem related to current military deployment status
V62.22 Exposure to disaster, war, or other hostilities
V62.22 Personal history of military deployment
V62.29 Other problem related to employment
V62.3 Academic or educational problem
V62.4 Acculturation difficulty
V62.4 Social exclusion or rejection
V62.4 Target of (perceived) adverse discrimination or persecution
V62.5 Conviction in civil or criminal proceedings without imprisonment
V62.5 Imprisonment or other incarceration
V62.5 Problems related to other legal circumstances
V62.5 Problems related to release from prison
V62.82 Uncomplicated bereavement
V62.83 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child abuse
V62.83 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child
neglect
V62.83 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child
psychological abuse
V62.83 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child
sexual abuse
V62.83 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonspousal adult abuse
V62.89 Borderline intellectual functioning
V62.89 Discord with social service provider, including probation officer, case manager,
or social services worker
V62.89 Other problem related to psychosocial circumstances
V62.89 Phase of life problem
V62.89 Religious or spiritual problem
V62.89 Victim of crime
V62.89 Victim of terrorism or torture
V62.9 Unspecified problem related to social environment
V62.9 Unspecified problem related to unspecified psychosocial circumstances
V63.8 Unavailability or inaccessibility of other helping agencies
V63.9 Unavailability or inaccessibility of health care facilities
V65.2 Malingering
V65.40 Other counseling or consultation
V65.49 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonspousal adult abuse
V65.49 Sex counseling
V69.9 Problem related to lifestyle
V71.01 Adult antisocial behavior
V71.02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior
Numerical Listing of
DSIVi-5 Diagnoses and Codes
(iCD-10-CIM)
ICD-IO-CM codes are to be used for coding purposes in the United States starting
October 1, 2014.
ICD-10-CM Disorder, condition, or problem
E66.9 Overweight or obesity
FOl .50 Probable major vascular neurocognitive disorder. Without behavioral disturbance
F01.51 Probable major vascular neurocognitive disorder. With behavioral disturbance
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition. Without
behavioral disturbance
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first B20 HIV infection)
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first GIO Huntington's disease)
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies. Without behavioral
disturbance
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder probably due to Parkinson's disease. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first G20 Parkinson's disease)
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first A81.9 prion disease)
F02.80 Major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first S06.2X9S diffuse traumatic brain injury
with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela)
F02.80 Probable major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. Without behavioral
disturbance (code first G31.09 frontotemporal disease)
F02.80 Probable major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first G30.9 Alzheimer's disease)
F02.80 Probable major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. Without
behavioral disturbance (code first G31.83 Lewy body disease)
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition. With
behavioral disturbance
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection. With behavioral
disturbance (code first B20 HIV infection)
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease. With behavioral
disturbance (code first GIO Huntington's disease)
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies. With behavioral
disturbance
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder probably due to Parkinson's disease. With
behavioral disturbance (code first G20 Parkinson's disease)
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease. With behavioral
disturbance {code first A81.9 prion disease)
F02.81 Major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury. With behavioral
disturbance {code first S06.2X9S diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of
consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela)
F02.81 Probable major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. With behavioral
disturbance {code first G31.09 frontotemporal disease)
F02.81 Probable major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease. With
behavioral disturbance {code first G30.9 Alzheimer's disease)
F02.81 Probable major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. With behavioral
disturbance {code first G31.83 Lewy body disease)
F05 Delirium due to another medical condition
F05 Delirium due to multiple etiologies
F06.0 Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. With hallucinations
F06.1 Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier)
F06.1 Catatonic disorder due to another medical condition
F06.1 Unspecified catatonia {code first R29.818 other symptoms involving nervous
and musculoskeletal systems)
F06.2 Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. With delusions
F06.31 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition. With depressive features
F06.32 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition. With major
depressive-like episode
F06.33 Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition. With manic features
F06.33 Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition. With manic- or
hypomanic-like episodes
F06.34 Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition. With mixed
features
F06.34 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition. With mixed features
F06.4 Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
F06.8 Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition
F06.8 Other specified mental disorder due to another medical condition
F07.0 Personality change due to another medical condition
F09 Unspecified mental disorder due to another medical condition
FIO.IO Alcohol use disorder. Mild
F10.121 Alcohol intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F10.129 Alcohol intoxication. With mild use disorder
F10.14 Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorder. With mild use disorder
F10.14 Alcohol-induced depressive disorder. With mild use disorder
FI0.159 Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use disorder
F10.180 Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F10.181 Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction. With mild use disorder
F10.182 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
FI 0.20 Alcohol use disorder. Moderate
FI0.20 Alcohol use disorder. Severe
F10.221 Alcohol intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.229 Alcohol intoxication. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.231 Alcohol withdrawal delirium
F10.232 Alcohol withdrawal. With perceptual disturbances
FI0.239 Alcohol withdrawal. Without perceptual disturbances
F10.24 Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
FI0.24 Alcohol-induced depressive disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.259 Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.26 Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder. Amnestic confabulatory
type. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.27 Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder, Nonamnestic confabulatory
type. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.280 Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.281 Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI0.282 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F10.288 Alcohol-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
F10.921 Alcohol intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
F10.929 Alcohol intoxication. Without use disorder
F10.94 Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorder. Without use disorder
FI0.94 Alcohol-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
F10.959 Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
F10.96 Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder. Amnestic confabulatory
type. Without use disorder
F10.97 Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder, Nonanmestic confabulatory
type. Without use disorder
F10.980 Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F10.981 Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction. Without use disorder
FI0.982 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
FI0.988 Alcohol-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. Without use disorder
F10.99 Unspecified alcohol-related disorder
FI 1.10 Opioid use disorder. Mild
FI 1.121 Opioid intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
FI 1.122 Opioid intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. With mild use disorder
FI 1.129 Opioid intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. With mild use disorder
FI 1.14 Opioid-induced depressive disorder. With mild use disorder
F11.181 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction. With mild use disorder
F11.182 Opioid-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
FI 1.188 Opioid-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
FI 1.20 Opioid use disorder. Moderate
FI 1.20 Opioid use disorder. Severe
FI 1.221 Opioid intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.222 Opioid intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. With moderate or severe
use disorder
FI 1.229 Opioid intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. With moderate or
severe use disorder
FI 1.23 Opioid withdrawal
FI 1.23 Opioid withdrawal delirium
FI 1.24 Opioid-induced depressive disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.281 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.282 Opioid-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.288 Opioid-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI 1.921 Opioid-induced delirium
FI 1.921 Opioid intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
FI 1.922 Opioid intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. Without use disorder
FI 1.929 Opioid intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. Without use disorder
FI 1.94 Opioid-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
FI 1.981 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction. Without use disorder
FI 1.982 Opioid-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
FI 1.988 Opioid-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
FI 1.99 Unspecified opioid-related disorder
F12.10 Cannabis use disorder. Mild
F12.121 Cannabis intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F12.122 Cannabis intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. With mild use disorder
F12.129 Cannabis intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. With mild use disorder
F12.159 Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use disorder
F12.180 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F12.188 Cannabis-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
F12.20 Cannabis use disorder. Moderate
FI 2.20 Cannabis use disorder. Severe
F12.221 Cannabis intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.222 Cannabis intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. With moderate or severe
use disorder
F12.229 Cannabis intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F12.259 Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.280 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.288 Cannabis-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F12.288 Cannabis withdrawal
FI2.921 Cannabis intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
F12.922 Cannabis intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. Without use disorder
F12.929 Cannabis intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. Without use disorder
F12.959 Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
F12.980 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F12.988 Cannabis-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
F12.99 Unspecified cannabis-related disorder
FI3.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. Mild
F13.121 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F13.129 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication. With mild use disorder
F13.14 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced bipolar and related disorder. With
mild use disorder
F13.14 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced depressive disorder. With mild use
disorder
F13.159 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use
disorder
F13.180 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use
disorder
F13.181 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction. With mild use
disorder
F13.182 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
FI3.20 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. Moderate
F13.20 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. Severe
F13.221 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication delirium. With moderate or
severe use disorder
FI3.229 Sedative, hypnotic, or aiOdolytic intoxication. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI3.231 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal delirium
F13.232 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal. With perceptual disturbances
F13.239 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal. Without perceptual disturbances
F13.24 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced bipolar and related disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F13.24 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced depressive disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F13.259 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate
or severe use disorder
F13.27 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced major neurocognitive disorder.
With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.280 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F13.281 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction. With moderate
or severe use disorder
F13.282 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F13.288 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced mild neurocognitive disorder.
With moderate or severe use disorder
F13.921 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced delirium
F13.921 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
FI3.929 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication. Without use disorder
F13.94 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced bipolar and related disorder.
Without use disorder
F13.94 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced depressive disorder. Without use
disorder
F13.959 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder. Without use
disorder
F13.97 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced major neurocognitive disorder.
Without use disorder
FI3.980 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F13.981 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction. Without use
disorder
F13.982 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
F13.988 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced mild neurocognitive disorder.
Without use disorder
F13.99 Unspecified sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorder
F14.10 Cocaine use disorder. Mild
F14.121 Cocaine intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F14.122 Cocaine intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. With mild use disorder
F14.129 Cocaine intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. With mild use disorder
F14.14 Cocaine-induced bipolar and related disorder. With mild use disorder
F14.14 Cocaine-induced depressive disorder. With mild use disorder
F14.159 Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use disorder
F14.180 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F14.181 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction. With mild use disorder
F14.182 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
F14.188 Cocaine-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. With mild use
disorder
F14.20 Cocaine use disorder. Moderate
F14.20 Cocaine use disorder. Severe
FI4.221 Cocaine intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.222 Cocaine intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. With moderate or severe
use disorder
F14.229 Cocaine intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F14.23 Cocaine withdrawal
F14.24 Cocaine-induced bipolar and related disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
F14.24 Cocaine-induced depressive disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.259 Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.280 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.281 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction. With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.282 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F14.288 Cocaine-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. With moderate
or severe use disorder
F14.921 Cocaine intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
F14.922 Cocaine intoxication. With perceptual disturbances. Without use disorder
F14.929 Cocaine intoxication. Without perceptual disturbances. Without use disorder
F14.94 Cocaine-induced bipolar and related disorder. Without use disorder
F14.94 Cocaine-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
F14.959 Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
F14.980 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F14.981 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction. Without use disorder
F14.982 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
F14.988 Cocaine-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. Without use disorder
F14.99 Unspecified stimulant-related disorder. Unspecified Cocaine-related disorder
F15.10 Amphetamine-type substance use disorder. Mild
F15.10 Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder. Mild
F15.121 Amphetamine (or other stimulant) intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F15.122 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. With perceptual disturbances.
With mild use disorder
F15.129 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. Without perceptual
disturbances. With mild use disorder
F15.14 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced bipolar and related disorder.
With mild use disorder
F15.14 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced depressive disorder. With mild
use disorder
F15.159 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use
disorder
F15.180 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use
disorder
F15.180 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F15.181 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sexual dysfunction. With mild
use disorder
F15.182 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
F15.182 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
F15.188 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder. With mild use disorder
F15.20 Amphetamine-type substance use disorder. Moderate
FI5.20 Amphetamine-type substance use disorder. Severe
F15.20 Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder. Moderate
F15.20 Other or unspecified stimulant use disorder. Severe
F15.221 Amphetamine (or other stimulant) intoxication delirium. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F15.222 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. With perceptual disturbances.
With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.229 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. Without perceptual
disturbances. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI5.23 Amphetamine or other stimulant withdrawal
F15.24 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced bipolar and related disorder.
With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.24 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced depressive disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F15.259 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced psychotic disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F15.280 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate
or severe use disorder
F15.280 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.281 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sexual dysfunction. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F15.282 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F15.282 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.288 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F15.921 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced delirium
F15.921 Amphetamine (or other stimulant) intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
F15.922 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. With perceptual disturbances.
Without use disorder
FI5.929 Amphetamine or other stimulant intoxication. Without perceptual
disturbances. Without use disorder
F15.929 Caffeine intoxication
FI5.93 Caffeine withdrawal
F15.94 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced bipolar and related disorder.
Without use disorder
FI5.94 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced depressive disorder. Without use
disorder
FI5.959 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced psychotic disorder. Without use
disorder
F15.980 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced anxiety disorder. Without use
disorder
FI5.980 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F15.981 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sexual dysfunction. Without use
disorder
FI5.982 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
F15.982 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
FI5.988 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder. Without use disorder
F15.99 Unspecified amphetamine or other stimulant-related disorder
FI5.99 Unspecified caffeine-related disorder
F16.10 Other hallucinogen use disorder. Mild
FI 6.10 Phencyclidine use disorder. Mild
F16.121 Other hallucinogen intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F16.121 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F16.129 Other hallucinogen intoxication. With mild use disorder
F16.129 Phencyclidine intoxication. With mild use disorder
FI6.14 Other hallucinogen-induced bipolar and related disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.14 Other hallucinogen-induced depressive disorder. With mild use disorder
FI 6.14 Phencyclidine-induced bipolar and related disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.14 Phencychdine-induced depressive disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.159 Other hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.159 Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.180 Other hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.180 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F16.20 Other hallucinogen use disorder. Moderate
FI6.20 Other hallucinogen use disorder. Severe
F16.20 Phencyclidine use disorder. Moderate
FI6.20 Phencyclidine use disorder. Severe
FI6.221 Other hallucinogen intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.221 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.229 Other hallucinogen intoxication. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI6.229 Phencyclidine intoxication. With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.24 Other hallucinogen-induced bipolar and related disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
906....................970
Other hallucinogen-induced bipolar and related disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
FI 6.24 Other hallucinogen-induced depressive disorder. With moderate or severe
use disorder
FI6.24 Phencyclidine-induced bipolar and related disorder. With moderate or severe
use disorder
FI6.24 Phencyclidine-induced depressive disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.259 Other hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
FI6.259 Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI6.280 Other hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
FI6.280 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F16.921 Other hallucinogen intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
F16.921 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
FI6.929 Other hallucinogen intoxication. Without use disorder
FI6.929 Phencyclidine intoxication. Without use disorder
FI6.94 Other hallucinogen-induced bipolar and related disorder. Without use disorder
FI 6.94 Other hallucinogen-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
F16.94 Phencyclidine-induced bipolar and related disorder. Without use disorder
FI 6.94 Phencyclidine-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
FI6.959 Other hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
F16.959 Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
F16.980 Other hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F16.980 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
FI6.983 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
FI 6.99 Unspecified hallucinogen-related disorder
FI6.99 Unspecified phencyclidine-related disorder
FI7.200 Tobacco use disorder, Moderate
F17.200 Tobacco use disorder. Severe
F17.203 Tobacco withdrawal
FI7.208 Tobacco-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI7.209 Unspecified tobacco-related disorder
F18.10 Inhalant use disorder. Mild
F18.121 Inhalant intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
F18.129 Inhalant intoxication. With mild use disorder
F18.14 Inhalant-induced depressive disorder. With mild use disorder
F18.159 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use disorder
F18.17 Inhalant-induced major neurocognitive disorder. With mild use disorder
FI8.180 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F18.188 Inhalant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. With mild use disorder
FI 8.20 Inhalant use disorder. Moderate
F18.20 Inhalant use disorder. Severe
F18.221 Inhalant intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.229 Inhalant intoxication. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI8.24 Inhalant-induced depressive disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI8.259 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder, With moderate or severe use disorder
FI8.27 Inhalant-induced major neurocognitive disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
F18.280 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
F18.288 Inhalant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. With moderate or severe use
disorder
F18.921 Inhalant intoxicahon delirium. Without use disorder
FI8.929 Inhalant intoxication. Without use disorder
F18.94 Inhalant-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
F18.959 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
FI8.97 Inhalant-induced major neurocognitive disorder. Without use disorder
F18.980 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
FI8.988 Inhalant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. Without use disorder
F18.99 Unspecified inhalant-related disorder
F19.10 Other (or unknown) substance use disorder. Mild
FI9.121 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication delirium. With mild use disorder
FI9.129 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication. With mild use disorder
F19.14 Other (or unknown) substance-induced bipolar and related disorder. With
mild use disorder
F19.14 Other (or unknown) substance-induced depressive disorder. With mild use
disorder
F19.159 Other (or unknown) substance-induced psychotic disorder. With mild use
disorder
F19.17 Other (or unknown) substance-induced major neurocognitive disorder. With
mild use disorder
F19.180 Other (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder. With mild use disorder
F19.181 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction. With mild use
disorder
F19.182 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder. With mild use disorder
F19.188 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. With
mild use disorder
F19.188 Other (or unknown) substance-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder. With mild use disorder
F19.20 Other (or unknown) substance use disorder. Moderate
FI9.20 Other (or unknown) substance use disorder. Severe
F19.221 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication delirium. With moderate or severe
use disorder
F19.229 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI9.231 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal delirium
FI9.239 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal
F19.24 Other (or unknown) substance-induced bipolar and related disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F19.24 Other (or unknown) substance-induced depressive disorder. With moderate
or severe use disorder
F19.259 Other (or unknown) substance-induced psychotic disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F19.27 Other (or unknown) substance-induced major neurocognitive disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F19.280 Othei· (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F19.281 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F19.282 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder. With moderate or
severe use disorder
F19.288 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mild neurocognitive disorder. With
moderate or severe use disorder
F19.288 Other (or unknown) substance-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder. With moderate or severe use disorder
FI9.921 Other (or unknown) substance-induced delirium
F19.921 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication delirium. Without use disorder
F19.929 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication. Without use disorder
F19.94 Other (or unknown) substance-induced bipolar and related disorder. Without
use disorder
F19.94 Other (or unknown) substance-induced depressive disorder. Without use disorder
FI9.959 Other (or unknown) substance-induced psychotic disorder. Without use disorder
FI9.97 Other (or unknown) substance-induced major neurocognitive disorder.
Without use disorder
FI9.980 Other (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder. Without use disorder
F19.981 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction. Without use disorder
F19.982 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder. Without use disorder
FI9.988 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mild neurocognitive disorder.
Without use disorder
F19.988 Other (or unknown) substance-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder. Without use disorder
F19.99 Unspecified other (or unknown) substance-related disorder
F20.81 Schizophreniform disorder
F20.9 Schizophrenia
F21 Schizotypal personality disorder
F22 Delusional disorder
F23 Brief psychotic disorder
F25.0 Schizoaffective disorder. Bipolar type
F25.1 Schizoaffective disorder. Depressive type
F28 Other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder
F29 Unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder
F31.0 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie
F31.il Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Mild
F31.12 Bipolar I disorder, Current or most recent episode manic. Moderate
F31.13 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Severe
F31.2 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. With psychotic features
F31.31 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. Mild
F31.32 Bipolar I disorder, Current or most recent episode depressed. Moderate
F31.4 Bipolar I disorder, Current or most recent episode depressed. Severe
F31.5 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. With psychotic
features
F31.73 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie. In partial remission
F31.73 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. In partial remission
F31.74 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie. In full remission
F31.74 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. In full remission
F31.75 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. In partial remission
F31.76 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. In full remission
F31.81 Bipolar II disorder
F31.89 Other specified bipolar and related disorder
F31.9 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode depressed. Unspecified
F31.9 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode hypomanie. Unspecified
F31.9 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode manic. Unspecified
F31.9 Bipolar I disorder. Current or most recent episode unspecified
F31.9 Unspecified bipolar and related disorder
F32.0 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. Mild
F32.1 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. Moderate
F32.2 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. Severe
F32.3 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. With psychotic features
F32.4 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. In partial remission
F32.5 Major depressive disorder. Single episode. In full remission
F32.8 Other specified depressive disorder
F32.9 Major depressive disorder. Single episode, Unspecifed
F32.9 Unspecified depressive disorder
F33.0 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Mild
F33.1 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Moderate
F33.2 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Severe
F33.3 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. With psychotic features
F33.41 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. In partial remission
F33.42 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. In full remission
F33.9 Major depressive disorder. Recurrent episode. Unspecified
F34.0 Cyclothymic disorder
F34.1 Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
F34.8 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
F40.00 Agoraphobia
F40.10 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
F40.218 Specific phobia. Animal
F40.228 Specific phobia. Natural environment
F40.230 Specific phobia. Fear of blood
F40.231 Specific phobia. Fear of injections and transfusions
F40.232 Specific phobia. Fear of other medical care
F40.233 Specific phobia. Fear of injury
F40.248 Specific phobia. Situational
F40.298 Specific phobia. Other
F41.0 Panic disorder
F41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder
F41.8 Other specified anxiety disorder
F41.9 Unspecified anxiety disorder
F42 Hoarding disorder
F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
F42 Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
F42 Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
F43.0 Acute stress disorder
F43.10 Posttrauma tic stress disorder
F43.20 Adjustment disorders. Unspecified
F43.21 Adjustment disorders. With depressed mood
F43.22 Adjustment disorders. With anxiety
F43.23 Adjustment disorders. With mixed anxiety and depressed mood
F43.24 Adjustment disorders. With disturbance of conduct
F43.25 Adjustment disorders. With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct
F43.8 Other specified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
F43.9 Unspecified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
F44.0 Dissociative amnesia
F44.1 Dissociative amnesia. With dissociative fugue
F44.4 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
abnormal movement
F44.4 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
speech symptoms
F44.4 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
swallowing symptoms
F44.4 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
weakness / paralysis
F44.5 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
attacks or seizures
F44.6 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
anesthesia or sensory loss
F44.6 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With
special sensory symptoms
F44.7 Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder). With mixed
symptoms
F44.81 Dissociative identity disorder
F44.89 Other specified dissociative disorder
F44.9 Unspecified dissociative disorder
F45.1 Somatic symptom disorder
F45.21 Illness anxiety disorder
F45.22 Body dysmorphic disorder
F45.8 Other specified somatic symptom and related disorder
F45.9 Unspecified somatic symptom and related disorder
F48.1 Depersonalization/derealization disorder
F50.01 Anorexia nervosa. Restricting type
F50.02 Anorexia nervosa. Binge-eating/purging type
F50.2 Bulimia nervosa
F50.8 Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
F50.8 Binge-eating disorder
F50.8 Other specified feeding or eating disorder
F50.8 Pica, in adults
F50.9 Unspecified feeding or eating disorder
F51.3 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders. Sleepwalking type
F51.4 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders. Sleep terror type
¥51.5 Nightmare disorder
F52.0 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
F52.21 Erectile disorder
F52.22 Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
F52.31 Female orgasmic disorder
F52.32 Delayed ejaculation
F52.4 Premature (early) ejaculation
F52.6 Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
F52.8 Other specified sexual dysfunction
F52.9 Unspecified sexual dysfunction
F54 Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
F60.0 Paranoid personality disorder
F60.1 Schizoid personality disorder
F60.2 Antisocial personality disorder
F60.3 Borderline personality disorder
F60.4 Histrionic personality disorder
F60.5 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
F60.6 Avoidant personality disorder
F60.7 Dependent personality disorder
F60.81 Narcissistic personality disorder
F60.89 Other specified personality disorder
F60.9 Unspecified personality disorder
F63.0 Gambling disorder
F63.1 Pyromania
F63.2 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
F63.3 Kleptomania
F63.81 Intermittent explosive disorder
F64.1 Gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
F64.2 Gender dysphoria in children
F64.8 Other specified gender dysphoria
F64.9 Unspecified gender dysphoria
F65.0 Fetishistic disorder
F65.1 Transvestic disorder
F65.2 Exhibitionistic disorder
F65.3 Voyeurishc disorder
F65.4 Pedophilic disorder
F65.51 Sexual masochism disorder
F65.52 Sexual sadism disorder
F65.81 Frotteuristic disorder
F65.89 Other specified paraphilic disorder
F65.9 Unspecified paraphilic disorder
F68.10 Factitious disorder
F70 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder). Mild
F71 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder). Moderate
F72 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder). Severe
F73 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder). Profound
F79 Unspecified intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
F80.0 Speech sound disorder
F80.81 Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
F80.89 Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
F80.9 Language disorder
F80.9 Unspecified communication disorder
F81.0 Specific learning disorder. With impairment in reading
F81.2 Specific learning disorder. With impairment in mathematics
F81.81 Specific learning disorder. With impairment in written expression
F82 Developmental coordination disorder
F84.0 Autism spectrum disorder
F88 Global developmental delay
F88 Other specified neurodevelopmental disorder
F89 Unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder
F90.0 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Predominantly inattentive presentation
F90.1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Predominantly hyperactive/
impulsive presentation
F90.2 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Combined presentation
F90.8 Other specified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F90.9 Unspecified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F91.1 Conduct disorder, Childhood-onset type
F91.2 Conduct disorder, Adolescent-onset type
F91.3 Oppositional defiant disorder
F91.8 Other specified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
F91.9 Conduct disorder. Unspecified onset
F91.9 Unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
F93.0 Separation anxiety disorder
F94.0 Selective mutism
F94.1 Reactive attachment disorder
F94.2 Disinhibited social engagement disorder
F95.0 Provisional tic disorder
F95.1 Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
F95.2 Tourette's disorder
F95.8 Other specified tic disorder
F95.9 Unspecified tic disorder
F98.0 Enuresis
F98.1 Encopresis
F98.21 Rumination disorder
F98.3 Pica, in children
F98.4 Stereotypic movement disorder
F98.5 Adult-onset fluency disorder
F99 Other specified mental disorder
F99 Unspecified mental disorder
G21.0 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
G21.il Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism
G21.19 Other medication-induced parkinsonism
G24.01 Tardive dyskinesia
G24.02 Medication-induced acute dystonia
G24.09 Tardive dystonia
G25.1 Medication-induced postural tremor
G25.71 Medication-induced acute akathisia
G25.71 Tardive akathisia
G25.79 Other medication-induced movement disorder
G25.81 Restless legs syndrome
G31.84 Mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder with Lev^y bodies
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease
G31.84 Mild neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury
G31.84 Mild vascular neurocognitive disorder
G31.9 Major neurocognitive disorder possibly due to Parkinson's disease
G31.9 Possible major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
G31.9 Possible major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
G31.9 Possible major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies
G31.9 Possible major vascular neurocognitive disorder
G47.00 Insomnia disorder
G47.00 Unspecified insomnia disorder
G47.09 Other specified insomnia disorder
G47.10 Hypersonrmolence disorder
G47.10 Unspecified hypersomnolence disorder
G47.19 Other specified hypersomnolence disorder
G47.20 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Unspecified type
G47.21 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Delayed sleep phase type
G47.22 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Advanced sleep phase type
G47.23 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Irregular sleep-wake type
G47.24 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
G47.26 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Shift work type
G47.31 Central sleep apnea. Idiopathic central sleep apnea
G47.33 Ot^structive sleep apnea hypopnea
G47.34 Sleep-related hypoventilation. Idiopathic hypoventilation
G47.35 Sleep-related hypoventilation. Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation
G47.36 Sleep-related hypoventilation, Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation
G47.37 Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use
G47.411 Narcolepsy with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency
G47.419 Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy
G47.419 Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity, and type 2 diabetes
G47.419 Narcolepsy without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency
G47.429 Narcolepsy secondary to another medical condition
G47.52 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
G47.8 Other specified sleep-wake disorder
G47.9 Unspecified sleep-wake disorder
L98.1 Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
N39.498 Other specified elimination disorder. With urinary symptoms
N94.3 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
R06.3 Central sleep apnea, Cheyne-Stokes breathing
R15.9 Other specified elimination disorder. With fecal symptoms
R15.9 Unspecified elimination disorder. With fecal symptoms
R32 Unspecified elimination disorder, With urinary symptoms
R41.0 Other specified delirium
R41.0 Unspecified delirium
R41.83 Borderline intellectual functioning
R41.9 Unspecified neurocognitive disorder
T43.205A Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Initial encounter
T43.205D Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Subsequent encounter
T43.205S Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Sequelae
T50.905A Other adverse effect of medication. Initial encounter
T50.905D Other adverse effect of medication. Subsequent encounter
T50.905S Other adverse effect of medication. Sequelae
T74.01XA Spouse or partner neglect. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.01XD Spouse or partner neglect. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.02XA Child neglect. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.02XD Child neglect. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.11XA Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.11XA Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.11XD Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Subsequent
encounter
T74.11XD Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.12XA Child physical abuse. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.12XD Child physical abuse. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.21XA Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.21XA Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.21XD Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Subsequent
encounter
T74.21XD Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.22XA Child sexual abuse. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.22XD Child sexual abuse. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.31XA Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed, Initial
encounter
T74.31XA Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.31XD Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Confirmed,
Subsequent encounter
T74.31XD Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T74.32XA Child psychological abuse. Confirmed, Initial encounter
T74.32XD Child psychological abuse. Confirmed, Subsequent encounter
T76.01XA Spouse or partner neglect. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.01XD Spouse or partner neglect. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.02XA Child neglect. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.02XD Child neglect. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.11XA Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.11XA Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.11XD Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Subsequent
encounter
T76.11XD Spouse or partner violence. Physical, Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.12XA Child physical abuse. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.12XD Child physical abuse. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.21XA Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.21XA Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.21XD Adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Subsequent
encounter
T76.21XD Spouse or partner violence. Sexual, Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.22XA Child sexual abuse. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.22XD Child sexual abuse. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.31XA Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected, Initial
encounter
T76.31XA Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.31XD Adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner. Suspected,
Subsequent encounter
T76.31XD Spouse or partner abuse. Psychological, Suspected, Subsequent encounter
T76.32XA Child psychological abuse. Suspected, Initial encounter
T76.32XD Child psychological abuse. Suspected, Subsequent encounter
Z55.9 Academic or educational problem
Z56.82 Problem related to current military deployment status
Z56.9 Other problem related to employment
Z59.0 Homelessness
Z59.1 Inadequate housing
Z59.2 Discord with neighbor, lodger, or landlord
Z59.3 Problem related to living in a residential institution
Z59.4 Lack of adequate food or safe drinking water
Z59.5 Extreme poverty
Z59.6 Low income
Z59.7 Insufficient social insurance or welfare support
Z59.9 Unspecified housing or economic problem
Z60.0 Phase of life problem
Z60.2 Problem related to living alone
Z60.3 Acculturation difficulty
Z60.4 Social exclusion or rejection
Z60.5 Target of (perceived) adverse discrimination or persecution
Z60.9 Unspecified problem related to social environment
Z62.29 Upbringing away from parents
Z62.810 Personal history (past history) of physical abuse in childhood
Z62.810 Personal history (past history) of sexual abuse in childhood
Z62.811 Personal history (past history) of psychological abuse in childhood
Z62.812 Personal history (past history) of neglect in childhood
Z62.820 Parent-child relational problem
Z62.891 Sibling relational problem
Z62.898 Child affected by parental relationship distress
Z63.0 Relationship distress with spouse or intimate partner
Z63.4 Uncomplicated bereavement
Z63.5 Disruption of family by separation or divorce
Z63.8 High expressed emotion level within family
Z64.0 Problems related to unwanted pregnancy
Z64.1 Problems related to multiparity
Z64.4 Discord with social service provider, including probation officer, case
manager, or social services worker
Z65.0 Conviction in civil or criminal proceedings without imprisonment
Z65.1 Imprisonment or other incarceration
Z65.2 Problems related to release from prison
Z65.3 Problems related to other legal circumstances
Z65.4 Victim of crime
Z65.4 Victim of terrorism or torture
Z65.5 Exposure to disaster, war, or other hostilities
Z65.8 Other problem related to psychosocial circumstances
Z65.8 Religious or spiritual problem
Z65.9 Unspecified problem related to unspecified psychosocial circumstances
Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child abuse by parent
Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child neglect by parent
Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child psychological abuse by
parent
Z69.010 Encounter for mental health services for victim of child sexual abuse by parent
Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child abuse
Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child neglect
Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of parental child
psychological abuse
Z69.011 Encounter for mental health services for peφetrator of parental child sexual abuse
Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child abuse
Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child neglect
Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child psychological abuse
Z69.020 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonparental child sexual abuse
Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child abuse
Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child neglect
Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child
psychological abuse
Z69.021 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of nonparental child
sexual abuse
Z69.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner neglect
Z69.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner
psychological abuse
Z69.ll Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner violence.
Physical
Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for peφetrator of spouse or partner neglect
Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
psychological abuse
Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
violence. Physical
Z69.12 Encounter for mental health services for perpetrator of spouse or partner
violence. Sexual
Z69.81 Encounter for mental health services for victim of nonspousal adult abuse
Z69.81 Encounter for mental health services for victim of spouse or partner violence.
Sexual
Z69.82 Encounter for mental health services for peφetΓator of nonspousal adult abuse
Z70.9 Sex counseling
Z71.9 Other counseling or consultation
Z72.0 Tobacco use disorder, mild
Z72.810 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior
Z72.811 Adult antisocial behavior
Z72.9 Problem related to lifestyle
Z75.3 Unavailability or inaccessibility of health care facilities
Z75.4 Unavailability or inaccessibility of other helping agencies
Z76.5 Malingering
Z91.19 Nonadherence to medical treatment
Z91.410 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner violence. Physical
Z91.410 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner violence. Sexual
Z91.411 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner psychological abuse
Z91.412 Personal history (past history) of spouse or partner neglect
Z91.49 Other personal history of psychological trauma
Z91.5 Personal history of self-harm
Z91.82 Personal history of military deployment
Z91.83 Wandering associated with a mental disorder
Z91.89 Other personal risk factors
IW I^iravisörö^nä
Other Contributor
APA Board of Trustees DSM-5 Review Committees
Scientific Review Committee (SRC)
Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D. (Chair)
Robert Freedman, M.D. (Co-chair)
Dan G. Blazer, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H.
David Brent, M.D. (2011-)
Ellen Leibenluft, M.D.
Sir Michael Rutter, M.D. (-2011)
Paul S. Summergrad, M.D.
Robert J. Ursano, M.D. (-2011)
Myrna Weissman, Ph.D. (2011-)
Joel Yager, M.D.
Jill L. Opalesky M.S. (Administrative Support)
Clinical and Public Health Review
Committee (CPHC)
John s. McIntyre, M.D. (Chair)
Joel Yager, M.D. (Co-chair)
Anita Everett M.D.
Cathryn A. Galanter, M.D.
Jeffrey M. Lyness, M.D.
James E. Nininger, M.D.
Victor I. Reus, M.D.
Michael J. Vergäre, M.D.
Ann Miller (Administrative Support)
Oversight Committee
Carolyn Robinowitz, M.D. (Chair)
Mary Badaracco, M.D.
Ronald Burd, M.D.
Robert Freedman, M.D.
Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D.
Kyla Pope, M.D.
Victor I. Reus, M.D.
Daniel K. Winstead, M.D.
Joel Yager, M.D.
APA Assembly DSM-5 Review
Committee
Glenn A. Martin, M.D. (Chair)
R. Scott Benson, M.D. (Speaker of the
Assembly)
William Cardasis, M.D.
John M. de Figueiredo, M.D.
Lawrence S. Gross, M.D.
Brian S. Hart, M.D.
Stephen A. McLeod Bryant, M.D.
Gregory A. Miller, M.D.
Roger Peele, M.D.
Charles S. Price, M.D.
Deepika Sastry, M.D.
John P.D. Shemo, M.D.
Eliot Sorel, M.D.
DSM-5 Summit Group
Dilip V. Jeste, M.D. (Chair)
R. Scott Benson, M.D.
Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D.
Helena C. Kraemer, Ph.D.
David J. Kupfer, M.D.
Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D.
Glenn A. Martin, M.D.
John S. McIntyre, M.D.
John M. Oldham, M.D.
Roger Peele, M.D.
Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H.
James H. Scully Jr., M.D.
Joel Yager, M.D.
Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D. (Consultant)
Michael B. First, M.D. (Consultant)
DSM-5 Field Trials Review
Robert D. Gibbons, Ph.D.
Craig Nelson, M.D.
DSM-5 Forensic Review
Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D.
Lama Bazzi, M.D.
Alec W. Buchanan, M.D., Ph.D.
Carissa Caban Aleman, M.D.
Michael Champion, M.D.
Jeffrey C. Eisen, M.D.
Elizabeth Ford, M.D.
Daniel T. Hackman, M.D.
Mark Hauser, M.D.
Steven K. Hoge, M.D., M.B.A.
Debra A. Pinals, M.D.
Guillermo Portillo, M.D.
Patricia Recupero, M.D., J.D.
Robert Weinstock, M.D.
Cheryl Wills, M.D.
Howard V. Zonana, M.D.
Erin J. Dalder-Alpher
Kristin Edwards
Leah I. Engel
Past DSM-5 APA Staff
Lenna Jawdat
Elizabeth C. Martin
Rocio J. Salvador
Work Group Advisors
ADHD and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders
Emil F. Coccaro, M.D.
Deborah Dabrick, Ph.D.
Prudence W. Fisher, Ph.D.
Benjamin B. Lahey, Ph.D.
Salvatore Mannuzza, Ph.D.
Mary Solanto, Ph.D.
J. Blake Turner, Ph.D.
Eric Youngstrom, Ph.D.
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive
Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and
Dissociative Disorders
Lynn E. Alden, Ph.D.
David B. Arciniegas, M.D.
David H. Barlow, Ph.D.
Katja Beesdo-Baum, Ph.D.
Chris R. Brewin, Ph.D.
Richard J. Brown, Ph.D.
Timothy A. Brown, Ph.D.
Richard A. Bryant, Ph.D.
Joan M. Cook, Ph.D.
Joop de Jong, M.D., Ph.D.
Paul F. Dell, Ph.D.
Damiaan Denys, M.D.
Bruce P. Dohrenwend, Ph.D.
Brian A. Fallon, M.D., M.P.H.
Edna B. Foa, Ph.D.
Martin E. Franklin, Ph.D.
Wayne K. Goodman, M.D.
Jon E. Grant, J.D., M.D.
Bonnie L. Green, Ph.D.
Richard G. Heimberg, Ph.D.
Judith L. Herman, M.D.
Devon E. Hinton, M.D., Ph.D.
Stefan G. Hofmann, Ph.D.
Charles W. Hoge, M.D.
Terence M. Keane, Ph.D.
Nancy J. Keuthen, Ph.D.
Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ph.D.
Katharina Kircanski, Ph.D.
Laurence J. Kirmayer, M.D.
Donald F. Klein, M.D., D.Sc.
Amaro J. Laria, Ph.D.
Richard T. LeBeau, M.A.
Richard J. Loewenstein, M.D.
David Mataix-Cols, Ph.D.
Thomas W. McAllister, M.D.
Harrison G. Pope, M.D., M.P.H.
Ronald M. Rapee, Ph.D.
Steven A. Rasmussen, M.D.
Patricia A. Resick, Ph.D.
Vedat Sar, M.D.
Sanjaya Saxena, M.D.
Paula P. Schnurr, Ph.D.
M. Katherine Shear, M.D.
Daphne Simeon, M.D.
Harvey S. Singer, M.D.
Melinda A. Stanley, Ph.D.
James J. Strain, M.D.
Kate Wolitzky Taylor, Ph.D.
Onno van der Hart, Ph.D.
Eric Vermetten, M.D., Ph.D.
John T. Walkup, M.D.
Sabine Wilhelm, Ph.D.
Douglas W. Woods, Ph.D.
Richard E. Zinbarg, Ph.D.
Joseph Zohar, M.D.
Childhood and Adolescent
Disorders
Adrian Angold, Ph.D.
Deborah Beidel, Ph.D.
David Brent, M.D.
John Campo, M.D.
Gabrielle Carlson, M.D.
Prudence W. Fisher, Ph.D.
David Klonsky, Ph.D.
Matthew Nock, Ph.D.
J. Blake Turner, Ph.D.
Eating Disorders
Michael J. Devlin, M.D.
Denise E. Wilfley, Ph.D.
Susan Z. Yanovski, M.D.
Mood Disorders
Boris Birmaher, M.D.
Yeates Conwell, M.D.
Ellen B. Dennehy, Ph.D.
S. Ann Hartlage, Ph.D.
Jack M. Hettema, M.D., Ph.D.
Michael C. Neale, Ph.D.
Gordon B. Parker, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.
Roy H. Perlis, M.D. M.Sc.
Holly G. Prigerson, Ph.D.
Norman E. Rosenthal, M.D.
Peter J. Schmidt, M.D.
Mort M. Silverman, M.D.
Meir Steiner, M.D., Ph.D.
Mauricio Tohen, M,D., Dr.P.H., M.B.A.
Sidney Zisook, M.D.
Neurocognitive Disorders
Jiska Cohen-Mansfield, Ph.D.
Vladimir Hachinski, M.D., C.M., D.Sc.
Sharon Inouye, M.D., M.P.H.
Grant Iverson, Ph.D.
Laura Marsh, M.D.
Bruce Miller, M.D.
Jacobo Mintzer, M.D., M.B.A.
Bruce Pollock, M.D., Ph.D.
George Prigatano, Ph.D.
Ron Ruff, Ph.D.
Ingmar Skoog, M.D., Ph.D.
Robert Sweet, M.D.
Paula Trzepacz, M.D.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Ari Ne'eman
Nickola Nelson, Ph.D.
Diane Paul, Ph.D.
Eva Petrova, Ph.D.
Andrew Pickles, Ph.D.
Jan Piek, Ph.D.
Helene Polatajko, Ph.D.
Alya Reeve, M.D.
Mabel Rice, Ph.D.
Joseph Sergeant, Ph.D.
Bennett Shaywitz, M.D.
Sally Shaywitz, M.D.
Audrey Thurm, Ph.D.
Keith Widaman, Ph.D.
Warren Zigman, Ph.D.
Personality and Personality
Disorders
Eran Chemerinski, M.D.
Thomas N. Crawford, Ph.D.
Harold W. Koenigsberg, M.D.
Kristian E. Markon, Ph.D.
Rebecca L. Shiner, Ph.D.
Kenneth R. Silk, M.D.
Jennifer L. Tackett, Ph.D.
David Watson, Ph.D.
Psychotic Disorders
Kamaldeep Bhui, M.D.
Manuel J. Cuesta, M.D., Ph.D.
Richard Douyon, M.D.
Paolo Fusar-Poli, Ph.D.
John H. Krystal, M.D.
Thomas H. McGlashan, M.D.
Victor Peralta, M.D., Ph.D.
Anita Riecher-Rössler, M.D.
Mary V. Seeman, M.D.
Sexual and Gender Identity
Disorders
Stan E. Althof, Ph.D.
Richard Balon, M.D.
John H.J. Bancroft, M.D., M.A., D.P.M.
Howard E. Barbaree, Ph.D., M.A.
Rosemary J. Basson, M.D.
Sophie Bergeron, Ph.D.
Anita L. Clayton, M.D.
David L. Delmonico, Ph.D.
Domenico Di Ceglie, M.D.
Esther Gomez-Gil, M.D.
Jamison Green, Ph.D.
Richard Green, M.D, J.D.
R. Karl Hanson, Ph.D.
Lawrence Hartmann, M.D.
Stephen J. Hucker, M.B.
Eric S. Janus, J.D.
Patrick M. Jem, Ph.D.
Megan S. Kaplan, Ph.D.
Raymond A. Knight, Ph.D.
Ellen T.M. Laan, Ph.D.
Stephen B. Levine, M.D.
Christopher G. McMahon, M.B.
Marta Meana, Ph.D.
Michael H. Miner, Ph.D., M.A.
William T. O'Donohue, Ph.D.
Michael A. Perelman, Ph.D.
Caroline F. Pukall, Ph.D.
Robert E. Pyke, M.D., Ph.D.
Vernon L. Quinsey, Ph.D. M.Sc.
David L. Rowland, Ph.D., M.A.
Michael Sand, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Leslie R. Schover, Ph.D., M.A.
Paul Stem, B.S, J.D.
David Thomton, Ph.D.
Leonore Tiefer, Ph.D.
Douglas E. Tucker, M.D.
Jacques van Lankveld, Ph.D.
Marcel D. Waldinger, M.D., Ph.D.
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Donald L. Bliwise, Ph.D.
Daniel J. Buysse, M.D.
Vishesh K. Kapur, M.D., M.P.H.
Sanjeeve V. Kothare, M.D.
Kenneth L. Lichstein, Ph.D.
Mark W. Mahowald, M.D.
Rachel Manber, Ph.D.
Emmanuel Mignot, M.D., Ph.D.
Timothy H. Monk, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Thomas C. Neylan, M.D.
Maurice M. Ohayon, M.D., D.Sc., Ph.D.
Judith Owens, M.D., M.P.H.
Daniel L. Picchietti, M.D.
Stuart F. Quan, M.D.
Thomas Roth, Ph.D.
Daniel Weintraub, M.D.
Theresa B. Young, Ph.D.
Phyllis C. Zee, M.D., Ph.D.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Brenda Bursch, Ph.D.
Kurt Kroenke, M.D.
W. Curt LaFrance, Jr., M.D., M.P.H.
Jon Stone, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D.
Lynn M. Wegner, M.D.
Substance-Related Disorders
Raymond F. Anton, Jr., M.D.
Deborah A. Dawson, Ph.D.
Roland R. Griffiths, Ph.D.
Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Ph.D.
John E. Heizer, M.D.
Marilyn A. Huestis, Ph.D.
John R. Hughes, M.D.
Thomas R. Kosten, M.D.
Nora D. Volkow, M.D.
DSM-5 Study Group and Other DSM-5 Group Advisors
Lifespan Developmental
Approaches
Christina Bryant, Ph.D.
Amber Gum, Ph.D.
Thomas Meeks, M.D.
Jan Mohlman, Ph.D.
Steven Thorp, Ph.D.
Julie Wetherell, Ph.D.
Gender and Cross-Cultural Issues
Neil K. Aggarwal, M.D., M.B.A., M.A.
Sofie Bäämhielm, M.D., Ph.D.
José J. Bauermeister, Ph.D.
James Boehnlein, M.D., M.Sc.
Jaswant Guzder, M.D.
Alejandro Interian, Ph.D.
Sushrut S. Jadhav, M.B.B.S., M.D., Ph.D.
Laurence J. Kirmayer, M.D.
Alex J. Kopelowicz, M.D.
Amaro J. Laria, Ph.D.
Steven R. Lopez, Ph.D.
Kwame J. McKenzie, M.D.
John R. Peteet, M.D.
Hans Q.G.B.M.) Rohlof, M.D.
Cecile Rousseau, M.D.
Mitchell G. Weiss, M.D., Ph.D.
Psychiatric/General Medical
Interface
Daniel L. Coury, M.D.
Bernard P. Dreyer, M.D.
Danielle Laraque, M.D.
Lynn M. Wegner, M.D.
Impairment and Disability
Prudence W. Fisher, Ph.D.
Martin Prince, M.D., M.Sc.
Michael R. Von Korff, Sc.D.
Diagnostic Assessment
Instruments
Prudence W. Fisher, Ph.D.
Robert D. Gibbons, Ph.D.
Ruben Gur, Ph.D.
John E. Heizer, M.D.
John Houston, M.D., Ph.D.
Kurt Kroenke, M.D.
Other Contributors/Consultants
ADHD and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders
Patrick E. Shrout, Ph.D.
Erik Willcutt, Ph.D.
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive
Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and
Dissociative Disorders
Eric Hollander, M.D.
Charlie Marmar, M.D.
Mark W. Miller, Ph.D.
Mark H. Pollack, M.D.
Heidi S. Resnick, Ph.D.
Childhood and Adolescent
Disorders
Grace T. Baranek, Ph.D.
Colleen Jacobson, Ph.D.
Maria Oquendo, M.D.
Sir Michael Rutter, M.D.
Eating Disorders
Nancy L. Zucker, Ph.D.
Mood Disorders
Keith Hawton, M.Sc.
David A. Jobes, Ph.D.
Maria A. Oquendo, M.D.
Neurocognitive Disorders
J. Eric Ahlskog, M.D, Ph.D.
Allen J. Aksamit, M.D.
Marilyn Albert, Ph.D.
Guy Mckhann, M.D.
Bradley Boeve, M.D.
Helena Chui, M.D.
Sureyya Dikmen, Ph.D.
Douglas Galasko, M.D.
Harvey Levin, Ph.D.
Mark Lovell, Ph.D.
Jeffery Max, M.B.B.Ch.
Ian McKeith, M.D.
Cynthia Munro, Ph.D.
Marlene Oscar-Berman, Ph.D.
Alexander Tröster, Ph.D.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Arma Barnett, Ph.D.
Martha Denckla, M.D.
Jack M. Fletcher, Ph.D.
Dido Green, Ph.D.
Stephen Greenspan, Ph.D.
Bruce Pennington, Ph.D.
Ruth Shalev, M.D.
Larry B. Silver, M.D.
Lauren Swineford, Ph.D.
Michael Von Aster, M.D.
Personality and Personality
Disorders
Patricia R. Cohen, Ph.D.
Jaime L. Derringer, Ph.D.
Lauren Helm, M.D.
Christopher J. Patrick, Ph.D.
Anthony Pinto, Ph.D.
Psychotic Disorders
Scott W. Woods, M.D.
Sexual and Gender Identity
Disorders
Alan J. Riley, M.Sc.
Ray C. Rosen, Ph.D.
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Jack D. Edinger, Ph.D.
David Gozal, M.D.
Hochang B. Lee, M.D.
Tore A. Nielsen, Ph.D.
Michael J. Sateia, M.D.
Jamie M. Zeitzer, Ph.D.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Chuck V. Ford, M.D.
Patricia L Rosebush, M.Sc.N., M.D.
Sally M. Anderson, Ph.D.
Julie A. Kable, Ph.D.
Christopher Martin, Ph.D.
Sarah N. Mattson, Ph.D.
Edward V. Nunes, Jr., M.D.
Mary J. O'Connor, Ph.D.
Heather Carmichael Olson, Ph.D.
Blair Paley, Ph.D.
Edward P. Riley, Ph.D.
Tulshi D. Saha, Ph.D.
Wim van den Brink, M.D., Ph.D.
George E. Woody, M.D.
Diagnostic Spectra and DSM/ICD
Harmonization
Bruce Cuthbert, Ph.D.
Lifespan Developmental
Approaches
Aartjan Beekman Ph.D.
Alistair Flint, M.B.
David Sultzer, M.D.
Ellen Whyte, M.D.
Gender and Cross-Cultural Issues
Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D.
Kavoos G. Bassiri, M.S.
Venkataramana Bhat, M.D.
Marit Boiler, M.P.H.
Denise Canso, M.Sc.
Smita N. Deshpande, M.D., D.P.M.
Ravi DeSilva, M.D.
Esperanza Diaz, M.D.
Byron J. Good, Ph.D.
Simon Groen, M.A.
Ladson Hinton, M.D.
Lincoln L Khasakhala, Ph.D.
Francis G. Lu, M.D.
Athena Madan, M.A.
Arme W. Mbwayo, Ph.D.
Oanh Meyer, Ph.D.
Victoria N. Mutiso, Ph.D., D.Sc.
David M. Ndetei, M.D.
Andel V. Nicasio, M.S.Ed.
Vasudeo Paralikar, M.D., Ph.D.
Kanak Patil, M.A.
Filipa L Santos, H.B.Sc.
Sanjeev B. Sarmukaddam, Ph.D., M.Sc.
Monica Z. Scalco, M.D., Ph.D.
Katie Thompson, M.A.
Hendry Ton, M.D., M.Sc.
Rob C.J. van Dijk, M.Sc.
Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, M.D.
Joseph Westermeyer, M.D., Ph.D.
Psychiatric/General Medical
Interface
Daniel J. Balog, M.D.
Charles C. Engel M.D., M.P.H.
Charles D. Motsinger, M.D.
Impairment and Disability
Cille Kennedy, Ph.D.
Diagnostic Assessment
Instruments
Paul J. Pikonis, Ph.D.
Other Conditions That May Be
a Focus of Clinical Attention
William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H., Chair
Roger Peele, M.D.
Lawson R. Wulsin, M.D.
Charles H. Zeanah, M.D.
Prudence W. Fisher, Ph.D., Advisor
Stanley N. Caroff, M.D., Contributor/Consultant
James B. Lohr, M.D., Contributor/Consultant
Marianne Wambolt, Ph.D., Contributor/Consultant
DSM-5 Research Group
Allan Dormer, Ph.D.
CPHC Peer Reviewers
Kenneth Altshuler, M.D.
Pedro G. Alvarenga, M.D.
Diana J. Antonacci, M.D.
Richard Balon, M.D.
David H. Barlow, Ph.D.
L. Jarrett Banihill, M.D.
Katja Beesdo-Baum, Ph.D.
Marty Boman, Ed.D.
James Bourgeois, M.D.
David Braff, M.D.
Harry Brandt, M.D.
Kirk Brower, M.D.
Rachel Bryant-Waugh, Ph.D.
Jack D. Burke Jr., M.D., M.P.H.
Brenda Bursch, Ph.D.
Joseph Camilleri, M.D.
Patricia Casey, M.D.
F. Xavier Castellanos, M.D.
Eran Chemerinski, M.D.
Wai Chen, M.D.
Elie Cheniaux, M.D., D.Sc.
Cheryl Chessick, M.D,
J. Richard Ciccone, M.D.
Anita H. Clayton, M.D.
Tihalia J. Coleman, Ph.D.
John Csemansky, M.D.
Manuel J. Cuesta M.D., Ph.D.
Joanne L. Davis, M.D.
David L. Delmonico, Ph.D.
Ray J. DePaulo, M.D.
Dinnitris Dikeos, M.D.
Ina E. Djonlagic, M.D.
C. Neill Epperson, M.D.
Javier I. Escobar, M.D., M.Sc.
Spencer Eth, M.D.
David Fassler, M.D.
Giovanni A. Fava, M.D.
Robert Feinstein, M.D.
Molly Finnerty, M.D.
Mark H. Fleisher, M.D.
Alessio Florentini, M.D.
Laura Fochtmann, M.D.
Marshal Forstein, M.D.
William French, M.D.
MaximiUian Gahr, M.D.
Cynthia Geppert, M.D.
Ann Germaine, Ph.D.
Marcia Goin, M.D.
David A. Gorelick, M.D., Ph.D.
David Graeber, M.D.
Cynthia A. Graham, Ph.D.
Andreas Hartmann, M.D.
Victoria Hendrick, M.D.
Merrill Herman, M.D.
David Herzog, M.D.
Mardi Horowitz, M.D.
Ya-fen Huang, M.D.
Anthony Kales, M.D
Niranjan S. Karnik, M.D., Ph.D.
Jeffrey Katzman, M.D.
Bryan King, M.D.
Cecilia Kjellgren, M.D.
Harold W. Koenigsberg, M.D.
Richard B. Krueger, M.D.
Steven Lamberti, M.D.
Ruth A. Lanius, M.D.
John Lauriello, M.D.
Anthony Lehman, M.D.
Michael Linden, M.D.
MarkW. Mahowald, M.D.
Marsha D. Marcus, Ph.D.
Stephen Marder, M.D.
Wendy Marsh, M.D.
Michael S. McCloskey, Ph.D.
Jeffrey Metzner, M.D.
Robert Michels, M.D.
Laura Miller, M.D.
Michael C. Miller, M.D.
Frederick Moeller, M.D.
Peter T. Morgan, M.D., Ph.D.
Madhav Muppa, M.D.
Philip Muskin, M.D.
Joachim Nitschke, M.D.
Abraham Nussbaum, M.D.
Ann Olincy, M.D. ^
Mark Onslow, Ph.D.
Sally Ozonoff, Ph.D.
John R. Peteet, M.D.
Ismene L. Petrakis, M.D.
Christophe M. Pfeiffer, M.D.
Karen Pierce, M.D.
Belinda Plattner, M.D.
Franklin Putnam, M.D.
Stuart F. Quan, M.D.
John Racy, M.D.
Phillip Resnick, M.D.
Michele Riba, M.D.
Jerold Rosenbaum, M.D.
Stephen Ross, M.D.
Lawrence Scahill, M.S.N., Ph.D.
Daniel Schechter, M.D.
Mary V. Seeman, M.D.
Alessandro Serretti, M.D.
Jianhua Shen, M.D.
Ravi Kumar R. Singareddy, M.D.
Ingmar Skoog, M.D., Ph.D.
Gary Small, M.D.
Paul Soloff, M.D.
Christina Stadler, M.D., Ph.D.
Nada Stotland, M.D.
Neil Swerdlow, M.D.
Kim Tillery, Ph.D.
David Tolin, Ph.D.
Jayne Trachman, M.D.
Luke Tsai, M.D.
Ming T. Tsuang, M.D., Ph.D.
Richard Tuch, M.D.
Johan Verhulst, M.D.
B. Timothy Walsh, M.D.
Michael Weissberg, M.D.
Godehard Weniger, M.D.
Keith Widaman, Ph.D.
Thomas Wise, M.D.
George E. Woods, M.D.
Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D.
Alexander Young, M.D.
DSM-5 Field Trials in Academic Clinical Centers—
Adult Samples
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Investigator
Helen Lavretsky, M.D., Principal Investigator
Referring and Interviewing
Clinicians
Jessica Brommelhoff, Ph.D.
Xavier Cagigas, Ph.D.
Paul Cemin, Ph.D.
Linda Ercoli, Ph.D.
Randall Espinoza, M.D.
Helen Lavretsky, M.D.
Jeanne Kim, Ph.D.
David Merrill, M.D.
Karen Miller, Ph.D.
Christopher Nunez, Ph.D.
Research Coordinators
Natalie St. Cyr, M.A., Lead Research
Coordinator
Nora Nazarian, B.A.
Colin Shinn, M.A.
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Investigators
Bruce G. Pollock, M.D., Ph.D., Lead Principal
Investigator
R. Michael Bagby, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
Kwame J. McKenzie, M.D., Principal
Investigator
Tony P. George, M.D., Co-investigator
Lena C. Quilty, Ph.D., Co-investigator
Peter Voore, M.D., Co-investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Donna E. Akman, Ph.D.
R. Michael Bagby, Ph.D.
Wayne C. V. Baici, M.D.
Crystal Baluyut, M.D.
Eva W. C. Chow, M.D., J.D., M.P.H.
Z. J. Daskalakis, M.D., Ph.D.
Pablo Diaz-Hermosillo, M.D.
George Foussias, M.Sc., M.D.
Paul A. Frewen, Ph.D.
Ariel Graff-Guerrero, M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Margaret K. Hahn, M.D.
Lorena Hsu, Ph.D.
Justine Joseph, Ph.D.
Sean Kidd, Ph.D.
Kwame J. McKenzie, M.D.
Mahesh Menon, Ph.D.
Romina Mizrahi, M.D., Ph.D.
Daniel J. Mueller, M.D., Ph.D.
Lena C. Quilty, Ph.D.
Anthony C. Ruocco, Ph.D.
Jorge Soni, M.D.
Aristotle N. Voineskos, M.D., Ph.D.
George Voineskos, M.D.
Peter Voore, Ph.D.
Chris Watson, Ph.D.
Referring Clinicians
Ofer Agid, M.D.
Ash Bender, M.D.
Patricia Cavanagh, M.D.
Sarah Colman, M.D.
Vincenzo Deluca, M.D.
Justin Geagea, M.D.
David S. Goldbloom, M.D.
Daniel Greben, M.D.
Malati Gupta, M.D.
Ken Harrison, M.D.
Imraan Jeeva, M.D.
Joel Jeffries, M.B.
Judith Laposa, Ph.D.
Jan Malat, M.D.
Shelley McMain, Ph.D.
Bruce Pollock, M.D., Ph.D.
Andriy V. Samokhvalov, M.D., Ph.D.
Martin Strassnig, M.D.
Albert H. C. Wong, M.D., Ph.D.
Research Coordinators
Gloria I. Leo, M.A., Lead Research Coordinator
Anissa D. Bachan, B.A.
Bahar Haji-Khamneh, M.A.
Olga Likhodi, M.Sc.
Eleanor J. Liu, Ph.D.
Sarah A. McGee Ng, B.B.A.
other Research Staff
Susan E. Dickens, M.A., Clinical Research
Manager
Sandy Richards, B.Sc.N., Schizophrenia
Research Manager
Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
Investigators
Carol S. North, M.D., M.P.E., Principal
Investigator
Alina Suris, Ph.D., A.B.P.P., Principal
Investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Barry Ardolf, Psy.D.
Abila Awan, M.D.
Joel Baskin, M.D.
John Black, Ph.D.
Jeffrey Dodds, Ph.D.
Gloria Emmett, Ph.D.
Karma Hudson, M.D.
Jamylah Jackson, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Lynda Kirkland-Culp, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Heidi Koehler, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Elizabeth Lewis, Psy.D.
Aashish Parikh, M.D.
Reed Robinson, Ph.D.
Jheel Shah, M.D.
Geetha Shivakumar, M.D.
Sarah Spain, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Lisa Thoman, Ph.D.
Lia Thomas, M.D.
Jamie Zabukovec, Psy.D.
Mustafa Zaidi, M.D.
Andrea Zartman, Ph.D.
General Referral Sources
Robert Blake, L.M.S.W.
Evelyn Gibbs, L.M.S.W.
Michelle King-Thompson, L.M.S.W.
Research Coordinators
Jeannie B. Whitman, Ph.D., Lead Research
Coordinator
Sunday Adewuyi, M.D.
Elizabeth Anderson, B.A.
Solaleh Azimipour, B.S.
Carissa Barney, B.S.
Kristie Cavazos, B.A.
Robert Devereaux, B.S.
Dana Downs, M.S., M.S.W.
Sharjeel Farooqui, M.D.
Julia Smith, Psy.D.
Kun-Ying H. Sung, B.S.
School of Medicine, The University of Texas San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas
Investigator
Mauricio Tohen, M.D., Dr.P.H., M.B.A.,
Principal Investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Suman Baddam, Psy.D.
Charles L. Bowden, M.D.
Nancy Diazgranados, M.D., M.S.
Craig A. Dike, Psy.D.
Dianne E. Dunn, Psy.D., M.P.H.
Elena Gherman, M.D.
Jodi M. Gonzalez, Ph.D.
Pablo Gonzalez, M.D.
Phillip Lai, Psy.D.
Natalie Maples-Aguilar, M.A., L.P.A.
Marlon P. Quinones, M.D.
Jeslina J. Raj, Psy.D.
David L. Roberts, Ph.D.
Nancy Sandusky, R.N., F.P.M.H.N.P.-B.C.,
D.N.P.-C.
Donna S. Stutes, M.S., L.P.C.
Mauricio Tohen, M.D., Dr.PH, M.B.A.
Dawn I. Velligan, Ph.D.
Weiran Wu, M.D., Ph.D.
Referring Clinicians
Albana Dassori, M.D.
Megan Frederick, M.A.
Robert Gonzalez, M.D.
Uma Kasinath, M.D.
Camis Milam, M.D.
Vivek Singh, M.D.
Peter Thompson, M.D.
Research Coordinators
Melissa Hernandez, B.A., Lead Research
Coordinator
Fermin Alejandro Carrizales, B.A.
Martha Dahl, R.N., B.S.N.
Patrick M. Smith, B.A.
Nicole B. Watson, M.A.
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and the Menninger Clinic,
Houston, Texas (Joint Study Site)
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
Investigator
Laura Marsh, M.D., Principal Investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Shalini Aggarwal, M.D.
Su Bailey, Ph.D.
Minnete (Helen) Beckner, Ph.D.
Crystal Clark, M.D.
Charles Dejohn, M.D.
Robert Garza, M.D.
Aruna Gottumakkla, M.D.
Janet Hickey, M.D.
James Ireland, M.D.
Mary Lois Lacey, A.P.R.N.
Wendy Leopoulos, M.D.
Laura Marsh, M.D.
Deleene Menefee, Ph.D.
Brian I. Miller, Ph.D.
Candy Smith, Ph.D.
Avila Steele, Ph.D.
Jill Wanner, Ph.D.
Rachel Wells, Ph.D.
Kaki York-Ward, Ph.D.
Referring Clinicians
Sara Allison, M.D.
Leonard Denney, L.C.S.W.
Catherine Flores, L.C.S.W.
Nathalie Marie, M.D.
Christopher Martin, M.D.
Sanjay Mathev^, M.D.
Erica Montgomery, M.D.
Gregory Scholl, P.A.
Jocelyn Ulanday, M.D., M.P.H.
Research Coordinators
Sarah Neely Torres, B.S., Lead Research
Coordinator
Kathleen Grout, M.A.
Lea Kiefer, M.P.H.
Jana Tran, M.A.
Volunteer Research Assistants
Catherine Clark
Linh Hoang
Menninger Clinic
Investigator
Efrain Bleiberg, M.D., Principal Investigator
Refening and Interviewing Clinicians
Jennifer Baumgardner, Ph.D.
Elizabeth Dodd Conaway, L.C.S.W., B.C.D.
Warren Christianson, D.O.
Wesley Clayton, L.M.S.W.
J. Christopher Fowler, Ph.D.
Michael Groat, Ph.D.
Edythe Harvey, M.D.
Denise Kagan, Ph.D.
Hans Meyer, L.C.S.W.
Segundo Robert-Ibarra, M.D.
Sandhya Trivedi, M.D.
Rebecca Wagner, Ph.D.
Harrell Woodson, Ph.D.
Amanda Yoder, L.C.S.W.
Referring Clinicians
James Flack, M.D.
David Ness, M.D.
Research Coordinators
Steve Herrera, B.S., M.T., Lead Research
Coordinator
Allison Kalpakci, B.A.
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Investigators
Mark A. Frye, M.D., Principal Iiwestigator
Glenn E. Smith, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
Jeffrey P. Staab M.D., M.S., Principal
Investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Osama Abulseoud, M.D.
Jane Cerhan, Ph.D.
Julie Fields, Ph.D.
Mark A. Frye, M.D.
Manuel Fuentes, M.D.
Yonas Geda, M.D.
Maria Harmandayan, M.D.
Reba King, M.D.
Simon Kung, M.D.
Mary Machuda, Ph.D.
Donald McAlpine, M.D.
Alastair McKean, M.D.
Juliana Moraes, M.D.
Teresa Rummans, M.D.
James R. Rundell, M.D.
Richard Seime, Ph.D.
Glenn E. Smith, Ph.D.
Christopher Sola, D.O.
Jeffrey P. Staab M.D., M.S.
Marin Veldic, M.D.
Mark D. Williams, M.D.
Maya Yustis, Ph.D.
Research Coordinators
Lisa Seymour, B.S., Lead Research Coordinator
Scott Feeder, M.S.
Lee Gunderson, B.S.
Sherrie Hanna, M.A., L.P.
Kelly Harper, B.A.
Katie Mingo, B.A.
Cynthia Stoppel, A.S.
other Study Staff
Anna Frye
Andrea Hogan
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Investigators
Mahendra T. Bhati, M.D., Principal Investigator
Mama S. Barrett, Ph.D., Co-investigator
Michael E. Thase, M.D., Co-investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Peter B. Bloom, M.D.
Nicole K Chalmers L.C.S.W.
Torrey A. Creed, Ph.D.
Mario Cristancho, M.D.
Amy Cunningham, Psy.D.
John P. Dennis, Ph.D.
Josephine Elia, M.D.
Peter Gariti, Ph.D., L.C.S.W.
Philip Gehrman, Ph.D.
Laurie Gray, M.D.
Emily A.P. Haigh, Ph.D.
Nora J. Johnson, M.B.A., M.S., Psy.D.
Paulo Knapp, M.D.
Yong-Tong Li, M.D.
Bill Mace, Ph.D.
Kevin S. McCarthy, Ph.D.
Dimitri Perivoliotis, Ph.D.
Luke Schultz, Ph.D.
Tracy Steen, Ph.D.
Chris Tjoa, M.D.
Nancy A. Wintering, L.C.S.W.
Referring Clinicians
Eleanor Ainslie, M.D.
Kelly C. Allison, Ph.D.
Rebecca Aspden, M.D.
Claudia F. Baldassano, M.D.
Vijayta Bansal, M.D.
Rachel A. Bennett, M.D.
Richard Bollinger, Ph.D.
Andrea Bowen, M.D.
Karla Campanella, M.D.
Anthony Carlino, M.D.
Noah Carroll, M.S.S.
Alysia Cirona, M.D.
Samuel Collier, M.D.
Andreea Crauciuc, L.C.S.W.
Pilar Cristancho, M.D.
Traci D'Almeida, M.D.
Kathleen Diller, M.D.
Benoit Dube, M.D.
Jon Dukes, M.S.W.
Lauren Elliott, M.D.
Mira Elwell, B.A.
Mia Everett, M.D.
Lucy F. Faulconbridge, Ph.D.
Patricia Furlan, Ph.D.
Joanna Goldstein, L.C.S.W.
Paul Grant, Ph.D.
Jillian Graves, L.C.S.W.
Tamar Gur, M.D., Ph.D.
Alisa Gutman, M.D., Ph.D.
Nora Hymowitz, M.D.
Sofia Jensen, M.D.
Tiffany King, M.S.W.
Katherine Levine, M.D.
Alice Li, M.D.
Janet Light, L.C.S.W.
John Listerud, M.Dy, Ph.D.
Emily Malcoun, Ph.D.
Donovan Maust, M.D.
Adam Meadows, M.D.
Michelle Moyer, M.D.
Rebecca Naugle, L.C.S.W.
Cory Newman, Ph.D.
John Northrop, M.D., Ph.D.
Elizabeth A. ElUs Ohr, Psy.D.
John O'Reardon, M.D.
Abraham Pachikara, M.D.
Andrea Perelman, M.S.W.
Diana Perez, M.S.W.
Bianca Previdi, M.D.
J. Russell Ramsay, Ph.D.
Jorge Rivera-Colon, M.D.
Jan Smedley, L.C.S.W.
Katie Struble, M.S.W.
Aita Susi, M.D.
Yekaterina Tatarchuk, M.D.
Ellen Tarves, M.A.
Allison Tweedie, M.D.
Holly Valerio, M.D.
Thomas A. Wadden, Ph.D.
Joseph Wright, Ph.D.
Yan Xuan, M.D.
David Yusko, Psy.D.
Research Coordinators
Jordan A. Coello, B.A., Lead Research
Coordinator
Eric Wang, B.S.E.
Volunteer Research Assistants/
Interns
Jeannine Barker, M.A., A.T.R.
Jacqueline Baron
Kelsey Bogue
Alexandra Ciomek
Martekuor Dodoo, B.A.
Julian Domanico
Laura Heller, B.A.
Leah Hull-Rawson, B.A.
Jacquelyn Klehm, B.A.
Christina Lam
Dante Proetto, B.S.
Molly Roy
Casey Shannon
Stanford University Scliool of Medicine, Stanford, California
Investigators
Carl Feinstein, M.D., Principal Investigator
Debra Safer, M.D., Principal Investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Kari Berquist, Ph.D.
Eric Clausell, Ph.D.
Danielle Colbom, Ph.D.
Whitney Daniels, M.D.
Ahson Darcy, Ph.D.
Krista Fielding, M.D.
Mina Fisher, M.D.
Kara Fitzpatrick, Ph.D.
Wendy Froehlich, M.D.
Grace Gengoux, Ph.D.
Anna Cassandra Golding, Ph.D.
Lisa Groesz, Ph.D.
Kyle Hinman, M.D.
Rob Holaway, Ph.D.
Matthew Holve, M.D.
Rex Huang, M.D.
Nina Kirz, M.D.
Megan Klabunde, Ph.D.
John Leckie, Ph.D.
Naomi Leslie, M.D.
Adrianne Lona, M.D.
Ranvinder Rai, M.D.
Rebecca Rialon, Ph.D.
Beverly Rodriguez, M.D., Ph.D.
Debra Safer, M.D.
Mary Sanders, Ph.D.
Jamie Scaletta, Ph.D.
Norah Simpson, Ph.D.
Manpreet Singh, M.D.
Maria-Christina Stewart, Ph.D.
Melissa Valias, M.D.
Patrick Whalen, Ph.D.
Sanno Zack, Ph.D.
Referring Clinicians
Robin Apple, Ph.D.
Victor Carrion, M.D.
Carl Feinstein, M.D.
Qhristine Gray, Ph.D.
Antonio Hardan, M.D.
Megan Jones, Psy.D.
Linda Lotspeich, M.D.
Lauren Mikula, Psy.D.
Brandyn Street, Ph.D.
Violeta Tan, M.D.
Heather Taylor, Ph.D.
Jacob Towery, M.D.
Sharon Williams, Ph.D.
Research Coordinators
Kate Amow, B.A., Lead Research Coordinator
Nandini Datta, B.S.
Stephanie Manasse, B.A.
Volunteer Research Assistants/
Interns
Arianna Martin, M.S.
Adriana Nevado, B.A.
Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Investigator
Marianne Wamboldt, M.D., Principal
Investigator
Referring and Interviewing
Clinicians
Galia Abadi, M.D.
Steven Behling, Ph.D.
Jamie Blume, Ph.D.
Adam Burstein, M.D.
Debbie Carter, M.D.
Kelly Caywood, Ph.D.
Meredith Chapman, M.D.
Paulette Christian, A.P.P.M.H.N.
Mary Cook, M.D.
Anthony Cordaro, M.D.
Audrey Dumas, M.D.
Guido Frank, M.D.
Karen Frankel, Ph.D.
Darryl Graham, Ph.D.
Yael Granader, Ph.D.
Isabelle Guillemet, M.D.
Patrece Hairston, Ph.D.
Charles Harrison, Ph.D.
Tammy Herckner, L.C.S.W.
Cassie Karlsson, M.D.
Kimberly Kelsay, M.D.
David Kieval, Ph.D.
Megan Klabunde, Ph.D.
Jaimelyn Kost, L.C.S.W.
Harrison Levine, M.D.
Raven Lipmanson, M.D.
Susan Lurie, M.D.
Asa Marokus, M.D.
Idalia Massa, Ph.D.
Christine McDunn, Ph.D.
Scot McKay, M.D.
Marissa Murgolo, L.C.S.W.
Alyssa Oland, Ph.D.
Lina Patel, Ph.D.
Rheena Pineda, Ph.D.
Gautam Rajendran, M.D.
Diane Reichmuth, Ph.D
Michael Rollin, M.D.
Marlena Romero, L.C.S.W.
Michelle Roy, Ph.D.
Celeste St. John-Larkin, M.D.
Elise Sannar, Ph.D.
Daniel Savin, M.D.
Claire Dean Sinclair, Ph.D.
Ashley Smith, L.C.S.W.
Mindy Solomon, Ph.D.
Sally Tarbell, Ph.D.
Helen Thilly, L.C.S.W.
Sara Tlustos-Carter, Ph.D.
Holly Vause, A.P.P.M.H.N
Mariarme Wamboldt, M.D.
Angela Ward, L.C.S.W.
Jason Williams, Ph.D.
Jason Willoughby, Ph.D.
Brennan Young, Ph.D.
Referring Clinicians
Kelly Bhatnagar, Ph.D.
Jeffery Dolgan, Ph.D.
Jennifer Eichberg, L.C.S.W.
Jennifer Hagman, M.D.
James Masterson, L.C.S.W.
Hy Gia Park, M.D.
Tami Roblek, Ph.D.
Wendy Smith, Ph.D.
David Williams, M.D.
Research Coordinators
Laurie Burnside, M.S.M., C.C.R.C., Lead
Research Coordinator
Darci Anderson, B.A., C.C.R.C.
Heather Kennedy, M.P.H.
Amanda Millar, B.A.
Vanessa Waruinge, B.S.
Elizabeth Wallace, B.A.
Volunteer Research Assistants/
Interns
Wisdom Amouzou
Ashley Anderson
Michael Richards
Mateya Whyte
Baystate Medioal Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
Investigators
Bruce Waslick, M.D., Principal Investigator
Cheryl Bonica, Ph.D., Co-investigator
John Fanton, M.D., Co-investigator
Barry Sarvet, M.D., Co-investigator
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Julie Bermant, R.N., M.S.N., N.P.
Cheryl Bonica, Ph.D.
Jodi Devine, L.I.C.S.W.
William Fahey, Ph.D.
John Fanton, M.D.
Stephane Jacobus, Ph.D.
Barry Sarvet, M.D.
Peter Thunfors, Ph,.D.
Bruce Waslick, M.D.
Vicki Weld, L.I.C.S.W.
Sara Wiener, L.I.C.S.W.
Shadi Zaghloul, M.D.
Referring Clinicians
Sarah Detenber, L.I.C.S.W.
Gordon Garrison, L.I.C.S.W.
Jacqueline Humpreys, L.I.C.S.W.
Noreen McGirr, L.I.C.S.W.
New York state Psychiatric Institute, New York, N.Y., Weill Cornell
Medical College, Payne Whitney and Westchester Divisions, New York
and White Plains, N.Y., and North Shore Child and Family Guidance
Center, Roslyn Heights, N.Y. (Joint Study Site)
Sarah Marcotte, L.C.S.W.
Patricia Rogowski, R.N., C.N.S.
Research Coordinators
Julie Kingsbury, C.C.R.P., Lead Research
Coordinator
Brenda Martin, B.A.
Volunteer Research Assistant/
Intern
Liza Detenber
Investigator
Prudence W. Fisher, Ph.D., Principal
Investigator
Research Coordinators
Julia K. Carmody, B.A., Lead Research
Coordinator
Zvi R. Shapiro, B.A., Lead Research
Volunteers
Preeya Desai
Samantha Keller
Jeremy Litfin, M.A.
Sarah L. Pearlstein, B.A.
Cedilla Sacher
Coordinator
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Refening and Interviewing Clinicians
Michele Cohen, L.C.S.W.
Eduvigis Cruz-Arrieta, Ph.D.
Miriam Ehrensaft, Ph.D.
Laurence Greenhill, M.D.
Schuyler Henderson, M.D., M.P.H.
Sharlene Jackson, Ph.D.
Lindsay Moskowitz, M.D.
Sweene C. Oscar, Ph.D.
Xenia Protopopescu, M.D.
James Rodriguez, Ph.D.
Gregory Tau, M.D.
Melissa Tebbs, L.C.S.W.
Carolina Velez-Grau, L.C.S.W.
Khadijah Booth Watkins, M.D.
Referring Clinicians
George Alvarado, M.D.
Alison Baker, M.D.
Elena Baron, Psy.D.
Lincoln Bickford, M.D., Ph.D.
Zachary Blumkin, Psy.D.
Colleen Cullen, L.C.S.W.
Chyristianne DeAlmeida, Ph.D.
Matthew Ehrlich, M.D.
Eve Friedl, M.D.
Clare Gaskins, Ph.D.
Alice Greenfield, L.C.S.W.
Liora Hoffman, M.D.
Kathleen Jung, M.D.
Karimi Mailutha, M.D., M.P.H.
Valentina Nikulina, Ph.D.
Tal Reis, Ph.D.
Moira Rynn, M.D.
Jasmine Sawhney, M.D.
Sarajbit Singh, M.D.
Katherine Stratigos, M.D.
Oliver Stroeh, M.D.
Russell Tobe, M.D.
Meghan Tomb, Ph.D.
Michelle Tricamo, M.D.
Research Coordinators
Angel A. Caraballo, M.D.
Erica M. Chin, Ph.D.
Daniel T. Chrzanowski, M.D.
Tess Dougherty, B.A.
Stephanie Hundt, M.A.
Moira A. Rynn, M.D.
Deborah Stedge, R.N.
Weill Cornell Medical College, Payne Whitney and Westchester Divisions
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Archana Basu, Ph.D.
Shannon M. Bennett, M.D.
Maria De Pena-Nowak, M.D.
Jill Feldman, L.M.S.W.
Dennis Gee, M.D.
Jo R. Hariton, Ph.D.
Lakshmi P. Reddy, M.D.
Margaret Yoon, M.D.
Referring Clinicians
Margo Benjamin, M.D.
Vanessa Bobb, M.D.
Elizabeth Bochtler, M.D.
Katie Cave, L.C.S.W.
Maalobeeka Gangopadhyay, M.D.
Jodi Gold, M.D.
Tejal Kaur, M.D.
Aaron Krasner, M.D.
Amy Miranda, L.C.S.W.
Cynthia Pfeffer, M.D.
James Rebeta, Ph.D.
Sharon Skariah, M.D.
Jeremy Stone, Ph.D.
Dirk Winter, M.D.
Research Coordinators
Alex Eve Keller, B.S., Lead Research Coordinator
Nomi Bodner (volunteer)
Barbara L. Flye, Ph.D.
Jamie S. Neiman (volunteer)
Rebecca L. Rendleman, M.D.
North Shore Child and Family Guidance Center
Referring and Interviewing Clinicians
Casye Brachfeld-Launer, L.C.S.W.
Susan Klein Cohen, Ph.D.
Amy Gelb, L.C.S.W.-R.
Jodi Glasser, L.C.S.W.
Elizabeth Goulding-Tag, L.C.S.W.
Deborah B. Kassimir, L.C.S.W.
Margo Posillico Messina, L.C.S.W.
Andréa Moullin-Heddle, L.M.S.W.
Lisa Pineda, L.C.S.W.
Elissa Smilowitz, L.C.S.W.
Referring Clinicians
Regina Barros-Rivera, L.C.S.W.-R. Assistant
Executive Director
Maria Christiansen, B.S.
Amy Davies-Hollander, L.M.S.W.
Eartha Hackett, M.S.Ed., M.Sc., B.Sc.
Bruce Kaufstein, L.C.S.W.-R, Director of
Clinical Services
Kathy Knaust, L.C.S.W.
John Levinson, L.C.S.W.-R, B.C.D.
Andrew Maleckoff, L.C.S.W., Executive
Director/CEO
Sarah Rosen, L.C.S.W.-R, A.C.S.W.
Abigail Rothenberg, L.M.S.W.
Christine Scotten, A.C.S.W.
Michelle Spatano, L.C.S.W.-R.
Diane Straneri, M.S., R.N., C.S.
Rosara Torrisi, L.M.S.W.
Rob Vichnis, L.C.S.W.
Research Coordinators
Toni Kolb-Papetti, L.C.S.W.
Sheena M. Dauro (volunteer)
DSM-5 Field Trials Pilot Study,
Johns Hopkins Medical institution, Baltimore, Maryland
A d u lt S am ple
Community Psychiatry Outpatient Program, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences Main Campus
Investigators
Bernadette Cullen, M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O.,
Principal Investigator
Holly C. Wilcox, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
Referring and Interviewing
Clinicians
Bernadette Cullen, M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O.
Shane Grant, L.C.S.W.-C.
Charee Green, L.C.P.C.
Emily Lorensen, L.C.S.W.-C.
Kathleen Malloy, L.C.P.C.
Gary Pilarchik, L.C.S.W.-C
Holly Slater, L.C.P.C.
Stanislav Spivak, M.D.
Tarcia Spencer Turner, L.C.P.C.
Nicholas Seldes Windt, L.C.S.W.-C.
Research Coordinators
Mellisha McKitty, B.A.
Alison Newcomer, M.H.S.
P e d ia tric S a m ple
Child and Adölescent Outpatient Program, Department of Psycliiatry and
Behavioral Sciences Bayview Medical Center
Investigators
Joan P. Gerring, M.D., Principal Investigator
Leslie Miller, M.D., Principal Investigator
Holly C. Wilcox, Ph.D., Co-investigator
Referring and Interviewing
Clinicians
Shannon Barnett, M.D.
Gwen Condon, L.C.P.C.
Brijan Fellows, L.C.S.W.-C.
Heather Gamer, L.C.S.W.-C.
Joan P. Gerring, M.D.
Anna Gonzaga, M.D.
Debra Jenkins, L.C.S.W.-C.
Paige N. Johnston, L.C.P.C.
Brenda Memel, D.N.P., R.N.
Leslie Miller, M.D.
Ryan Moore, L.C.S.W.-C.
Shauna Reinblatt, M.D.
Monique Vardi, L.C.P.C.
Research Coordinators
Mellisha McKitty, B.A.
Alison Newcomer, M.H.S.
DSM-5 Field Trials in Routine Clinical Practice Settings:
Collaborating Investigators
Archil Abashidze, M.D.
Francis R. Abueg, Ph.D.
Jennifer Louise Accuardi, M.S.
Balkozar S. Adam, M.D.
Miriam E. Adams, Sc.D., M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W.
Suzanna C. Adams, M.A.
Lawrence Adler, M.D.
Rownak Afroz, M.D.
Khalid I. Afzal, M.D.
Joseph Alimasuya, M.D.
Emily Allen, M.S.
Katherine A. Allen, L.M.F.T., M.A.
William D. Allen, M.S.
Jafar AlMashat, M.D.
Anthony T. Alonzo, D.M.F.T.
Guillermo Alvarez, B.A., M.A.
Angela Amoia-Lutz, L.M.F.T.
Krista A. Anderson, M.A., L.M.F.T.
Lisa R. Anderson, M.Ed., L.C.P.C.
Pamela M. Anderson, L.M.F.T.
Shannon N. Anderson, M.A., L.P.C., N.C.C.
Eric S. Andrews, M.A.
Vicki Arbuckle, M.S., Nursing(N.P.)
Namita K. Arora, M.D.
Darryl Arrington, M.A.
Bearlyn Y. Ash, M.S.
Wylie J. Bagley, Ph.D.
Kumar D. Bahl, M.D.
Deborah C. Bailey, M.A., M.S., Ph.D.
Carolyn Baird, D.N.P., M.B.A., R.N.-B.C.,
C.A.R.N.-A.P., I.C.C.D.P.D.
Joelle Bangsund M.S.W.
Maria Baratta, M.S.W., Ph.D.
Stan Barnard, M.S.W.
Deborah Barnes, M.S.
Margaret L. Barnes, Ph.D.
David Bamum, Ph.D.
Raymond M. Baum, M.D.
Edward Wescott Beal, M.D.
Michelle Beaudoin, M.A.
Ernest E. Beckham, Ph.D.
Lori L. Beckwith, M.Ed
Emmet Bellville, M.A.
Randall E. Bennett, M.A.
Lynn Benson, Ph.D.
Robert Scott Benson, M.D.
Linda Benton, M.S.W.
Ditza D. Berger, Ph.D.
Louise I. Bertman, Ph.D.
Robin Bieber, M.S., L.M.F.T.
Diana M. Bigham, M.A.
David R. Blackburn, Ph.D.
Kelley Blackwell, L.M.F.T.
Lancia Blatchley, B.A., L.M.F.T.
Stacey L. Block, L.M.S.W., A.C.S.W.
Karen J. Bloodworth, M.S., N.C.C., L.P.C.
Lester Bloomenstiel, M.S.
Christine M. Blue, D.O.
Marina Bluvshtein, Ph.D.
Callie Gray Bobbitt, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Moses L. Boone, Jr., L.M.S.W., B.C.D.
Steffanie Boudreau-Thomas, M.A.-L.P.C.
Jay L. Boulter, M.A.
Aaron Daniel Bourne, M.A.
Helen F. Bowden, Ph.D.
Aryn Bowley-Safranek, B.S., M.S.
Elizabeth Boyajian, Ph.D.
Beth K. Boyarsky, M.D.
Gail M. Boyd, Ph.D.
Jeffrey M. Brandler, Ed.S., C.A.S., S.A.P.
Sandra L. Branton, Ed.D.
Karen J. Brocco-Kish, M.D.
Kristin Brooks, P.M.H.N.P.
Ann Marie Brown, M.S.W.
Philip Brown, M.S.W.
Kellie Buckner, Ed.S.
Richard Bunt, M.D.
Neil P. Buono, D.Min.
Janice Bureau, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Kimlee Butterfield, M.S.W.
Claudia Byrne, Ph.D.
Quinn Callicott, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Alvaro Camacho, M.D., M.P.H.
Sandra Cambra, Ph.D.
Heather Campbell, M.A.
Nancy Campbell, Ph.D., M.S.W.
Karen Ranee Canada, L.M.F.T.
Joseph P. Cannavo, M.D.
Catherine P. Caporale, Ph.D.
Frederick Capps, Ph.D., M.S.
Rebecca J. Carney, M.B.A., M.A., L.M.H.C.
Kelly J. Carroll, M.S.W.
Richard W. Carroll, Ph.D., L.P.C., A.C.S.
Sherry Casper, Ph.D.
Joseph A. Catania, L.I.S.W.S., L.C.D.C. Ill
Manisha P. Cavendish, Ph.D.
Kenneth M. Certa, M.D.
Shambhavi Chandraiah, M.D.
Calvin Chatlos, M.D.
Daniel C. Chen, M.D.
Darlene Cheryl, M.S.W.
Matthew R. Chirman, M.S.
Carole A. Chisholm, M.S.W.
Shobha A. Chottera, M.D.
Joseph Logue Christenson, M.D.
Pamela Christy, Psy.D.
Sharon M. Freeman Clevenger, Ph.D.,
P.M.H.C.N.S.-B.C.
Mary Ann Cohen, M.D.
Mitchell J. Cohen, M.D.
Diego L. Coira, M.D.
Melinda A. Lawless Coker, Psy.D.
Carol Cole, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Caron Collins, M.A., L.M.F.T.
Wanda Collins, M.S.N.
Linda Cook Cason, M.A.
Ayanna Cooke-Chen, M.D., Ph.D.
Heidi B. Cooperstein, D.O.
Ileana Corbelle, M.S.W.
Kimberly Corbett, Ph.D.
Angelina Cordova, M.A.Ed.
Jennifer Carol Cox, L.P.C.
Sheree Cox, M.A., R.N., N.C.C., D.C.C.,
L.M.H.C.
William Frederick Cox, M.D.
Sally M. Cox, M.S.Ed.
Debbie Herman Crane, M.S.W.
Arthur Ray Crawford, III, Ph.D.
Roula Creighton, M.D.
John R. Crossfield, L.M.H.C.
Sue Cutbirth, R.N., M.S.N, C.S., P.M.H.N.P.
Marco Antonio Cuyar, M.S.
Rebecca Susan Daily, M.D.
Lori S. Danenberg, Ph.D.
Chan Dang-Vu, M.D.
Mary Hynes Danielak, Psy.D.
Cynthia A. Darby, M.Ed., Ed.S.
Douglas Darnall, Ph.D.
Christopher Davidson, M.D.
Doreen Davis, Ph.D., L.C.S.W.
Sandra Davis, Ph.D., L.M.H.C., N.C.C.
Walter Pitts Davis, M.Th.
Christian J. Dean, Ph.D.
Kent Dean, Ph.D.
Elizabeth Dear, M.A.
Shelby DeBause, M.A.
Rebecca B. DeLaney, M.S.S.W., L.C.S.W., B.C.D.
John R. Delatorre, M.A.
Frank DeLaurentis, M.D.
Eric Denner, M.A., M.B.A.
Mary Dennihan, L.M.F.T.
Kenny Dennis, M.A.
Pamela L. Detrick, Ph.D., M.S., F.N.P.-B.C.,
P.M.H.N.P.-B.C., R.N.-B.C., C.A.P.,
G.C.A.C.
Robert Detrinis, M.D.
Daniel A. Deutschman, M.D.
Tania Diaz, Psy.D.
Sharon Dobbs, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
David Doreau, M.Ed.
Gayle L. Dosher, M.A.
D’Ann Downey, Ph.D., M.S.W.
Beth Doyle, M.A.
Amy J. Driskill, M.S., L.C.M.F.T.
James Drury, M.D.
Brenda-Lee Duarte, M.Ed.
Shane E. Dulemba, M.S.N.
Nancy R. G. Dunbar, M.D.
Cathy Duncan, M.A.
Rebecca S. Dunn, M.S.N., A.R.N.P.
Debbie Earnshaw, M.A.
Shawna Eddy-Kissell, M.A.
Momen El Nesr, M.D.
Jeffrey Bruce Elliott, Psy.D.
Leslie Ellis, Ph.D.
Donna M. Emfield, L.C.P.C.
Gretchen S. Enright, M.D.
John C. Espy, Ph.D.
Renuka Evani, M.B.B.S., M.D.
Heather Evans, M.S.Ed, L.P.C.N.C.C.
Cesar A. Fabiani, M.D.
Fahim Fahim, M.D.
Samuel Fam, M.D.
Edward H. Fankhanel, Ph.D., Ed.D.
Tamara Farmer, M.S.N, A.R.N.P.
Farida Farzana, M.D.
Philip Fast, M.S.
Patricia Feltrup-Exum, M.A.M.F.T.
Hector J. Femandez-Barillas, Ph.D.
Julie Ferry, M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W.
Jane Fink, Ph.D., M.S.S.A.
Kathy Finkle, L.P.C.M.H.
Steven Finlay, Ph.D.
Rik Fire, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Ann Flood, Ph.D.
Jeanine Lee Foreman, M.S.
Thyra Fossum, Ph.D.
Karen S. Franklin, L.I.C.S.W.
Sherre K. Franklin, M.A.
Helen R. Frey, M.A., E.D.
Michael L. Freytag, B.S., M.A.
Beth Gagnon, M.S.W.
Patrice L.R. Gallagher, Ph.D.
Angela J. Gallien, M.A.
Robert Gallo, M.S.W.
Mario Galvarino, M.D.
Vladimir L Gasca, M.D.
Joshua Gates, Ph.D.
Anthony Gaudioso, Ph.D.
Michelle S. Gauthier, A.P.R.N., M.S.N,
P.M.H.N.P.-B.C.
Rachel E. Gearhart, L.C.S.W.
Stephen D. Gelfond, M.D.
Nancy S. Gerow, M.S.
Michael J. Gerson, Ph.D.
Susan M. A. Geyer, L.M.S.W.
Lorrie Gfeller-Strouts, Ph.D.
Shubu Ghosh, M.D.
Richard Dorsey Gillespie, M.Div.
Stuart A. Gitlin, M.S.S.A.
Jeannette E. Given, Ph.D.
Frances Gizzi, L.C.S.W.
Stephen L Glicksman, Ph.D.
Martha Glisky, Ph.D.
Sonia Godbole, M.D.
Howard M. Goldfischer, Psy.D.
Mary Jane Gonzalez-Huss, Ph.D.
Michael L Good, M.D.
Dawn Goodman-Martin, M.A.-L.M.H.C.
Robert Gorkin, Ph.D., M.D.
JeffGorski, M.S.W.
Linda O. Graf, M.Ed., L.C.P.C.
Ona Graham, Psy.D.
Aubrie M. Graves, L.M.S.W., C.A.S.A.C.
Howard S. Green, M.D.
Karen Torry Green, M.S.W.
Gary Greenberg, Ph.D.
Marjorie Greenhut, M.A.
James L. Greenstone, Ed.D., J.D.
Raymond A. Griffin, Ph.D.
Joseph Grillo, Ph.D.
Janeane M. Grisez, A.A., B.A.
Lawrence S. Gross, M.D.
Robert J. Gross, M.D.
Sally J. Grosscup, Ph.D.
Philip A. Grossi, M.D.
Gabrielle Guedet, Ph.D.
Nicholas Guenzel, B.A., B.S., M.S.N.
Mary G. Hales, M.A.
Tara C. Haley, M.S., L.M.F.T.
John D. Hall, M.D.
Amy Hammer, M.S.W.
Michael S. Hanau, M.D.
Linda K.W. Hansen, M.A., L.P.
Genevieve R. Hansler, M.S.W.
Mary T. Harrington, L.C.S.W.
Lois Hartman, Ph.D.
Steven Lee Hartsock, Ph.D., M.S.W.
Victoria Ann Harwood, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Rossi A. Hassad, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Erin V. Hatcher, M.S.N.
Richard L. Hauger, M.D.
Kimberly M. Haverly, M.A.
Gale Eisner Heater, M.S., M.F.T.
Katlin Hecox, M.A.
Brenda Heideman, M.S.W.
Melinda Heinen, M.Sc.
Marie-Therese Heitkamp, M.S.
Melissa B. Held, M.A.
Jessica Hellings, M.D.
Bonnie Helmick-O'Brien, M.A., L.M.F.T.
MaLinda T. Henderson, M.S.N, F.P.M.H.N.P.
Gwenn Herman, M.S.W.
Martha W. Hernandez, M.S.N, A.P.R.N.,
P.M.H.C.N.S.
Robin L. Hewitt, M.S.
Kenneth Hoffman, Ph.D.
Patricia E. Hogan, D.O.
Peggy Holcomb, Ph.D.
Garland H. Holloman, Jr., M.D.
Kimberly Huegel, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Jason Hughes, L.P.C.-S., N.C.C.
Jennifer C. Hughes, Ph.D., M.S.W., L.LS.W.-S.
Michelle K. Humke, M.A.
Judith G. Hunt, L.M.F.T.
Tasneem Hussainee, M.D.
Sharlene J. Hutchinson, M.S.N.
Muhammad Ikram, M.D.
Sunday Ilechukwu, M.D., D.Psy. Cli.
Douglas H. Ingram, M.D.
Marilynn Irvine, Ph.D.
Marjorie Isaacs, Psy.D.
Raymond Isackila, Ed.S., P.C.C.-S., L.I.C.D.C.
Mohammed A. Issa, M.D.
John L. Jankord, M.A.
Barbara P. Jannah, L.C.S.W.
C. Stuart Johnson, M.S.
Dawn M. Johnson, M.A.
Deanna V. Johnson, M.S., A^P.R.N., B.C.
Eric C. Johnson, M.F.T.
Joy Johnson, Ph.D., L.C.S.W.
Willard Johnson, Ph.D.
Xenia Johnson-Bhembe, M.D.
Vann S. Joines, Ph.D.
Margaret Jones, Psy.D.
Patricia Jorgenson, M.S.W.
Steven M. Joseph, M.D.
Taylere Joseph, M.A.
Jeanette M. Joyner-Craddock, M.S.S.W.
Melissa Kachapis, M.A.
Charles T. Kaelber, M.D.
Aimee C. Kaempf, M.D.
Peter Andrew Kahn, M.D.
Robert P. Kahn-Rose, M.D.
Maher Karam-Hage, M.D.
Todd H. Kasdan, Ph.D.
Karen Kaufman, M.S., L.M.F.T.
Rhesa Kaulia, M.A., M.F.T.
Debbie Lynn Kelly, M.S.N, P.M.H.N.P.-B.C.
W. Stephen Kelly, Ph.D.
Selena Kennedy, M.A.
Judith A. Kenney, M.S., L.P.C.
Mark Patrick Kerekes, M.D.
Alyse Kerr, M.S., N.C.C., N.A.D.D.-C.C., L.P.C.
Karen L. Kerschmann, L.C.S.W.
Marcia Kesner, M.S.
Ashan Khan, Ph.D.
Shaukat Khan, M.D.
Audrey Khatchikian, Ph.D.
Laurie B. Kimmel, M.S.W.
Jason H. King, Ph.D.
Nancy Leigh King, M.S.W., L.C.S.W., L.C.A.S.
Kyle Kinne, M.S.C
Cassandra M. Klyman, M.D.
David R. Knapp, L.C.S.W.
Margaret Knerr, M.S.
Michael R. Knox, Ph.D.
Carolyn Koblin, M.S.
Valerie Kolbert, M.S., A.R.N.P.-B.C.
Heather Koontz, M.S.W.
Faye Koop, Ph.D., L.C.M.F.T.
Fern M. Kopakin, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Joel Kotin, M.D.
Sharlene K. Kraemer, M.S.E.
Marjorie Vego Krausz, M.A., Ed.D.
Nancy J. Krell, M.S.W.
Mindy E. Kronenberg, Ph.D.
EHvayne Kruse, M.S., M.F.T.
Ajay S. Kuchibhatla, M.D.
Shubha N. Kumar, M.D.
Helen H. Kyomen, M.D., M.S.
Rebecca M. Lachut, M.Ed., Ed.S.
Alexis Lake, M.S.S.
Ramaswamy Lakshmanan, M.D.
Brigitta Lalone, L.C.S.W.-R
John W. Lancaster, Ph.D.
Patience R. Land, L.I.C.S.W., M.S.W., M.P.A.
Amber Lange, M.A., Ph.D.
Jeff K. Larsen, M.A.
Nathan E. Lavid, M.D.
Michelle Leader, Ph.D.
Stephen E. Lee, M.D.
Cathryn L. Leff, Ph.D., L.M.F.T.
Rachael Kollar Leombruno, L.M.F.T.
Arlene I. Lev, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.-R
Gregory K. Lewis, M.A.-L.M.F.T.
Jane Hart Lewis, M.S.
Melissa S. Lewis, M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W.
Norman Gerald Lewis, F.R.A.N.Z.C.P.
Robin Joy Lewis, Ph.D.
Ryan Michael Ley, M.D.
Tammy R. Lias, M.A.
Russell F. Lim, M.D.
Jana Lincoln, M.D.
Ted Lindberg, L.M.S.W., L.M.F.T., M.S.W.
Peggy Solow Liss, M.S.W.
Andrea Loeb, Psy.D.
William David Lohr, M.D.
Mary L. Ludy, M.A., L.M.H.C., L.M.F.T.
Nathan Lundin, M.A., L.P.C.
Veena Luthra, M.D.
Patti Lyerly, L.C.S.W.
Denise E. Maas, M.A.
Silvia MacAllister, L.M.F.T.
Nicola MacCallum, M.S., M.F.C. Therapy
Colin N. MacKenzie, M.D.
Cynthia Mack-Emsdorff, Ph.D.
John R. Madsen-Bibeau, M.S., M.Div
Christopher J. Maglio, Ph.D.
Deepak Mahajan, M.D.
Debra Majewski, M.A.
Harish Kumar Malhotra, M.D.
Pamela Marcus, R.N., M.S.
Mary P. Marshall, Ph.D.
Flora Lynne Martin, M.A., L.P.C., A.D.C.
Robert S. Martin, M.D.
Jennifer L. Martinez, M.S.
Ninfa Martinez-Aguilar, M.A., M.F.T.
Emily Martinsen, M.S.W.
Farhan A. Matin, M.D.
Janus Maybee, P.M.H.N.P.
Karen Mazarin-Stanek, M.A.
Eben L. McClenahan, M.D., M.S.
Jerlyn C. McCleod, M.D.
Susan E. McCue, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Kent D. McDonald, M.S.
Daniel McDonnell, M.S.N, P.M.H.-N.P.
Robert McElhose, Ph.D.
Lisa D. McGrath, Ph.D.
Mark McGrosky, M.S.W.
Katherine M. McKay, Ph.D.
Darren D. McKinnis, M.S.W.
Mona McNelis-Broadley, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Rick McQuistion, Ph.D.
Susan Joy Mendelsohn, Psy.D.
Barbara S. Menninga, M.Ed.
Hindi Mermelstein, M.D., F.A.P.M.
Rachel B. Michaelsen, M.S.W.
Thomas F. Micka, M.D.
Tonya Miles, Psy.D.
Matthew Miller, M.S.
Michael E. Miller, M.D.
Noel Miller, L.M.S.W., M.B.A., M.P.S.
Kalpana Miriyala, M.D.
Sandra Moenssens, M.S.
Erin Mokhtar, M.A.
Robert E. Montgomery, M.Ed.
Susan Moon, M.A.
Theresa K. Moon, M.D.
David B. Moore, B.A., M.Div., M.S.S.W., Ph.D.
Joanne M. Moore, M.S.
Peter I. M. Moran, M.B.B.Ch.
Anna Moriarty, M.P.S., L.P.C., L.M.H.C.
Richard Dean Morris, M.A.
Michael M. Morrison, M.A.
Carlton E. Munson, Ph.D.
Timothy A. Murphy, M.D.
Beth L. Murphy, Psy.D.
Melissa A. Myers, M.D.
Stefan Nawab, M.D.
Allyson Matney Neal, D.N.P.
Steven Nicholas, M.A.
Aurelian N. Niculescu, M.D.
Earl S. Nielsen, Ph.D.
Terry Oleson, Ph.D.
Julianne R. Oliver, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Robert O. Olsen, M.D.
Amy O’Neill, M.D.
Oscar H. Oo, Psy.D., A.B.P.P.
Laurie Orlando, J.D., M.A.
Jill Osborne, M.S., Ed.S.
Kimberly Overlie, M.S.
L. Kola Oyev^umi, Ph.D.
Zachary J. Pacha, M.S.W.
Suzette R. Papadakis, M.S.
Amanda C. Parsons, M.A., L.P.C.C.
Lee R. Pate, B.A., M.A.
Eric L. Patterson, L.P.C.
Sherri Paulson, M.Ed., L.S.C.W.
Peter Dennis Pautz, B.A., M.S.W.
Malinda J. Perkins, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Eleanor F. Perlman, M.S.W.
Deborah K. Perry, M.S.W.
Amanda Peterman, L.M.F.T.
Shawn Pflugardt, Psy.D.
Robert J. Dean Phillips, M.S.
Laura Pieper, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Lori D. Pink, M.S.W., B.C.D
Michael G. Pipich, M.S., L.M.F.T.
Cynthia G. Pizzulli, M.S.W., Ph.D.
Kathy C. Points, M.A.
Marya E. Pollack, M.D., M.P.H.
Sanford E. Pomerantz, M.D.
Eva Ponder, M.S.W., Psy.D.
Ernest Poortinga, M.D.
David Post, M.D.
Laura L. Post, M.D., Ph.D., J.D.
Patrick W. Powell, Ed.D.
Beth M. Prewett, Psy.D.
Robert Price, D.C.C., M.Ed.
John Pruett, M.D.
Aneita S. Radov, M.A.
Dawn M. Raffa, Ph.D.
Kavitha Raja, M.D.
Ranjit Ram, M.D.
Mohamed Ibrahim Ramadan, M.D., M.S.
Christopher S. Randolph, M.D.
Nancy Rappaport, M.Ed.
John Moir Rauenhorst, M.D.
Laurel Jean Rebenstock, L.M.S.W.
Edwin Renaud, Ph.D.
Heather J. Rhodes, M.A.
Jennifer S. Ritchie-Goodline, Psy.D.
Daniel G. Roberts, M.A.
Brenda Rohren, M.A., M.F.S., L.LM.H.P.,
L.A.D.C., M.A.C.
Donna G. Rolin-Kenny, Ph.D., A.P.R.N.,
P.M.H.C.N.S.-B.C.
Sylvia E. Rosario, M.Ed.
Mindy S. Rosenbloom, M.D.
Harvey A. Rosenstock, M.D.
Thalia Ross, M.S.S.W.
Fernando Rosso, M.D.
Barry H. Roth, M.D.
Thomas S. Rue, M.A., L.M.H.C.
Elizabeth Ruegg, L.C.S.W.
Diane Rullo, Ph.D.
Angie Rumaldo, Ph.D.
Eric Rutberg, M.A., D.H.Ed.
Joseph A. Sabella, L.M.H.C.
Kemal Sagduyu, M.D.
Adam H. Saltz, M.S.W.
Jennifer A. Samardak, L.LS.W.-S.
George R. Samuels, M.A., M.S.W.
Carmen Sanjurjo, M.A.
John S. Saroyan, Ed.D.
Brigid Kathleen Sboto, M.A., M.F.T.
Lori Cluff Schade, M.S.
Joan E. Schaper, M.S.N.
Rae J. Schilling, Ph.D.
Larry Schor, Ph.D.
Donna J. Schwartz, M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W.
Amy J. Schwarzenbart, P.M.H.-C.N.S., B.C.,
A.P.N.P.
John V. Scialli, M.D.
Chad Scott, Ph.D., L.P.C.C.
Sabine Sell, M.F.T.
Minal Shah, N.S., N.C.C., L.P.C.
Lynn Shell, M.S.N.
Dharmesh Navin Sheth, M.D.
S. Christopher Shim, M.D.
Marta M. Shinn, Ph.D.
Andreas Sidiropoulos, M.D., Ph.D.
Michael Siegell, M.D.
Michael G. Simonds, Psy.D.
Gagandeep Singh, M.D.
Melissa Rae Skrzypchak, M.S.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Paula Slater, M.D.
WiUiam Bill Slaughter, M.D., M.A.
Aki Smith, Ph.D.
Deborah L. Smith, Ed.M.
Diane E. Smith, M.A., L.M.F.T.
James S. Sommer, M.S.
J. Richard Spatafora, M.D.
Judy Splittgerber, M.S.N., C.S., N.P.
Thiruneermalai T.G. Sriram, M.D.
Martha W. St. John, M.D.
Sybil Stafford, Ph.D.
Timothy Stambaugh, M.A.
Laura A. Stamboni, M.S.W.
Carol L. R. Stark, M.D.
Stephanie Steinman, M.S.
Claudia M. Stevens, M.S.W.
Jennifer Boyer Stevens, Psy.D.
Dominique Stevens-Young, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Kenneth Stewart, Ph.D.
Daniel Storch, M.D.
Suzanne Straebler, A.P.R.N.
Dawn Stremel, M.A., L.M.F.T.
Emel Stroup, Psy.D.
John W. Stump, M.S., L.M.F.T.
Thomas G. Suk, M.A.
Elizabeth Sunzeri, M.S.
Linnea Swanson, M.A., Psy.D.
Patricia Swanson, M.A.
Fereidoon Taghizadeh, M.D.
Bonnie L. Tardif, L.M.H.C., N.C.C., B.C.P.C.C.
Joan Tavares, M.S.W.
Ann Taylor, M.S.W.
Dawn O'Dwyer Taylor, Ph.D.
Chanel V. Tazza, L.M.H.C.
Martha H. Teater, M.A.
Clark D. Terrell, M.D.
Mark R. Thelen, Psy.D.
Norman E. Thibault, M.S., Ph.D.
Tojuana L. Thomason, Ph.D.
Paula Thomson, Psy.D.
D. Chadwick Thompson, M.A.
Susan Thome-Devin, A.M.
Jean Eva Thumm, M.A.P.C., M.A.T., L.M.F.T.,
B.C.C.
James E. Tille, Ph.D., D.Min.
Jacalyn G. Tippey, Ph.D.
Saraswathi Tirumalasetty, M.D.
Jacqueline A. Torrance, M.S.
Terrence Trobaugh, M.S.
Louisa V. Troemel, Psy.D., L.M.F.T.
Susan Ullman, M.S.W.
Jennifer M. Underwood, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Rodney Dale Veldhuizen, M.A.
Michelle Voegels, B.S.N., M.S.N., B.C.
Wess Vogt, M.D.
R. Christopher Votolato, Psy.D.
John W. Waid, Ph.D.
Christa A. Wallis, M.A.
Dominique Walmsley, M.A.
Bhupinder Singh Waraich, M.D.
Joseph Ward, N.C.C., L.P.C. M.Ed.
Robert Ward, M.S.W.
Marilee L. M. Wasell, Ph.D.
Gannon J. Watts, L.P.C.-S., L.A.C., N.C.C.,
N.C.S.C., A.A.D.C., LC.A.A.D.C.
Sheila R. Webster, M.A., M.S.S.A.
Burton Weiss, M.D.
Dennis V. Weiss, M.D.
Jonathan S. Weiss, M.D.
Richard Wendel, Ph.D.
Paul L. West, Ed.D.
Kris Sandra Wheatley, M.A., L.P.C., N.C.C.
Leneigh White, M.A.
Danny R. Whitehead, L.I.C.S.W.
Jean Whitinger, M.A.
Peter D. Wilk, M.D.
Vanessa Wilkinson, L.P.C.
Tim F. Willia, M.S., M.A.Ed., L.P.C.
Cathy E. Willis, M.A., L.M.F.T., C.A.D.C.
Jeffery John Wilson, M.D.
Jacquie Wilson, M.Ed.
David D. Wines, M.S.W.
Barbara A. Wirebaugh, M.S.W.
Daniel L. Wise, Ph.D.
Christina Wong, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Susanna Wood, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Linda L. Woodall, M.D.
Leoneen Woodard-Faust, M.D.
Sheryl E. Woodhouse, L.M.F.T.
Gregory J. Worthington, Psy.D.
Tanya Wozniak, M.D.
Kimberly Isaac Wright, M.A.
Peter Yamamoto, M.D.
Maria Ruiza Ang Yee, M.D.
Michael B. Zafrani, M.D.
Jafet E. Gonzalez Zakarchenco, M.D.
John Zibert, Ph.D.
Karen Zilberstein, M.S.W.
Cathi Zillmann, C.P.N.P., N.P.P.
Gerald A. Zimmerman, Ph.D.
Michele Zimmerman, M.A., P.M.H.C.N.S.-B.C.
Judith A. Zink, M.A.
Vanderbilt University REDCap Team
Paul Harris, Ph.D.
Sudah Kashyap, B.E.
Brenda Minor
Jon Scherdin, M.A.
Rob Taylor, M.A.
Janey Wang, M.S.
Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables.
Index
Abuse and neglect, 22,7V7-722
adult maltreatment and neglect problems,
720-722
child maltreatment and neglect problems,
717-719
Access to medical and other health care, problems
related to, 726
Acute dissociative reactions to stressful events,
306-307
Acute stress disorder, 265,280-286
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
283-284
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 285
development and course of, 284
diagnostic criteria for, 280-281
diagnostic features of, 281-283
differential diagnosis of, 285-286
functional consequences of, 285
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 285
prevalence of, 284
risk and prognostic factors for, 284-285
Addiction. See Substance-related and addictive
disorders
ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder
Adjustment disorders, 265, 286-289
comorbidity with, 289
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 288
development and course of, 287
diagnostic criteria for, 286-287
diagnostic features of, 287
differential diagnosis of, 288-289
functional consequences of, 288
prevalence of, 287
risk and prognostic factors for, 288
Adjustment-like disorders, 289
Adult maltreatment and neglect problems, 720
722
adult abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, 722
spouse or partner abuse, psychological, 721
722
spouse or partner neglect, 721
spouse or partner violence, physical, 720
spouse or partner violence, sexual, 720
Agoraphobia, 190,217-221
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
219
comorbidity with, 221
development and course of, 219-220
diagnostic criteria for, 217-218
diagnostic features of, 218-219
differential diagnosis of, 220-221
functional consequences of, 220
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 220
prevalence of, 219
risk and prognostic factors for, 220
Akathisia, medication-induced, 22
acute, 711
tardive, 712
Alcohol intoxication, 497-499
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
497-498
comorbidity with, 499
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 498
development and course of, 498
diagnostic criteria for, 497
diagnostic features of, 497
diagnostic markers for, 499
differential diagnosis of, 499
functional consequences of, 499
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 498
prevalence of, 498
risk and prognostic factors for, 498
Alcohol-related disorders, 481,490-503
alcohol intoxication, 497-499
alcohol use disorder, 490-497
alcohol withdrawal, 484,499-501
diagnoses associated with, 482
other alcohol-induced disorders, 502-503
development and course of, 502-503
features of, 502
unspecified alcohol-related disorder, 503
Alcohol use disorder, 490-497
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
492-193
comorbidity with, 496-497
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 494-495
development and course of, 493-494
Alcohol use disorder (continued)
diagnostic criteria for, 49CM91
diagnostic features of, 492
diagnostic markers for, 495-496
differential diagnosis of, 496
functional consequences of, 496
prevalence of, 493
risk and prognostic factors for, 494
specifiers for, 492
Alcohol withdrawal, 499-501
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 500
comorbidity with, 501
development and course of, 501
diagnostic criteria for, 499-500
diagnostic features of, 500
diagnostic markers for, 501
differential diagnosis of, 501
functional consequences of, 501
prevalence of, 501
risk and prognostic factors for, 501
specifiers for, 500
Alzheimer's disease, major or mild
neurocognitive disorder due to, 591, 603,
611-614
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 612
comorbidity with, 614
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 613
development and course of, 612-613
diagnostic criteria for, 611-612
diagnostic features of, 612
diagnostic markers for, 613
differential diagnosis of, 614
functional consequences of, 614
prevalence of, 612
risk and prognostic factors for, 613
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 5-7
Anorexia nervosa, 329,338-345
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 341
atypical, 353
comorbidity with, 344-345
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 342
development and course of, 341-342
diagnostic criteria for, 338-339
diagnostic features of, 339-340
diagnostic markers for, 342-343
differential diagnosis of, 344
functional consequences of, 343
prevalence of, 341
risk and prognostic factors for, 342
subtypes of, 339
suicide risk in, 343
Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, 22,
712-714
comorbidity with, 714
course and development of, 713
diagnostic features of, 713
differential diagnosis of, 713-714
prevalence of, 713
Antisocial personality disorder, 461,476, 645, 646,
659-663
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
660-661
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 662
development and course of, 661
diagnostic criteria for, 659
diagnostic features of, 659-660
differential diagnosis of, 662-663
features and criteria in alternative DSM-5
model for personality disorders, 763,
764-765
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 662
prevalence of, 661
risk and prognostic factors for, 661-662
Aruciety disorder due to another medical
condition, 190,230-232
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
231
development and course of, 231
diagnostic criteria for, 230
diagnostic features of, 230-231
diagnostic markers for, 231
differential diagnosis of, 231-232
prevalence of, 231
Anxiety disorders, 189-264
agoraphobia, 190,217-221
anxiety disorder due to another medical
condition, 190,230-232
generalized anxiety disorder, 190, 222-226
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
811
other specified anxiety disorder, 233
panic attack specifier, 214-217
panic disorder, 190,208-214
selective mutism, 189,195-197
separation anxiety disorder, 189,190-195
social anxiety disorder (social phobia), 190,
202-208
specific phobia, 189-190,197-202
substance/medication-induced anxiety
disorder, 190, 226-230
unspecified anxiety disorder, 233
APA (American Psychiatric Association), 5-7
Assessment measures, 23-24, 733-748
cross-cutting symptom measures, 733-741
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom
Measure, 734-736, 738-741
DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom
Measures, 734, 735, 736, 737
frequency of use of, 737
severity measures, 733, 742
Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis
Symptom Severity, 742-744
frequency of use of, 742
scoring and interpretation of, 742
WHO Disability Assessment Schedule
(WHODAS), 16,21, 734, 745-748
Ataque de nervios, 14,211-212,233,833
Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), 11,32,59-66
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 61
comorbidity with, 65
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 62
development and course of, 61
diagnostic criteria for, 59-61
diagnostic features of, 61
differential diagnosis of, 63-65
functional consequences of, 63
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 63
medication-induced symptoms of, 65
other specified attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder, 65-66
prevalence of, 61
risk and prognostic factors for, 62
unspecified attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder, 66
Attenuated psychosis syndrome, 122, 783-786
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 784
comorbidity with, 786
development and course of, 785
diagnostic features of, 783-784
differential diagnosis of, 785-786
functional consequences of, 785
prevalence of, 784-785
proposed criteria for, 783
risk and prognostic factors for, 785
Autism spectrum disorder, 31-32,50-59
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 55
comorbidity with, 58-59
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 57
development and course of, 55-56
diagnostic criteria for, 50-51
diagnostic features of, 53-55
differential diagnosis of, 57-58
functional consequences of, 57
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 57
prevalence of, 55
recording procedures for, 51
risk and prognostic factors for, 56-57
specifiers for, 51-53, 52
Avoidant personality disorder, 645,646, 672-675
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
673-674
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 674
development and course of, 674
diagnostic criteria for, 672-673
diagnostic features of, 673
differential diagnosis of, 674-675
features and criteria in alternative DSM-5
model for personality disorders, 763,
765-766
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 674
prevalence of, 674
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, 329,
334-338
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 335
comorbidity with, 338
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 336
development and course of, 335-336
diagnostic criteria for, 334
diagnostic features of, 334-335
diagnostic markers for, 336
differential diagnosis of, 336-338
functional consequences of, 336
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 336
risk and prognostic factors for, 336
Bereavement, 125-126,134,155,161,194
persistent complex, 289, 789-792
Binge-eating disorder, 329, 350-353
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 351
comorbidity with, 353
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 352
development and course of, 352
diagnostic criteria for, 350
diagnostic features of, 350-351
differential diagnosis of, 352-353
functional consequences of, 352
of low frequency and/or limited duration, 353
prevalence of, 351
risk and prognostic factors for, 352
Bipolar I disorder, 123-132
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 129
comorbidity with, 132
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 130
development and course of, 130
diagnostic criteria for, 123-127
diagnostic features of, 127-129
differential diagnosis of, 131-132
functional consequences of, 131
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 130
prevalence of, 130
risk and prognostic factors for, 130
suicide risk and, 131
Bipolar II disorder, 123,132-139
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 136
comorbidity with, 139
development and course of, 136-137
diagnostic criteria for, 132-135
diagnostic features of, 135-136
differential diagnosis of, 138-139
Bipolar II disorder (continued)
functional consequences of, 138
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 137
prevalence of, 136
risk and prognostic factors for, 137
suicide risk in, 138
Bipolar and related disorder due to another
medical condition, 123,145-147
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 146
comorbidity with, 147
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 147
development and course of, 146-147
diagnostic criteria for, 145-146
diagnostic features of, 146
diagnostic markers for, 147
differential diagnosis of, 147
functional consequences of, 147
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 147
Bipolar and related disorders, 123-154
bipolar I disorder, 123-132
bipolar II disorder, 123,132-139
bipolar and related disorder due to another
medical condition, 123,145-147
cyclothymic disorder, 123,139-141
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
810
other specified bipolar and related disorder,
123,148
specifiers for, 149-154
substance/medication-induced bipolar and
related disorder, 123,142-145
unspecified bipolar and related disorder, 149
Body dysmorphic disorder, 235, 236, 242-247
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 244
comorbidity with, 247
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 245
development and course of, 244
diagnostic criteria for, 242-243
diagnostic features of, 243-244
differential diagnosis of, 245-247
functional consequences of, 245
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 245
prevalence of, 244
risk and prognostic factors for, 245
suicide risk and, 245
Body dysmorphic-like disorder with actual flaws,
263
Body dysmorphic-like disorder without repetitive
behaviors, 263
Body-focused repetitive behavior disorder, 235,
263-264
Borderline personality disorder, 645, 646, 663-666
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 665
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 665-666
development and course of, 665
diagnostic criteria for, 663
diagnostic features of, 663-664
differential diagnosis of, 666
features and criteria in alternative DSM-5
model for personality disorders, 763,
766-767
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 666
prevalence of, 665
risk and prognostic factors for, 665
Breathing-related sleep disorders, 361,378-390
central sleep apnea, 383-386
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, 378-383
sleep-related hypoventilation, 387-390
Brief illness anxiety disorder, 327
Brief psychotic disorder, 94-96
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 95
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 95
development and course of, 95
diagnostic criteria for, 94
diagnostic features of, 94-95
differential diagnosis of, 96
duration of, 89,94, 99
functional consequences of, 95
prevalence of, 95
risk and prognostic factors for, 95
Brief somatic symptom disorder, 327
Bulimia nervosa, 329, 345-350
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 347
comorbidity with, 349-350
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 348
development and course of, 347-348
diagnostic criteria for, 345
diagnostic features of, 345-347
diagnostic markers for, 348
differential diagnosis of, 349
functional consequences of, 349
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 348
of low frequency and/or limited duration, 353
prevalence of, 347
risk and prognostic factors for, 348
suicide risk in, 349
Caffeine intoxication, 503-506
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 504
comorbidity with, 506
development and course of, 505
diagnostic criteria for, 503-504
diagnostic features of, 504
differential diagnosis of, 505
functional consequences of, 505
prevalence of, 505
risk and prognostic factors for, 505
Caffeine-related disorders, 481, 503-509
caffeine intoxication, 503-506
caffeine withdrawal, 506-508
diagnoses associated with, 482
other caffeine-induced disorders, 508
unspecified caffeine-related disorder, 509
Caffeine use disorder, 792-795
comorbidity with, 795
development and course of, 794
diagnostic features of, 793-794
differential diagnosis of, 795
functional consequences of, 794-795
prevalence of, 794
proposed criteria for, 792-793
risk and prognostic factors for, 794
Caffeine withdrawal, 506-508
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 507
comorbidity with, 508
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 508
development and course of, 507
diagnostic criteria for, 506
diagnostic features of, 506-507
differential diagnosis of, 508
functional consequences of, 508
prevalence of, 507
risk and prognostic factors for, 507-508
Cannabis intoxication, 516-517
diagnostic criteria for, 516
diagnostic features of, 516-517
differential diagnosis of, 517
functional consequences of, 517
prevalence of, 517
specifiers for, 516
Cannabis-related disorders, 481,509-519
cannabis intoxication, 516-517
cannabis use disorder, 509-516
cannabis withdrawal, 484, 517-519
diagnoses associated with, 482
other cannabis-induced disorders, 519
unspecified cannabis-related disorder, 519
Cannabis use disorder, 509-516
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 512
comorbidity with, 515-516
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 514
development and course of, 513
diagnostic criteria for, 509-510
diagnostic features of, 510-512
diagnostic markers for, 514
functional consequences of, 514-515
prevalence of, 512
risk and prognostic factors for, 513-514
specifiers for, 510
Cannabis withdrawal, 517-519
development and course of, 518
diagnostic criteria for, 517-518
diagnostic features of, 518
differential diagnosis of, 519
risk and prognostic factors for, 519
Case formulation, 19-20
cultural, 749-759 {See also Cultural
formulation)
Catatonia, 89,119-121
associated with another mental disorder
(catatonia specifier), 119-120
diagnostic criteria for, 119-120
diagnostic features of, 120
unspecified, 89,121
Catatonic disorder due to another medical
condition, 120-121
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 121
diagnostic criteria for, 120-121
diagnostic features of, 121
differential diagnosis of, 121
Central sleep apnea, 383-386
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 385
comorbidity with, 386
development and course of, 385
diagnostic criteria for, 383-384
diagnostic features of, 384-385
diagnostic markers for, 385
differential diagnosis of, 386
functional consequences of, 386
prevalence of, 385
risk and prognostic factors for, 385
specifiers for, 384
subtypes of, 384
CFI. See Cultural Formulation Interview
Cheyne-Stokes breathing, 383-386. See also Central
sleep apnea
Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), 31,
45^7
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 46
development and course of, 46-47
diagnostic criteria for, 45-46
diagnostic features of, 46
differential diagnosis of, 47
functional consequences of, 47
risk and prognostic factors for, 47
Child maltreatment and neglect problems, 717-719
child neglect, 718-719
child physical abuse, 717-718
child psychological abuse, 719
child sexual abuse, 718
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, 361,
390-398
advanced sleep phase type, 393-394
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 393
comorbidity with, 394
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 394
development and course of, 393
diagnostic features of, 393
diagnostic markers for, 394
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
(continued)
advanced sleep phase type (continued)
differential diagnosis of, 394
functional consequences of, 394
prevalence of, 393
risk and prognostic factors for, 394
specifiers for, 393
delayed sleep phase type, 391-392
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 391
comorbidity with, 392
development and course of, 391
diagnostic features of, 391
diagnostic markers for, 392
differential diagnosis of, 392
functional consequences of, 392
prevalence of, 391
risk and prognostic factors for, 392
diagnostic criteria for, 390-391
irregular sleep-wake type, 394-396
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 395
comorbidity with, 396
development and course of, 395
diagnostic features of, 394-395
diagnostic markers for, 395
differential diagnosis of, 395
functional consequences of, 395
prevalence of, 395
risk and prognostic factors for, 395
non-24-hour sleep-wake type, 396-397
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 396
comorbidity with, 397
development and course of, 396
diagnostic features of, 396
diagnostic markers for, 397
differential diagnosis of, 397
functional consequences of, 397
prevalence of, 396
risk and prognostic factors for, 396-397
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 398
shift work type, 397-398
comorbidity with, 398
development and course of, 398
diagnostic features of, 397
diagnostic markers for, 398
differential diagnosis of, 398
functional consequences of, 398
prevalence of, 397
risk and prognostic factors for, 398
Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis
Symptom Severity, 742-744
Coding and reporting procedures, 12,16, 22, 23,
29
Cognitive disorders. See Neurocognitive disorders
Communication disorders, 31, 41-49
childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering),
45-47
language disorder, 42-44
social (pragmatic) communication disorder,
47-i9
speech sound disorder, 44 -45
unspecified communication disorder, 49
Comorbidity, 5
Compulsions, 235-236, 239. See also Obsessivecompulsive and related disorders
Conditions for further study, 7,11, 24, 783-806
attenuated psychosis syndrome, 783-786
caffeine use disorder, 792-795
depressive episodes with short-duration
hypomania, 786-789
Internet gaming disorder, 795-798
neurobehavioral disorder associated with
prenatal alcohol exposure, 798-801
nonsuicidal self-injury, 803-805
persistent complex bereavement disorder,
789-792
suicidal behavior disorder, 801-803
Conduct disorder, 32, 461, 469-475
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
472-473
comorbidity with, 475
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 474
development and course of, 473
diagnostic criteria for, 469-471
diagnostic features of, 472
differential diagnosis of, 474-^75
functional consequences of, 474
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 474
prevalence of, 473
risk and prognostic factors for, 473-474
specifiers for, 471^72
subtypes of, 471
Conversion disorder (functional neurological
symptom disorder), 309, 310, 318-321
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
319-320
comorbidity with, 321
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 320
development and course of, 320
diagnostic criteria for, 318-319
diagnostic features of, 319
differential diagnosis of, 321
functional consequences of, 321
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 320
prevalence of, 320
risk and prognostic factors for, 320
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. See Prion disease,
major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to
Crime or interactioh with the legal system,
problems related to, 725
Criterion for clinical significance, 21
Cross-cutting symptom measures, 733-741
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom
Measure, 734-736, 738-741
DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom
Measures, 734, 735, 736, 737
frequency of use of, 737
Cultural concepts of distress, 750,758,759,833-837
Cultural explanations or perceived causes, 14, 758
Cultural formulation, 749-759
definitions related to, 749
diagnostic importance of, 758-759
outline for, 749-750
relationship to DSM-5 nosology, 758
Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), 17, 24, 749,
750-757
domains of assessment, 751
indications for, 751
Informant Version, 755-757
supplementary modules of, 751
Cultural idioms of distress, 14, 758
Cultural issues, 14-15, 749-759
in anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, 224
panic attacks, 216
panic disorder, 211-212
selective mutism, 196
separation anxiety disorder, 193
social anxiety disorder (social phobia),
205-206
specific phobia, 201
in bipolar and related disorders
bipolar I disorder, 130
bipolar and related disorder due to another
medical condition, 147
in depressive disorders
major depressive disorder, 166
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 173
in disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct
disorders
conduct disorder, 474
intermittent explosive disorder, 468
oppositional defiant disorder, 465
in dissociative disorders
depersonalization/derealization disorder,
304
dissociative amnesia, 300
dissociative identity disorder, 295
in enuresis, 357
in feeding and eating disorders
anorexia nervosa, 342
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder,
336
binge-eating disorder, 352
bulimia nervosa, 348
pica, 331
in fetishistic disorder, 701
in gender dysphoria, 457
in neurocognitive disorders, 609
due to Alzheimer's disease, 613
in neurodevelopmental disorders
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
62
autism spectrum disorder, 57
developmental coordination disorder, 76
intellectual disability (intellectual
developmental disorder), 39
specific learning disorder, 72-73
stereotypic movement disorder, 79
tic disorders, 83
in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
body dysmoφhic disorder, 245
hoarding disorder, 250
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 240
trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder),
253
in personality disorders, 648
antisocial personality disorder, 662
avoidant personality disorder, 674
borderline personality disorder, 665-666
dependent personality disorder, 677
histrionic personality disorder, 668
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder,
681
paranoid personality disorder, 651
schizoid personality disorder, 654
schizotypal personality disorder, 657
in schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic
disorders
brief psychotic disorder, 95
delusional disorder, 93
schizoaffective disorder, 108-109
schizophrenia, 103
in sexual dysfunctions, 423
delayed ejaculation, 425
erectile disorder, 428
female orgasmic disorder, 432
female sexual interest/arousal disorder,
435-436
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder,
439
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder,
442
premature (early) ejaculation, 445
substance/medication-induced sexual
dysfunction, 449
Cultural issues (continued)
in sleep-wake disorders
central sleep apnea hypopnea, 381
circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders,
advanced sleep phase type, 394
narcolepsy, 376
nightmare disorder, 406
substance/medication-induced sleep
disorder, 418
in somatic symptoms and related disorders
conversion disorder (functional
neurological symptom disorder), 320
illness anxiety disorder, 317
psychological factors affecting other
medical conditions, 323
somatic symptom disorder, 313
in substance-related and addictive disorders
alcohol intoxication, 498
alcohol use disorder, 495
caffeine withdrawal, 508
cannabis use disorder, 514
gambling disorder, 588
inhalant use disorder, 536
opioid use disorder, 544
other hallucinogen use disorder, 526
other (or unknown) substance use
disorder, 580
other (or unknown) substance withdrawal,
580
phencyclidine use disorder, 522
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use
disorder, 554
stimulant use disorder, 565
tobacco use disorder, 574
in suicidal behavior disorder, 802
in trauma- and stressor-related disorders
acute stress disorder, 285
adjustment disorders, 288
posttraumatic stress disorder, 278
reactive attachment disorder, 267
Cultural syndromes, 14, 758
Culture-bound syndromes, 14, 758
Cyclothymic disorder, 123,139-141
comorbidity with, 141
development and course of, 140-141
diagnostic criteria for, 139-140
diagnostic features of, 140
differential diagnosis of, 141
prevalence of, 140
risk and prognostic factors for, 141
Definition of a mental disorder, 20
Delayed ejaculation, 423,424-426
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
424-425
comorbidity with, 426
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 425
development and course of, 425
diagnostic criteria for, 424
diagnostic features of, 424
differential diagnosis of, 425-426
functional consequences of, 425
prevalence of, 425
risk and prognostic factors for, 425
Delirium, 591, 596-602
due to another medical condition, 597
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 600
development and course of, 600-601
diagnostic criteria for, 596-598
diagnostic features of, 599-600
diagnostic markers for, 601
differential diagnosis of, 601
functional consequences of, 601
medication-induced, 597, 599
due to multiple etiologies, 597
other specified, 602
prevalence of, 600
recording procedures for, 598-599
risk and prognostic factors for, 601
specifiers for, 599
substance intoxication, 596-597,598
substance withdrawal, 597, 598-599
unspecified, 602
Delusional disorder, 89, 90-93
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 92
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 93
delusional symptoms in partner of individual
with, 122
development and course of, 92-93
diagnostic criteria for, 90-91
diagnostic features of, 92
functional consequences of, 93
prevalence of, 92
subtypes of, 91-92
Delusions, 87, 89, 90-93
bizarre, 87, 91
of control, 87
érotomanie, 87, 90
grandiose, 87, 90
jealous, 90, 91
mixed type, 91
nihilistic, 87
nonbizarre, 87
persecutory, 87, 90-91
referential, 87
with significant overlapping mood episodes,
122
somatic, 87,90, 92
unspecified type, 91
Dementia, 591. See also Neurocognitive disorders
Dependent personality disorder, 645,646, 675-678
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 677
culture-related dia^iostic issues in, 677
development and course of, 677
diagnostic criteria for, 675
diagnostic features of, 675-677
differential diagnosis of, 677-678
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 677
prevalence of, 677
Depersonalization/derealization disorder, 291,
302-306
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 303
comorbidity with, 306
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 304
development and course of, 303-304
diagnostic criteria for, 302
diagnostic features of, 302-303
differential diagnosis of, 305-306
functional consequences of, 304-305
prevalence of, 303
risk and prognostic factors for, 304
Depressive disorder due to another medical
condition, 155,180-183
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 181
comorbidity with, 183
development and course of, 181-182
diagnostic criteria for, 180-181
diagnostic features of, 181
diagnostic markers for, 182
differential diagnosis of, 182-183
functional consequences of, 182
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 182
risk and prognostic factors for, 182
suicide risk in, 182
Depressive disorders, 155-188
depressive disorder due to another medical
condition, 155,180-183
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 155,
156-160
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
810-eil
major depressive disorder, 155,160-168
other specified depressive disorder, 155,
183-184
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia),
155,168-171
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 155,171-175
specifiers for, 184-188
substance / medication-induced depressive
disorder, 155,175-180
unspecified depressive disorder, 155,184
Depressive episode or symptoms in bipolar and
related disorders
bipolar I disorder, 125-126,129
bipolar II disorder, 133-134,135-136
Depressive episodes with short-duration
hypomania, 786-789
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
788
comorbidity with, 789
diagnostic features of, 788
differential diagnosis of, 788-789
functional consequences of, 788
prevalence of, 788
proposed criteria for, 786-787
risk and prognostic factors for, 788
suicide risk in, 788
Developmental coordination disorder, 32, 74-77
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 75
comorbidity with, 76
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 76
development and course of, 75-76
diagnostic criteria for, 74
diagnostic features of, 74-75
differential diagnosis of, 76-77
functional consequences of, 76
prevalence of, 75
risk and prognostic factors for, 76
Dhat syndrome, 833-834
Diagnosis, 5-6
assessment and monitoring measures for,
23^24, 733-748
categorical, 5,8,12,13,19,20
clinical utility of, 20
coding and reporting procedures for, 12,16,
22, 23, 29
criterion for clinical significance, 21
culture and, 14-15,749-759
definition of a mental disorder, 20
diagnostic criteria and descriptors, 21
dimensional approach to, 5, 8,9,12-13,17
elements of, 21-24
in forensic settings, 25
of medication-induced movement disorders,
20, 22, 29, 709-714
of other conditions that may be a focus of
clinical attention, 20, 22, 29, 715-727
principal, 22-23
provisional, 23
Diagnostic criteria, 21, 29
case formulation and, 19
proposed criteria for conditions for further
study, 11, 783
revisions of, 6-10
subtypes and specifiers for, 21-22
validators for, 5, 9,11,12, 20
Diagnostic spectra, 6,9,12
Disinhibited social engagement disorder, 265,
268-270
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
269
development and course of, 269-270
diagnostic criteria for, 268-269
diagnostic features of, 269
differential diagnosis of, 270
functional consequences of, 270
prevalence of, 269
risk and prognostic factors for, 270
Disorganized thinking (speech), 88
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct
disorders, 461^80
antisocial personality disorder, 461,476, 645,
646,659-663
conduct disorder, 461,469-475
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
815
intermittent explosive disorder, 461,466-469
kleptomania, 461,478-479
oppositional defiant disorder, 461, 462^66
other specified disruptive, impulse-control,
and conduct disorder, 461,479
pyromania, 461,476-477
unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and
conduct disorder, 480
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 155,
156-160
comorbidity with, 160
development and course of, 157
diagnostic criteria for, 156
diagnostic features of, 156-157
differential diagnosis of, 158-160
functional consequences of, 158
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 158
prevalence of, 157
risk and prognostic factors for, 157-158
suicide risk in, 158
Dissociative amnesia, 291, 298-302
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 299
comorbidity with, 302
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 300
development and course of, 299
diagnostic criteria for, 298
diagnostic features of, 298-299
differential diagnosis of, 300-302
functional consequences of, 300
prevalence of, 299
risk and prognostic factors for, 299-300
suicide risk in, 300
Dissociative disorders, 291-307
depersonalization/derealization disorder, 291,
302-306
dissociative amnesia, 291, 298-302
dissociative identity disorder, 291-298
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
812
other specified dissociative disorder, 292,
306-307
unspecified dissociative disorder, 307
Dissociative identity disorder, 291-298
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
294
comorbidity with, 297-298
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 295
development and course of, 294
diagnostic criteria for, 292
diagnostic features of, 292-294
differential diagnosis of, 296-297
functional consequences of, 295-296
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 295
prevalence of, 294
risk and prognostic factors for, 294r-295
suicide risk in, 295
Dissociative reactions to stressful events, acute,
306-307
Dissociative stupor or coma, 292
Dissociative trance, 292,307
Down syndrome, 38,40,44,53
DSM, history of, 5, 6
DSM-5
cultural issues in, 14-15, 749-759
developmental and lifespan considerations in,
13
forensic use of, 25
gender differences in, 15
glossary of technical terms in, 817-831
harmonization with ICD-11,11-12
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to, 809-817
anxiety disorders, 811
bipolar and related disorders, 810
depressive disorders, 810-811
disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct
disorders, 815
dissociative disorders, 812
elimination disorders, 813
feeding and eating disorders, 813
gender dysphoria, 814-815
neurodevelopmental disorders, 809-810
obsessive-compulsive and related
disorders, 811-812
paraphilic disorders, 816
personality disorders, 816
schizophrenia spectrum and other
psychotic disorders, 810
sexual dysfunctions, 814
sleep-wake disorders, 814
somatic symptom and related disorders,
812-813
substance-related and addictive disorders,
815-816 X
trauma- and stressor-related disorders, 812
multiaxial system and, 16
online enhancements of, 17
organizational structure of, 10-11,13
other specified and unspecified mental
disorders in, 15-16,19-20, 707-708
revision process for, 5, 6-10
expert review, 8-10
field trials, 7-8
proposals for revisions, 7
public and professional review, 8
use of, 19-24
assessment and monitoring tools, 23-24,
733-748
case formulation, 19-20
coding and reporting procedures, 12,16,
22,23,29
definition of a mental disorder, 20-21
elements of a diagnosis, 21-24
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure,
734-736
adult self-rated version, 734, 735, 738-739
parent/guardian-rated version, 734, 736,
740-741
scoring and interpretation of, 734-736
DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom
Measures, 734,735, 736, 737
Dysthymia. See Persistent depressive disorder
(dysthymia)
Dystonia, medication-induced, 22
acute, 711
tardive, 712
Eating disorders. See Feeding and eating disorders
Economic problems, 724
Educational problems, 723
Ejaculation
delayed, 423,424-426
premature (early), 423,443-446
Elements of diagnosis, 21-24
Elimination disorders, 355-360
encopresis, 355,357-359
enuresis, 355-357
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
813
other specified elimination disorder, 359
unspecified elimination disorder, 360
Encopresis, 355,357-359
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 358
comorbidity with, 359
development and course of, 359
diagnostic criteria for, 357-358
diagnostic features of, 358
diagnostic markers for, 359
differential diagnosis of, 359
prevalence of, 359
risk and prognostic factors for, 359
subtypes of, 358
Enuresis, 355-357
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 356
comorbidity with, 356
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 356
development and course of, 356
diagnostic criteria for, 355
diagnostic features of, 355-356
differential diagnosis of, 356
functional consequences of, 356
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 356
prevalence of, 356
risk and prognostic factors for, 356
subtypes of, 355
Erectile disorder, 423,426-429
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 427
comorbidity with, 429
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 428
development and course of, 427-428
diagnostic criteria for, 426-427
diagnostic features of, 427
diagnostic markers for, 428
differential diagnosis of, 428-429
functional consequences of, 428
prevalence of, 427
risk and prognostic factors for, 428
Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, 235,236,
254-257
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 255
comorbidity with, 257
development and course of, 255
diagnostic criteria for, 254
diagnostic features of, 254-255
diagnostic markers for, 255
differential diagnosis of, 256
functional consequences of, 256
prevalence of, 255
risk and prognostic factors for, 255
Exhibitionistic disorder, 685,689-691
comorbidity with, 691
development and course of, 690
diagnostic criteria for, 689
diagnostic features of, 689-690
differential diagnosis of, 691
functional consequences of, 691
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 691
prevalence of, 690
risk and prognostic factors for, 690-691
specifiers for, 689
subtypes of, 689
Externalizing disorders, 13
Factitious disorder, 309, 310, 324-326
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
325-326
development and course of, 326
diagnostic criteria for, 324-325
diagnostic features of, 325
differential diagnosis of, 326
imposed on another, 310, 325-325, 338
prevalence of, 326
recording procedures for, 325
Family upbringing, problems related to, 715-716
Feeding and eating disorders, 329-354
anorexia nervosa, 329,338-345
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, 329,
334-338
binge-eating disorder, 329, 350-353
bulimia nervosa, 329, 345-350
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
813
other specified feeding or eating disorder,
353-354
pica, 329-331
rumination disorder, 329,332-333
unspecified feeding or eating disorder, 354
Female orgasmic disorder, 423, 429-432
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
430-431
comorbidity with, 432
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 432
development and course of, 431
diagnostic criteria for, 429-430
diagnostic features of, 430
diagnostic markers for, 432
differential diagnosis of, 432
functional consequences of, 432
prevalence of, 431
risk and prognostic factors for, 431-432
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder, 423,
433-137
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
434-435
comorbidity with, 436-437
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 435^36
development and course of, 435
diagnostic criteria for, 433
diagnostic features of, 433-434
differential diagnosis of, 436
functional consequences of, 436
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 436
prevalence of, 435
risk and prognostic factors for, 435
Fetishistic disorder, 685, 700-702
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 701
comorbidity with, 702
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 701
development and course of, 701
diagnostic criteria for, 700
diagnostic features of, 701
differential diagnosis of, 702
functional consequences of, 701-702
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 701
specifiers for, 701
Forensic settings, 25
Formal thought disorder, 88
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, major or
mild, 591, 603, 614-618
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
616
development and course of, 616
diagnostic criteria for, 614-615
diagnostic features of, 615-616
diagnostic markers for, 616-617
differential diagnosis of, 617-618
functional consequences of, 617
prevalence of, 616
risk and prognostic factors for, 616
Frotteuristic disorder, 685, 691-694
comorbidity with, 693-694
development and course of, 693
diagnostic criteria for, 691-692
diagnostic features of, 692
differential diagnosis of, 693
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 693
prevalence of, 692-693
risk and prognostic factors for, 693
specifiers for, 692
Functional neurological symptom disorder. See
Conversion disorder
GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) scale, 16
Gambling disorder, 481, 585-589
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
587
comorbidity with, 589
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 588
development and course of, 587-588
diagnostic criteria for, 585-586
diagnostic features of, 586-587
differential diagnosis of, 589
functional consequences of, 589
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 588
prevalence of, 587
risk and prognostic factors for, 588
specifiers for, 586
Gender differences, 15
Gender dysphoria, 451-459
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
454
comorbidity with, 458-459
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 457
development and course of, 454-456
in association with a disorder of sex
development, 456
without a disorder of sex development,
455-456
diagnostic criteria for, 452-453
diagnostic features of, 453-454
diagnostic markers for, 457
differential diagnosis of, 458
functional consequences of, 457-458
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
814-815
other specified, 459
prevalence of, 454
risk and prognostic factors for, 456-457
specifiers for, 453
unspecified, 459
Generalized anxiety disorder, 190,222-226
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 223
comorbidity with, 226
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 224
development and course of, 223-224
diagnostic criteria for, 222
diagnostic features of, 222-223
differential diagnosis of, 225-226
functional consequences of, 225
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 224-225
prevalence of, 223
risk and prognostic factors for, 224
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, 423,
437-440
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
438
comorbidity with, 440
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 439
development and course of, 439
diagnostic criteria for, 437
diagnostic features of, 437-438
differential diagnosis of, 440
functional consequences of, 439
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 439
prevalence of, 438
risk and prognostic factors for, 439
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, 16
Global developmental delay, 31,41
Glossary of technical terms, 817-831
Hair pulling. See Trichotillomania (hair-pulling
disorder)
Hallucinations, 87-88
auditory, 87,103,116,122
gustatory, 116
hypnagogic, 87
hypnopompic, 88
olfactory, 116,118
tactile, 116
visual, 102,103,104,116,118
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder,
531-532
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 531
comorbidity with, 532
development and course of, 532
diagnostic criteria for, 531
diagnostic features of, 531
differential diagnosis of, 532
functional consequences of, 532
prevalence of, 531
risk and prognostic factors for, 532
Hallucinogen-related disorders, 481, 520-533
diagnoses associated with, 482
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder,
531-532
other hallucinogen-induced disorders,
532-533
other hallucinogen intoxication, 529-530
other hallucinogen use disorder, 523-527
other phencyclidine-induced disorders, 532
phencyclidine intoxication, 527-529
phencyclidine use disorder, 520-523
unspecified hallucinogen-related disorder, 533
unspecified phencyclidine-related disorder, 533
Histrionic personality disorder, 645,646,667-669
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
668
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 668
diagnostic criteria for, 667
diagnostic features of, 667-668
differential diagnosis of, 669
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 668
prevalence of, 668
HIV infection, major or mild neurocognitive
disorder due to, 591, 604, 632-634
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 633
comorbidity with, 634
development and course of, 633
diagnostic criteria for, 632
diagnostic features of, 632
diagnostic markers for, 634
differential diagnosis of, 634
functional consequences of, 634
prevalence of, 633
risk and prognostic factors for, 633
Hoarding disorder, 235,236, 247-251
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 249
comorbidity with, 251
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 250
development and course of, 249
diagnostic criteria for, 247
diagnostic features of, 248-249
differential diagnosis of, 250-251
Hoarding disorder (continued)
functional consequences of, 250
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 250
prevalence of, 249
risk and prognostic factors for, 249
specifiers for, 248
Housing problems, 723-724
Huntington's disease, 81,117,181,182
major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to,
591, 604, 638-641
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 639
development and course of, 639-640
diagnostic criteria for, 638-639
diagnostic features of, 639
diagnostic markers for, 640
differential diagnosis of, 640-641
functional consequences of, 640
prevalence of, 639
risk and prognostic factors for, 640
Hypersomnolence disorder, 361,368-372
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
370
comorbidity with, 372
development and course of, 370
diagnostic criteria for, 368-369
diagnostic features of, 369-370
diagnostic markers for, 371
differential diagnosis of, 371-372
functional consequences of, 371
other specified, 421
prevalence of, 370
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 372
risk and prognostic factors for, 370-371
unspecified, 421
Hypochondriasis, 310,315-316,318. See also
Illness anxiety disorder
Hypomanie episode or symptoms in bipolar and
related disorders
bipolar I disorder, 124-125,129
bipolar II disorder, 132-133,135-136
bipolar and related disorder due to another
medical condition, 146
cyclothymic disorder, 139,140
depressive episodes with short-duration
hypomania, 786-789
other specified bipolar and related disorder,
148
ICD. See International Classification of Diseases
ICF (International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health), 21, 734
ICSD-2. See International Classification of Sleep
Disorders, 2nd Edition
Identity disturbance due to prolonged and intense
coercive persuasion, 306
Illness anxiety disorder, 309,310,315-318
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 316
brief, 327
comorbidity with, 318
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 317
diagnostic criteria for, 315
diagnostic features of, 315-316
differential diagnosis of, 317-318
functional consequences of, 317
prevalence of, 316
risk and prognostic factors for, 316-317
without excessive health-related behaviors,
327
Inhalant intoxication, 538-540
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
539
diagnostic criteria for, 538
diagnostic features of, 538
differential diagnosis of, 539-540
functional consequences of, 539
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 539
prevalence of, 539
Inhalant-related disorders, 481,533-540
diagnoses associated with, 482
inhalant intoxication, 538-540
inhalant use disorder, 533-538
other inhalant-induced disorders, 540
unspecified inhalant-related disorder, 540
Inhalant use disorder, 533-538
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
535
comorbidity with, 538
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 536
development and course of, 536
diagnostic criteria for, 533-534
diagnostic features of, 535
diagnostic markers for, 536-537
differential diagnosis of, 537
functional consequences of, 537
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 536
prevalence of, 535-536
risk and prognostic factors for, 536
specifiers for, 535
Insomnia disorder, 361,362-368
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
364
brief, 420
comorbidity with, 368
development and course of, 365
diagnostic criteria for, 362-363
diagnostic features of, 363-364
diagnostic markers for, 366-367
differential diagnosis of, 367-368
functional consequences of, 367
gender-related c^iagnostic issues in, 366
other specified, 420
prevalence of, 364^365
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 368
restricted to nonrestorative sleep, 420
risk and protective factors for, 366
unspecified, 420-421
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental
disorder), 31,33-41
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 38
coding and reporting for, 33
comorbidity with, 40
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 39
development and course of, 38-39
diagnostic criteria for, 33
diagnostic features of, 37-38
diagnostic markers for, 39
differential diagnosis of, 39-40
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 39
global developmental delay, 31,41
prevalence of, 38
relationship to other classifications, 40-41
risk and prognostic factors for, 39
specifiers for levels of severity of, 33,34-36
unspecified intellectual disability, 41
Intermittent explosive disorder, 461,466-469
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
467
comorbidity with, 469
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 468
development and course of, 467
diagnostic criteria for, 466
diagnostic features of, 466-467
differential diagnosis of, 468-469
functional consequences of, 468
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 468
prevalence of, 467
risk and prognostic factors for, 467-468
Internalizing disorders, 13
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 21
revision process for ICD-11, 6,10,11-12
use of ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes, 12,16,22,
23,29
International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF), 21, 734
International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd
Edition (ICSD-2), relationship of DSM-5 to,
361-362
circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, 398
hypersomnolence disorder, 372
insomnia disorder, 368
narcolepsy, 378
nightmare disorder, 407
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, 383
rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,
410
restless legs syndrome, 413
sleep-related hypoventilation, 390
substance/medication-induced sleep disorder,
420
Internet gaming disorder, 795-798
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
797
comorbidity with, 798
diagnostic features of, 796-797
differential diagnosis of, 797-798
functional consequences of, 797
prevalence of, 797
proposed criteria for, 795-796
risk and prognostic factors for, 797
subtypes of, 796
Intoxication, 481,485-487
alcohol, 497-499
associated with use of multiple substances, 486
caffeine, 503-506
cannabis, 516-517
delirium due to, 598
development and course of, 487
duration of effects and, 486
inhalant, 538-540
laboratory findings associated with, 486-487
opioid, 546-547
other hallucinogen, 529-530
other (or unknown) substance, 581-582
phencyclidine, 527-529
recording procedures for, 487
related to route of administration and speed of
substance effects, 486
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic, 556-557
stimulant, 567-569
Jealousy, obsessional, 264
Jikoshu-kyofu, 264
Khyâl cap, 211,212,233, 834
Kleptomania, 461,478-479
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
478
comorbidity with, 478
development and course of, 478
diagnostic criteria for, 478
diagnostic features of, 478
differential diagnosis of, 478
functional consequences of, 478
prevalence of, 478
risk and prognostic factors for, 478
Koro, 264
Kufungisisa, 14, 834-835
Language disorder, 31,42-44
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 43
comorbidity with, 44
development and course of, 43
diagnostic criteria for, 42
diagnostic features of, 42
differential diagnosis of, 43
risk and prognostic factors for, 43
Learning disorder. See Specific learning disorder
Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS),
772, 775-778
Lewy bodies, major or mild neurocognitive
disorder with, 591, 603, 618-621
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 619
comorbidity with, 621
development and course of, 619-620
diagnostic criteria for, 618-619
diagnostic features of, 619
diagnostic markers for, 620
differential diagnosis of, 620
functional consequences of, 620
prevalence of, 619
risk and prognostic factors for, 620
LPFS (Level of Personality Functioning Scale),
772, 775-778
Major depressive disorder, 155,160-168
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
164-165
comorbidity with, 168
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 166
development and course of, 165-166
diagnostic criteria for, 160-162
diagnostic features of, 162-164
differential diagnosis of, 167-168
functional consequences of, 167
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 167
prevalence of, 165
risk and prognostic factors for, 166
suicide risk in, 164,167
Major depressive episode in bipolar and related
disorders
bipolar I disorder, 125-126,129
bipolar II disorder, 133-134,135-136
other specified bipolar and related disorder,
148
Maladi moun, 14,835
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 423,
440-443
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
441-^2
comorbidity with, 443
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 442
development and course of, 442
diagnostic criteria for, 440-441
diagnostic features of, 441
differential diagnosis of, 443
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 4 4 2 ^ 3
prevalence of, 442
risk and prognostic factors for, 442
Manic episode
in bipolar I disorder, 124,127-129
in bipolar and related disorder due to another
medical condition, 146
Medication-induced delirium, 597, 599
Medication-induced movement disorders and
other adverse effects of medication, 20, 22,
29, 709-714
antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, 22,
712-714
medication-induced acute akathisia, 22, 711
medication-induced acute dystonia, 711
medication-induced postural tremor, 712
neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, 709
neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 22, 709-711
other adverse effect of medication, 712-714
other medication-induced movement
disorder, 712
other medication-induced parkinsonism, 709
tardive akathisia, 712
tardive dyskinesia, 22, 712
tardive dystonia, 712
Mental disorder(s)
culture and, 14-15, 749-759
definition of, 20
criterion for clinical significance, 21
in forensic settings, 25
gender and, 15
Motor disorders, neurodevelopmental, 32, 74-85
developmental coordination disorder, 74-77
stereotypic movement disorder, 77-80
tic disorders, 81-85
Movement disorders, medication-induced. See
Medication-induced movement disorders
and other adverse effects of medication
Muscle dysmorphia, 236, 243, 245
Narcissistic personality disorder, 645, 646,
669-672
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
671
development and course of, 671
diagnostic criteria for, 669-670
diagnostic features of, 670-671
differential diagnosis of, 671-672
features and criteria in alternative DSM-5
model for personality disorders, 763,
767-768
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 671
prevalence of, 671
Narcolepsy, 361, 372-378
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
374-375
comorbidity with, 377-378
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 376
development and course of, 375
diagnostic criteria for, 372-373
diagnostic features of, 374
diagnostic markers for, 376
differential diagnosis of, 376-377
functional consequences of, 376
prevalence of, 375
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 378
risk and prognostic factors for, 375-376
subtypes of, 373-374
NCDs. See Neurocognitive disorders
Neglect
child, 718-719
spouse or partner, 721
Nervios, 835
Neurobehavioral disorder associated with
prenatal alcohol exposure, 798-801
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 799
comorbidity with, 800-801
development and course of, 800
diagnostic features of, 799
differential diagnosis of, 800
functional consequences of, 800
prevalence of, 800
proposed criteria for, 798-799
suicide risk in, 800
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), 591-643
delirium, 591, 596-602
other specified delirium, 602
unspecified delirium, 602
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
816
major and mild neurocognitive disorders, 591,
602-611, 611-643
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 608
comorbidity with, 610-611
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 609
development and course of, 608-609
diagnostic criteria for, 602-606
diagnostic features of, 607-608
diagnostic markers for, 609-610
differential diagnosis of, 610
functional consequences of, 610
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 609
prevalence of, 608
risk and prognostic factors for, 609
specifiers for, 606-607
subtypes of, 591, 603-604, 606, 611-643
major or mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, 591, 603, 614-618
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to Alzheimer's disease, 591,603,
611-614
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to another medical condition,
591, 604, 641-642
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to HIV infection, 591, 604, 632
634
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to Huntington's disease, 591,
604, 638-641
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
with Lewy bodies, 591, 603, 618-621
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to multiple etiologies, 591, 604,
642-643
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to Parkinson's disease, 591,604,
636-638
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to prion disease, 591, 604, 634
636
major or mild neurocognitive disorder
due to traumatic brain injury, 591,
603, 624-627, 626
major or mild substance/medicationinduced neurocognitive disorder,
591, 603,627-632
unspecified neurocognitive disorder,
591, 604,643
vascular neurocognitive disorder, 591,
603, 621-624
neurocognitive domains, 592, 593-595
Neurodevelopmental disorders, 11,13, 31-86
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 11,
32, 59-66
autism spectrum disorders, 31-32, 50-59
communication disorders, 31, 41^9
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
809-810
intellectual disabilities, 31, 33-41
motor disorders, 32, 74-85
other specified neurodevelopmental disorder,
86
specific learning disorder, 32, 66-74
specifiers for, 32-33
tic disorders, 32, 81-85
unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder, 86
Neurodevelopmental motor disorders, 32, 74-85
developmental coordination disorder, 74-77
stereotypic movement disorder, 77-80
tic disorders, 81-85
Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, 709
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 22, 709-711
development and course of, 710
diagnostic features of, 710
differential diagnosis of, 711
risk and prognostic factors for, 711
Night eating syndrome, 354
Nightmare disorder, 361,404-407
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 405
comorbidity with, 407
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 406
development and course of, 405
diagnostic criteria for, 404
diagnostic features of, 404-405
diagnostic markers for, 406
differential diagnosis of, 406-407
functional consequences of, 406
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 406
prevalence of, 405
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 407
risk and prognostic factors for, 405
Nonadherence to medical treatment, 22, 726-727
Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal
disorders, 361,399-404
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
400-401
comorbidity with, 403
development and course of, 401
diagnostic criteria for, 399
diagnostic features of, 400
diagnostic markers for, 402
differential diagnosis of, 402^03
functional consequences of, 402
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 401
prevalence of, 401
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 404
risk and prognostic factors for, 401
Nonsuicidal self-injury, 803-805
development and course of, 804
diagnostic features of, 804
differential diagnosis of, 805-806
functional consequences of, 805
proposed criteria for, 803
risk and prognostic factors for, 804
Obesity, 22
feeding and eating disorders and, 329, 344,
348,351-353
sleep-wake disorders and, 413
hypersomnia, 372, 373, 375,376, 377
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea,
379-380, 382
sleep-related hypoventilation, 387-388,389
Obsessional jealousy, 264
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 235-236,
237-242
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
238-239
comorbidity with, 243
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 240
development and course of, 239
diagnostic criteria for, 237
diagnostic features of, 238
differential diagnosis of, 242-243
functional consequences of, 241-242
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 239,240
prevalence of, 239
risk and prognostic factors for, 239-240
specifiers for, 236,238
suicide risk in, 240
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 645,
646,678-682
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
680^81
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 681
diagnostic criteria for, 678-679
diagnostic features of, 679-680
differential diagnosis of, 681-682
features and criteria in alternative DSM-5
model for personality disorders, 764,
768-769
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 681
prevalence of, 681
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to
another medical condition, 235, 236,260-263
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
262
development and course of, 262
diagnostic criteria for, 260-261
diagnostic features of, 261-262
diagnostic markers for, 262
differential diagnosis of, 262-263
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders,
235-264
body dysmorphic disorder, 235,236, 242-247
excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, 235,236,
254-257
highlights of changes from DSM-FV to DSM-5,
811-812
hoarding disorder, 235, 236,247-251
obsessions and compulsions in, 235-236,239
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 235-236,
237-242
obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
due to another medical condition,
235.236, 260-263
other specified obsessive-compulsive and
related disorder, 235,236, 263-264
substance / medication-induced obsessivecompulsive and related disorder, 235,
236,257-260 '
trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), 235,
236, 251-254
unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder, 235,236
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, 378-383
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
379
comorbidity with, 383
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 381
development and course of, 379-380
diagnostic criteria for, 378
diagnostic features of, 379
diagnostic markers for, 381
differential diagnosis of, 381-383
functional consequences of, 381
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 381
prevalence of, 379
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 383
risk and prognostic factors for, 380-381
specifiers for, 378-379
Occupational problems, 723
OCD. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Olfactory reference syndrome, 246,264,837
Online enhancements, 17
Opioid intoxication, 546-547
diagnostic criteria for, 546-547
diagnostic features of, 547
differential diagnosis of, 547
specifiers for, 547
Opioid-related disorders, 481,540-550
diagnoses associated with, 482
opioid intoxication, 546-547
opioid use disorder, 541-546
opioid withdrawal, 484, 547-549
other opioid-induced disorders, 549
unspecified opioid-related disorder, 550
Opioid use disorder, 541-546
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 543
comorbidity with, 546
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 544
development and course of, 543
diagnostic criteria for, 541-542
diagnostic features of, 542
diagnostic markers for, 544
differential diagnosis of, 545-546
functional consequences of, 544-545
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 544
prevalence of, 543
risk and prognostic factors for, 543-544
specifiers for, 542
suicide risk in, 544
Opioid withdrawal, 484, 547-549
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 549
development and course of, 549
diagnostic criteria for, 547-548
diagnostic features of, 548
differential diagnosis of, 549
prevalence of, 549
Oppositional defiant disorder, 32,461,462-466
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
464
comorbidity with, 466
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 465
development and course of, 464
diagnostic criteria for, 462-463
diagnostic features of, 463
differential diagnosis of, 465
functional consequences of, 465
prevalence of, 464
risk and prognostic factors for, 464
specifiers for, 463
Other circumstances of personal history, 726
Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical
attention, 20, 22, 29, 715-727
abuse and neglect, 717-722
adult maltreatment and neglect problems,
720-722
child maltreatment and neglect problems,
717-719
educational and occupational problems, 723
housing and economic problems, 723-724
nonadherence to medical treatment, 726-727
other circumstances of personal history, 726
other health service encounters for counseling
and medical advice, 725
other problems related to the social
environment, 724-725
problems related to access to medical and
other health care, 726
problems related to crime or interaction with
the legal system, 725
problems related to other psychosocial,
personal, and environmental
circumstances, 725
relational problems, 715-717
other problems related to primary support
group, 716-717
problems related to family upbringing,
715-716
Other hallucinogen intoxication, 529-530
diagnostic criteria for, 529
diagnostic features of, 529
differential diagnosis of, 530
functional consequences of, 530
prevalence of, 530
suicide risk in, 530
Other hallucinogen use disorder, 523-527
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
525
comorbidity with, 527
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 526
development and course of, 525-526
diagnostic criteria for, 523-524
diagnostic features of, 524-525
diagnostic markers for, 526
differential diagnosis of, 527
functional consequences of, 527
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 526
prevalence of, 525
risk and prognostic factors for, 526
specifiers for, 524
Other health service encounters for counseling
and medical advice, 725
Other mental disorders, 707-708
other specified mental disorder, 15-16,19,
708
other specified mental disorder due to another
medical condition, 707
unspecified mental disorder, 15-16,19-20, 708
unspecified mental disorder due to another
medical condition, 708
Other problems related to primary support group,
716-717
Other problems related to social environment,
724-725
Other psychosocial, personal, and environmental
circumstances, problems related to, 725
Other specified mental disorder, 15-16,19, 708
due to another medical condition, 707
Other (or unknown) substance intoxication,
581-582
comorbidity with, 582
development and course of, 581-582
diagnostic criteria for, 581
diagnostic features of, 581
differential diagnosis of, 582
functional consequences of, 582
prevalence of, 581
Other (or unknown) substance-related disorders,
577-585
diagnoses associated with, 482
other (or unknown) substance-induced
disorders, 584-585
other (or unknown) substance intoxication,
581-582
other (or unknown) substance use disorder,
577-580
other (or unknown) substance withdrawal,
583-584
unspecified other (or unknown) substancerelated disorder, 585
Other (or unknown) substance use disorder,
577-580
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 579
comorbidity with, 580
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 580
development and course of, 580
diagnostic criteria for, 577-578
diagnostic features of, 579
diagnostic markers for, 580
differential diagnosis of, 580
prevalence of, 579
risk and prognostic factors for, 580
specifiers for, 578
Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal,
583-584
comorbidity with, 584
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 583
development and course of, 583
diagnostic criteria for, 583
diagnostic features of, 583
differential diagnosis of, 584
functional consequences of, 584
prevalence of, 583
Panic attacks, 189,190,208-209, 214-217
associated features with, 215
comorbidity with, 217
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 216
development and course of, 215-216
diagnostic markers for, 216
differential diagnosis of, 217
expected vs. unexpected, 215
features of, 214-215
functional consequences of, 217
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 216
nocturnal, 209, 215
in older adults, 210-211, 215-216
prevalence of, 215
risk and prognostic factors for, 216
specifier for, 214-217
suicide risk and, 215
symptoms of, 214
Panic disorder, 190, 208-214
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 210
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 211-212
development and course of, 210-211
diagnostic criteria for, 208-209
diagnostic features of, 209
diagnostic markers for, 212
differential diagnosis of, 212-213
functional consequences of, 212
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 210.212
prevalence of, 210
risk and prognostic factors for, 211
suicide risk in, 212
Paranoid personality disorder, 645,646,649-652
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
650-651 ^
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 651
development and course of, 651
diagnostic criteria for, 649
diagnostic features of, 649-650
differential diagnosis of, 652
prevalence of, 651
risk and prognostic factors for, 651
Paraphilic disorders, 685-705
exhibitionistic disorder, 685, 689-691
fetishistic disorder, 685, 700-702
frotteuristic disorder, 685,691-694
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
816
other specified paraphilic disorder, 705
pedophilic disorder, 685,697-700
sexual masochism disorder, 685,694-695
sexual sadism disorder, 685,695-697
tansvestic disorder, 685, 702-704
unspecified paraphilic disorder, 705
voyeuristic disorder, 685,686-688
Parasomnias, 361,399^10
nightmare disorder, 361,404^07
non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal
disorders, 361,399-404
rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,
361,407-410
Parkinsonism
neuroleptic-induced, 709
other medication-induced, 709
Parkinson's disease
anxiety disorders and, 203,205,207,218,221
depressive disorders and, 181,182
major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to,
591,604,636-638
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 637
comorbidity with, 638
development and course of, 637
diagnostic criteria for, 636-637
diagnostic features of, 637
diagnostic markers for, 637-638
differential diagnosis of, 638
prevalence of, 637
risk and prognostic factors for, 637
sleep-wake disorders and, 372,383,395,413,
421
REM sleep behavior disorder, 361, 408,410
Pedophilic disorder, 685, 697-700
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 698
comorbidity with, 700
development and course of, 699
diagnostic criteria for, 697-698
diagnostic features of, 698
diagnostic markers for, 699
differential diagnosis of, 700
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 699
prevalence of, 698
risk and prognostic factors for, 699
Persistent complex bereavement disorder, 289,
789-792
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
791
comorbidity with, 792
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 791
development and course of, 791
diagnostic features of, 790-791
differential diagnosis of, 792
functional consequences of, 792
prevalence of, 791
proposed criteria for, 789-790
risk and prognostic factors for, 791
suicide risk in, 791
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), 155,
168-171
comorbidity with, 171
development and course of, 170
diagnostic criteria for, 168-169
diagnostic features of, 169-170
differential diagnosis of, 170-171
functional consequences of, 170
prevalence of, 170
risk and prognostic factors for, 170
Personality change due to another medical
condition, 645,682-684
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
683
diagnostic criteria for, 682
diagnostic features of, 683
differential diagnosis of, 683-684
subtypes of, 683
Personality disorders, 645-684
Cluster A, 646,649-659
paranoid personality disorder, 645,646,
649-652
schizoid personality disorder, 645,646,
652-655
schizotypal personality disorder, 87,89,90,
645,646, 655-659
Cluster B, 646, 659-672
antisocial personality disorder, 461,476,
645, 646, 659-663
borderline personality disorder, 645, 646,
663-666
histrionic personality disorder, 645,646,
667-669
narcissistic personality disorder, 645,646,
669-672
Personality disorders (continued)
Cluster C, 646, 672-682
avoidant personality disorder, 645, 646,
672-675
dependent personality disorder, 645, 646,
675-678
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder,
645, 646, 678-682
general personality disorder, 646-649
criteria for, 646-647
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 648
development and course of, 647-648
diagnostic features of, 647
differential diagnosis of, 648-649
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 648
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
816
other specified personality disorder, 645-646,
684
personality change due to another medical
condition, 645, 682-684
unspecified personality disorder, 645-646, 684
Personality disorders: alternative DSM-5 model,
761-781
diagnosis of, 771
general criteria for personality disorder,
761-763
Criterion A: level of personality
functioning, 762, 762
Criterion B: pathological personality traits,
762-763
Criteria C and D: pervasiveness and
stability, 763
Criteria E, F, and G: alternative
explanations for personality
pathology, 763
level of personality functioning, 762, 762,
771-772
Level of Personality Functioning Scale for
rating of, 772, 775-778
self- and interpersonal functioning
dimensional definition, 772
personality traits, 772-774
assessment of Personality Trait Model, 774
clinical utility of multidimensional
personality functioning and trait
model, 774
definition and description of, 772-773
definitions of personality disorder trait
domains and facets, 779-781
dimensionality of, 772-773
distinguishing traits, symptoms, and
specific behaviors, 773-774
hierarchical structure of personality, 773
Personality Trait Model, 773
scoring algorithms for, 771
specific personality disorders, 763-771
antisocial personality disorder, 763, 764-765
avoidant personality disorder, 763, 765-766
borderline personality disorder, 763, 766
767
narcissistic personality disorder, 763,
767-768
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder,
764, 768-769
personality disorder—trait specified, 761,
770-771
schizotypal personality disorder, 764,
769-770
Phencyclidine intoxication, 527-529
diagnostic criteria for, 527-528
diagnostic features of, 528
diagnostic markers for, 528
differential diagnosis of, 528-529
functional consequences of, 528
prevalence of, 528
Phencyclidine-related disorders, 481
diagnoses associated v^ith, 482
other phencyclidine-induced disorders, 532
phencyclidine intoxication, 527-529
phencyclidine use disorder, 520-523
unspecified phencyclidine-related disorder, 533
Phencyclidine use disorder, 520-523
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 522
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 522
diagnostic criteria for, 520-521
diagnostic features of, 521-522
diagnostic markers for, 522
differential diagnosis of, 523
functional consequences of, 522
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 522
prevalence of, 522
risk and prognostic factors for, 522
specifiers for, 521
Phobic disorders
agoraphobia, 190, 217-221
social anxiety disorder (social phobia), 190,
202-208
specific phobia, 189-190,197-202
Physical abuse
child, 717-718
nonspouse or nonpartner, 722
spouse or partner, 720
Pica, 329-331
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
330
comorbidity with, 331
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 331
development and course of, 330
diagnostic criteria for, 329-330
diagnostic features of, 330
diagnostic markers for, 331
differential diagnosis' of, 331
functional consequences of, 331
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 331
prevalence of, 330
risk and prognostic factors for, 330
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 265,271-280
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
276
comorbidity with, 280
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 278
development and course of, 276-277
diagnostic criteria for, 271-274
diagnostic features of, 274-276
differential diagnosis of, 279-280
functional consequences of, 278-279
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 278
prevalence of, 276
risk and prognostic factors for, 277-278
suicide risk in, 278
Postural tremor, medication-induced, 712
Premature (early) ejaculation, 423,443-446
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
444
comorbidity with, 446
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 445
development and course of, 444-445
diagnostic criteria for, 443-444
diagnostic features of, 444
diagnostic markers for, 445
differential diagnosis of, 445-446
functional consequences of, 445
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 445
prevalence of, 444
risk and prognostic factors for, 445
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 155,171-175
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 173
comorbidity with, 175
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 173
development and course of, 173
diagnostic criteria for, 171-172
diagnostic features of, 172-173
diagnostic markers for, 173-174
differential diagnosis of, 174-175
functional consequences of, 174
prevalence of, 173
recording procedures for, 172
risk and prognostic factors for, 173
Principal diagnosis, 22-23
Prion disease, major or mild neurocognitive
disorder due to, 591, 604, 634-636
development and course of, 635
diagnostic criteria for, 634-635
diagnostic features of, 635
diagnostic markers for, 636
differential diagnosis of, 636
prevalence of, 635
risk and prognostic factors for, 636
Problems related to access to medical and other
health care, 726
Problems related to crime or interaction with the
legal system, 725
Problems related to family upbringing, 715-716
Problems related to other psychosocial, personal,
and environmental circumstances, 725
Provisional diagnosis, 23
Pseudocyesis, 310,327
Psychological abuse
child, 719
nonspouse or nonpartner, 722
spouse or partner abuse, 721-722
Psychological factors affecting other medical
conditions, 309,310,322-324
comorbidity with, 324
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 323
development and course of, 323
diagnostic criteria for, 322
diagnostic features of, 322-323
differential diagnosis of, 323-324
functional consequences of, 323
prevalence of, 323
Psychotic disorder due to another medical
condition, 89,115-118
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 116
comorbidity with, 118
development and course of, 117
diagnostic criteria for, 115-116
diagnostic features of, 116
diagnostic markers for, 117
differential diagnosis of, 118
functional consequences of, 118
prevalence of, 116-117
risk and prognostic factors for, 117
specifiers for, 116
suicide risk in, 118
Psychotic disorders. See Schizophrenia spectrum
and other psychotic disorders
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder
Purging disorder, 353
Pyromania, 461,476-A77
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
476^77
comorbidity with, 477
development and course of, 477
diagnostic criteria for, 476
diagnostic features of, 476
differential diagnosis of, 477
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 477
prevalence of, 477
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior
disorder, 361,407-410
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 408
comorbidity with, 410
development and course of, 408-409
diagnostic criteria for, 407-408
diagnostic features of, 408
diagnostic markers for, 409
differential diagnosis of, 409-410
functional consequences of, 409
prevalence of, 408
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 410
risk and prognostic factors for, 409
Reactive attachment disorder, 265-268
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 266
comorbidity with, 268
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 267
development and course of, 266
diagnostic criteria for, 265-266
diagnostic features of, 266
differential diagnosis of, 267-268
functional consequences of, 267
prevalence of, 266
risk and prognostic factors for, 267
Recurrent brief depression, 183
Relational problems, 22, 715-717
other problems related to primary support
group, 716-717
problems related to family upbringing, 715-716
REM sleep behavior disorder. See Rapid eye
movement sleep behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 361,410-413
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
411
comorbidity with, 413
development and course of, 411-412
diagnostic criteria for, 410
diagnostic features of, 411
diagnostic markers for, 412
differential diagnosis of, 413
functional consequences of, 412-413
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 412
prevalence of, 411
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 413
risk and prognostic factors for, 412
Rett syndrome, 33, 38, 51, 53, 56, 57, 79, 80
RLS. See Restless legs syndrome
Rumination disorder, 329, 332-333
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
332-333
comorbidity with, 333
development and course of, 333
diagnostic criteria for, 332
diagnostic features of, 332
differential diagnosis of, 333
functional consequences of, 333
prevalence of, 333
risk and prognostic factors for, 333
Schizoaffective disorder, 89-90,105-110
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 107
comorbidity with, 110
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 108-109
development and course of, 108
diagnostic criteria for, 105-106
diagnostic features of, 106-107
differential diagnosis of, 109-110
functional consequences of, 109
prevalence of, 107-108
risk and prognostic factors for, 108
suicide risk in, 109
Schizoid personality disorder, 645, 646, 652-655
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
653-654
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 654
development and course of, 654
diagnostic criteria for, 652-653
diagnostic features of, 653
differential diagnosis of, 654-655
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 654
prevalence of, 654
risk and prognostic factors for, 654
Schizophrenia, 87, 99-105
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
101-102
with catatonia, 88,100
comorbidity with, 105
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 103
development and course of, 102-103
diagnostic features of, 87-88,100-101
differential diagnosis of, 104-105
functional consequences of, 104
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 103-104
prevalence of, 102
risk and prognostic factors for, 103
suicide risk in, 104
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic
disorders, 87-122
brief psychotic disorder, 89,94-96
catatonia, 88, 89,119-121
clinician-rated assessment of symptoms and
related clinical phenomena in, 89-90
delusional disorder, 89,90-93
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
810
key features of, 87-88
delusions, 87
disorganized thinking (speech), 88
grossly disorganized or abnormal motor
behavior (including catatonia), 88
hallucinations, 87-88
negative symptoms, 88
other specified schizophrenia spectrum and
other psychotic disorder, 122
psychotic disorder due to another medical
condition, 89,115-118
schizoaffective disorder, 89-90,105-110
schizophrenia, 87,99-105
schizophreniform disorder, 89, 96-99
schizotypal (personality) disorder, 87, 89, 90
substance / medication-induced psychotic
disorder, 89,110-115
unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other
psychotic disorder, 122
Schizophreniform disorder, 89, 96-99
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 98
development and course of, 98
diagnostic criteria for, 96-97
diagnostic features of, 97-98
differential diagnosis of, 98-99
functional consequences of, 98
prevalence of, 98
provisional diagnosis of, 97
risk and prognostic factors for, 98
Schizotypal personality disorder, 87,89,90, 645,
646,655-659
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
657
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 657
development and course of, 657
diagnostic criteria for, 655-656
diagnostic features of, 656-657
differential diagnosis of, 658-659
features and criteria in alternative DSM-5
model for personality disorders, 764,
769-770
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 658
prevalence of, 657
risk and prognostic factors for, 657
Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication,
556-557
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 557
diagnostic criteria for, 556
diagnostic features of, 556-557
differential diagnosis of, 557
prevalence of, 557
Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related
disorders, 481, 550-560
diagnoses associated with, 482
other sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolyticinduced disorders, 560
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication,
556-557
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder,
550-556
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal,
484, 557-560
unspecified sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolyticrelated disorder, 560
Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder,
550-556
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
553
comorbidity with, 555-556
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 554
development and course of, 553-554
diagnostic criteria for, 550-552
diagnostic features of, 552-553
diagnostic markers for, 554-555
differential diagnosis of, 555
functional consequences of, 555
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 554
prevalence of, 553
risk and prognostic factors for, 554
specifiers for, 552
Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal, 484,
557-560
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 559
diagnostic criteria for, 557-558
diagnostic features of, 558
diagnostic markers for, 559
differential diagnosis of, 559-560
prevalence of, 559
Selective mutism, 189,195-197
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
195-196
comorbidity with, 197
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 196
development and course of, 196
diagnostic criteria for, 195
diagnostic features of, 195
differential diagnosis of, 197
functional consequences of, 196-197
prevalence of, 196
risk and prognostic factors for, 196
Separation anxiety disorder, 189,190-195
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 192
comorbidity with, 195
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 193
development and course of, 192-193
diagnostic criteria for, 190-191
diagnostic features of, 191-192
differential diagnosis of, 194-195
functional consequences of, 193-194
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 193
prevalence of, 192
risk and prognostic factors for, 193
suicide risk in, 193
Severity measures, 733,742
Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis
Symptom Severity, 742-744
frequency of use of, 742
scoring and inteφretation of, 742
Sexual abuse
child, 718
nonspouse or nonpartner, 722
spouse or partner, 720
Sexual dysfunctions, 423-450
delayed ejaculation, 423,424-426
erectile disorder, 423,426-429
female orgasmic disorder, 423,429-432
female sexual interest/arousal disorder, 423,
433-437
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, 423,
437-440
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
814
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 423,
440-443
other specified sexual dysfunction, 423,450
premature (early) ejaculation, 423,443-446
substance/ medication-induced sexual
dysfunction, 423,446-450
subtypes of, 423
unspecified sexual dysfunction, 423,450
Sexual masochism disorder, 685, 694-695
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 694
comorbidity with, 695
development and course of, 695
diagnostic criteria for, 694
diagnostic features of, 694
differential diagnosis of, 695
functional consequences of, 695
prevalence of, 694
Sexual sadism disorder, 685,695-697
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 696
comorbidity with, 697
development and course of, 697
diagnostic criteria for, 695
diagnostic features of, 696
differential diagnosis of, 697
prevalence of, 696
Shenjing shuairuo, 835-836
Shubo-kyofu, 264
Skin picking. See Excoriation (skin-picking)
disorder
Sleep-related hypoventilation, 387-390
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
387-388
comorbidity with, 389-390
development and course of, 388
diagnostic criteria for, 387
diagnostic features, 387
diagnostic markers for, 389
differential diagnosis of, 389
functional consequences of, 389
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 389
prevalence of, 388
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 390
risk and prognostic factors for, 388
subtypes of, 387
Sleep terrors, 399-403. See also Non-rapid eye
movement sleep arousal disorders
Sleep-wake disorders, 361^22
breathing-related sleep disorders, 361,378-390
central sleep apnea, 383-386
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, 378-383
sleep-related hypoventilation, 387-390
circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, 361,
390-398
advanced sleep phase type, 393-394
delayed sleep phase type, 391-392
irregular sleep-wake type, 394-396
non-24-hour sleep-wake type, 396-397
shift work type, 397-398
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
814
hypersomnolence disorder, 361,368-372
other specified, 421
unspecified, 421
insomnia disorder, 361,362-368
other specified, 420
unspecified, 420-421
narcolepsy, 361,372-378
other specified sleep-wake disorder, 421
parasomnias, 399-410
nightmare disorder, 361,404-407
non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal
disorders, 361,399-404
rapid eye movement sleep behavior
disorder, 361,407-410
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 361-362 (See also specific
sleep-wake disorders)
restless legs syndrome, 361,410-413
substance/medication-induced sleep disorder,
413-420
unspecified sleep-wake disorder, 422
Sleepwalking, 399-403. See also Non-rapid eye
movement sleep arousal disorders
Smoking. See Tobacco-related disorders
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia), 190,
202-208
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
204
comorbidity with, 208
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 205-206
development and course of, 205
diagnostic criteria for, 202-203
diagnostic features oi, 203-204
differential diagnosis of, 206-207
functional consequences of, 206
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 204, 206
prevalence of, 204
risk and prognostic factors for, 205
specifiers for, 203
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder, 31,
47-49
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 48
development and course of, 48
diagnostic criteria for, 47-48
diagnostic features of, 48
differential diagnosis of, 49
risk and prognostic factors for, 48
Somatic symptom disorder, 309,310,311-315
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
312
comorbidity with, 314-315
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 313
development and course of, 312-313
diagnostic criteria for, 311
diagnostic features of, 311-312
differential diagnosis of, 314
prevalence of, 312
risk and prognostic factors for, 313
Somatic symptoms and related disorders, 309-327
conversion disorder (functional neurological
symptom disorder), 309,310,318-321
factitious disorder, 309, 310, 324-326
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
812-813
illness anxiety disorder, 309,310,315-318
other specified somatic symptom and related
disorder, 309,310,327
psychological factors affecting other medical
conditions, 309, 310, 322-324
somatic symptom disorder, 309, 310, 311-315
unspecified somatic symptom and related
disorder, 309,310,327
Specific learning disorder, 32, 66-74
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 70
comorbidity with, 72, 74
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 72-73
development and course of, 70-72
diagnostic criteria for, 66-68
diagnostic features of, 68-70
differential diagnosis of, 73-74
functional consequences of, 73
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 73
prevalence of, 70
recording procedures for, 68
risk and prognostic factors for, 72
Specific phobia, 189-190,197-202
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 199
comorbidity with, 202
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 201
development and course of, 199-200
diagnostic criteria for, 197-198
diagnostic features of, 198-199
differential diagnosis of, 201-202
functional consequences of, 201
prevalence of, 199
risk and prognostic factors for, 200
specifiers for, 198
suicide risk in, 201
Specifiers, 21-22
Specifiers for bipolar and related disorders,
149-154
Specifiers for depressive disorders, 184^188
Speech sound disorder, 31,44r-45
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 44
development and course of, 44-45
diagnostic criteria for, 44
diagnostic features of, 44
differential diagnosis of, 45
Spouse or partner abuse, psychological, 721-722
Spouse or partner neglect, 721
Spouse or partner violence
physical, 720
sexual, 720
Stereotypic movement disorder, 32, 77-80
comorbidity with, 80
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 79
development and course of, 79
diagnostic criteria for, 77-78
diagnostic features of, 78-79
differential diagnosis of, 79-80
prevalence of, 79
recording procedures for, 78
risk and prognostic factors for, 79
specifiers for, 78
Stimulant intoxication, 567-569
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 568
diagnostic criteria for, 567-568
diagnostic features of, 568
differential diagnosis of, 568-569
Stimulant-related disorders, 481, 561-570
diagnoses associated with, 482
other stimulant-induced disorders, 570
stimulant intoxication, 567-569
stimulant use disorder, 561-567
stimulant withdrawal, 484, 569-570
unspecified stimulant-related disorder, 570
Stimulant use disorder, 561-567
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
563-564
comorbidity with, 566-567
Stimulant use disorder (continued)
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 565
development and course of, 564-565
diagnostic criteria for, 561-562
diagnostic features of, 563
diagnostic markers for, 565-566
differential diagnosis of, 566
functional consequences of, 566
prevalence of, 564
risk and prognostic factors for, 565
specifiers for, 563
Stimulant withdrawal, 484, 569-570
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 570
diagnostic criteria for, 569
differential diagnosis of, 570
Stroke, 46, 73,117
bipolar disorder and, 146,147
depressive disorders and, 164,167,181-182
Stuttering. See Childhood-onset fluency disorder
(stuttering)
Substance-induced disorders, 481,485^90. See
also specific substances of abuse
alcohol-related, 497-503
caffeine-related, 503-508
cannabis-related, 516-519
hallucinogen-related, 527-533
inhalant-related, 538-540
opioid-related, 546-549
other (or unknown) substance-related, 581-585
sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related,
556-560
substance intoxication and withdrawal, 481,
485-487 {See also Intoxication;
Withdrawal from substance)
associated with use of multiple substances,
486
development and course of, 487
duration of effects and, 486
laboratory findings associated with,
486-487
recording procedures for, 487
related to route of administration and
speed of substance effects, 486
substance/medication-induced mental
disorders, 481,487-490
development and course of, 489
features of, 488-489
functional consequences of, 490
recording procedures for, 490
tobacco-related, 575-576
Substance intoxication delirium, 596-597, 598
Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder,
190,226-230
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
228-229
diagnostic criteria for, 226-227
diagnostic features of, 228
diagnostic markers for, 229
differential diagnosis of, 229-230
prevalence of, 229
recording procedures for, 227-228
Substance/medication-induced bipolar and
related disorder, 123,142-145
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 144
comorbidity with, 146
development and course of, 144-145
diagnostic criteria for, 142-143
diagnostic features of, 144
diagnostic markers for, 145
differential diagnosis of, 145
prevalence of, 144
recording procedures for, 143-144
Substance/ medication-induced depressive
disorder, 155,175-180
comorbidity with, 180
development and course of, 178
diagnostic criteria for, 175-176
diagnostic features of, 177-178
diagnostic markers for, 179
differential diagnosis of, 179-180
prevalence of, 178
recording procedures for, 176-177
risk and prognostic factors for, 178-179
suicide risk in, 179
Substance / medication-induced neurocognitive
disorder, 591, 603, 627-632
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 630
comorbidity with, 632
development and course of, 631
diagnostic criteria for, 627-629
diagnostic features of, 629-630
diagnostic markers for, 631
differential diagnosis of, 631
functional consequences of, 631
prevalence of, 630
recording procedures for, 629
risk and prognostic factors for, 631
Substance / medication-induced obsessivecompulsive and related disorder, 235, 236,
257-260
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 259
diagnostic criteria for, 257-258
diagnostic features of, 259
differential diagnosis of, 259-260
prevalence of, 259
recording procedures for, 258-259
Substance / medication-induced psychotic
disorder, 89,110-115
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 113
development and course of, 114
diagnostic criteria for, 110-111
diagnostic features o(, 112-113
diagnostic markers for, 114
differential diagnosis of, 114-115
functional consequences of, 114
prevalence of, 113
recording procedures for, 112
Substance / medication-induced sexual
dysfunction, 423,446-450
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
448-449
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 449
development and course of, 449
diagnostic criteria for, 446-447
diagnostic features of, 448
differential diagnosis of, 450
functional consequences of, 450
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 449
prevalence of, 449
recording procedures for, 447-448
Substance/medication-induced sleep disorder,
413-420
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
416-418
comorbidity with, 420
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 418
development and course of, 418
diagnostic criteria for, 413-415
diagnostic features of, 416
diagnostic markers for, 419
differential diagnosis of, 419^20
functional consequences of, 419
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 418
recording procedures for, 415^16
relationship to International Classification of
Sleep Disorders, 420
risk and prognostic factors for, 418
Substance-related and addictive disorders,
481-589
gambling disorder, 481, 585-589
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
815
substance-related disorders, 481-585 {See also
specific substances of abuse)
alcohol-related disorders, 490-503
caffeine-related disorders, 503-509
cannabis-related disorders, 509-519
diagnoses associated with substance class,
482
drug classes in, 481
hallucinogen-related disorders, 520-533
inhalant-related disorders, 533-540
opioid-related disorders, 540-550
other (or unknown) substance-related
disorders, 577-585
sedative-, hypnotic- or anxiolytic-related
disorders, 550-560
stimulant-related disorders, 561-570
substance-induced disorders, 481,485-490
substance use disorders, 481, 483-485,
490-585
tobacco-related disorders, 571-577
Substance use disorders, 481,483-485
alcohol use disorder, 490-497
caffeine use disorder, 792-795
cannabis use disorder, 509-516
features of, 483^84
inhalant use disorder, 533-538
opioid use disorder, 541-546
other hallucinogen use disorder, 523-527
other (or unknown) substance use disorder,
577-580
phencyclidine use disorder, 520-523
recording procedures for, 485
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder,
550-556
severity and specifiers for, 484
stimulant use disorder, 561-567
tobacco use disorder, 571-574
tolerance and withdrawal in, 484
Substance withdrawal delirium, 597, 598-599
Suicidal behavior disorder, 801-803
comorbidity with, 803
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 802
development and course of, 802
diagnostic features of, 801-802
diagnostic markers for, 802
functional consequences of, 802
proposed criteria for, 801
specifiers for, 801
Suicide risk
anorexia nervosa and, 343
bipolar I disorder and, 131
bipolar II disorder and, 138
body dysmorphic disorder and, 245
bulimia nervosa and, 349
depressive disorder due to another medical
condition and, 182
depressive episodes with short-duration
hypomania and, 788
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and,
158
dissociative amnesia and, 300
dissociative identity disorder and, 295
major depressive disorder and, 164,167
neurobehavioral disorder associated with
prenatal alcohol exposure and, 800
obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 240
opioid use disorder and, 544
other hallucinogen intoxication and, 530
Suicide risk (continued)
panic attacks and, 215
panic disorder and, 212
persistent complex bereavement disorder and,
791
posttraumatic stress disorder and, 278
psychotic disorder due to another medical
condition and, 118
schizoaffective disorder and, 109
schizophrenia and, 104
separation anxiety disorder and, 193
specific phobia and, 201
substance / medication-induced depressive
disorder and, 180
Susto, 836-837
Taijin kyofiisho, 205, 837
Tardive akathisia, 712
Tardive dyskinesia, 22, 712
Tardive dystonia, 712
Technical terms, glossary of, 817-831
Tic disorders, 32, 81-85
comorbidity with, 83, 85
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 83
development and course of, 83
diagnostic criteria for, 81
diagnostic features of, 81-82
differential diagnosis of, 84
functional consequences of, 84
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 83, 84
other specified tic disorder, 85
prevalence of, 83
risk and prognostic factors for, 83
specifiers for, 81
unspecified tic disorder, 85
Tobacco-related disorders, 481, 571-577
diagnoses associated with, 482
other tobacco-induced disorders, 576
tobacco use disorder, 571-574
tobacco withdrawal, 484, 575-576
unspecified tobacco-related disorder, 577
Tobacco use disorder, 571-574
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 573
comorbidity with, 574
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 574
development and course of, 573
diagnostic criteria for, 571-572
diagnostic features of, 572-573
diagnostic markers for, 574
functional consequences of, 574
prevalence of, 573
risk and prognostic factors for, 573-574
specifiers for, 572
Tobacco withdrawal, 484,575-576
associated features supporting diagnosis of, 575
development and course of, 576
diagnostic criteria for, 575
diagnostic features of, 575
diagnostic markers for, 576
differential diagnosis of, 576
functional consequences of, 576
prevalence of, 576
risk and prognostic factors for, 576
Tolerance to substance effects, 484
Tourette's disorder, 32. See also Tic disorders
diagnostic criteria for, 81
diagnostic features of, 81-82
functional consequences of, 84
prevalence of, 83
risk and prognostic factors for, 83
Transvestic disorder, 685, 702-704
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
703
comorbidity with, 704
development and course bf, 703-704
diagnostic criteria for, 702
diagnostic features of, 703
differential diagnosis of, 704
functional consequences of, 704
prevalence of, 703
specifiers for, 703
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, 265-290
acute stress disorder, 265, 280-286
adjustment disorders, 265, 286-289
disinhibited social engagement disorder, 265,
268-270
highlights of changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5,
812
other specified trauma- and stressor-related
disorder, 289
posttraumatic stress disorder, 265, 271-280
reactive attachment disorder, 265-268
unspecified trauma- and stressor-related
disorder, 290
Traumatic brain injury
bipolar disorder and, 146
depressive disorders and, 181
dissociative amnesia and, 298,299, 301
hoarding disorder and, 247, 250
major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to,
591, 603, 624-627, 626
associated features supporting diagnosis
of, 625
comorbidity with, 627
development and course of, 625-626
diagnostic criteria for, 624
diagnostic features of, 625
diagnostic markers for, 627
differential diagnosis of, 627
functional consequences of, 627
prevalence of, 625
risk and prognostic factors for, 626-627
specifiers for, 62^
neurodevelopmental disorders and, 38,39,44,
73
psychotic disorders and, 99,117
severity ratings for, 625, 626
trauma- and stressor-related disorders and,
280, 281, 284, 286
Tremor, medication-induced, 712
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), 235, 236,
251-254
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
252
comorbidity with, 254
culture-related diagnostic issues in, 253
development and course of, 253
diagnostic criteria for, 251
diagnostic features of, 251-252
diagnostic markers for, 253
differential diagnosis of, 253-254
functional consequences of, 253
prevalence of, 252
risk and prognostic factors for, 253
Trùnggiô, 211,212
Unspecified mental disorder, 15-16,19-20, 708
due to another medical condition, 708
Vascular neurocognitive disorder, major or mild,
591, 603, 621-624
associated features supporting diagnosis of,
622
comorbidity with, 624
development and course of, 623
diagnostic criteria for, 621
diagnostic features of, 621-622
diagnostic markers for, 623
differential diagnosis of, 623-624
functional consequences of, 623
prevalence of, 622-623
risk and prognostic factors for, 623
Voyeuristic disorder, 685,686-688
comorbidity with, 688
development and course of, 688
diagnostic criteria for, 686-687
diagnostic features of, 687
differential diagnosis of, 688
gender-related diagnostic issues in, 688
prevalence of, 687-688
risk and prognostic factors for, 688
specifiers for, 687
Withdrawal from substance, 481,485-487
alcohol, 499-501
caffeine, 506-508
cannabis, 517-519
delirium due to, 598
development and course of, 487
duration of effects and, 486
laboratory findings associated with, 486-487
multiple substances, 486
opioids, 484,547-549
other (or unknown) substance, 583-584
recording procedures for, 487
related to route of administration and speed of
substance effects, 486
sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic, 484, 557-560
stimulant, 484,569-570
tobacco, 484,575-576
World Health Organization (WHO), 6,23
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 21
revision process for ICD-11,6,10,11-12
use of ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes, 12,16,
22, 23,29
International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF), 21, 734
World Health Organization Disability Assessment
Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS), 16,21, 734,
745-748
additional scoring and inteφretation guidance
for DSM-5 users, 745-746
frequency of use of, 746
scoring instructions provided by WHO for, 745
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