Index 195

benzene, 87

beriberi, 64, 70

beverages, 47

bias, 129, 130

bicarbonate, 126, 143

bile, 63, 73, 156

binding, viii, xi, 11, 13, 21, 23, 24, 25, 36, 86, 88,

89, 90, 94, 97, 100, 103, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115,

116, 118, 124, 128, 172, 181

biochemistry, 25, 40

biodegradable, 172

biodegradation, 84, 87, 96

biological systems, 86

biomass, 92

biomedical applications, 161, 173, 174

Biopolymers, 170

bioremediation, xi, 82

biosynthesis, 41, 83, 100, 117

biotin, x, 51, 54, 58, 60, 134

bipolar disorder, 26

birth(s), 40, 43, 50, 55, 177, 186

birth weight, 40, 50, 177, 186

bladder, 128

bleeding, 32, 33

blindness, 27

blood, ix, xiii, 2, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 39, 43,

45, 47, 52, 56, 78, 134, 140, 143, 154, 156, 157,

162, 164, 165, 166, 172, 175, 176, 180, 182, 184

blood flow, 33, 154

blood pressure, 31, 33

blood stream, 33

blood supply, 154

blood vessels, 23, 164, 165, 180

body fat, 177

body fluid, 26

body weight, 27

bonding, 100

bonds, 23, 100, 102, 111

bone growth, 177

bone marrow, xiii, 175, 176, 181

bowel, x, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 70, 71, 72, 74

brain, 26, 28, 29, 33, 36, 43, 55, 140, 142, 143, 152,

155, 177, 179, 187

brain tumor, 55

branching, 86

breakdown, ix, 22, 27, 29, 124

breakfast, 52

Breast, 42

breast cancer, ix, 39, 46, 47, 53, 54

breathing, 25

broadband, 183, 190

buccal mucosa, 182

Budd-Chiari syndrome, 67

buffer, 104, 106, 110, 114

building blocks, 82, 83

butyl ether, xi, 81, 84, 85, 95, 96, 97

C

calcium, 60, 188

California, 55

campaigns, 43

Canada, 21, 48, 130, 137

cancer, v, viii, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 40, 43, 46,

47, 49, 50, 53, 67, 68, 70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 124,

128, 132, 137, 155, 166

cancer cells, viii, 6, 14, 15, 17

candidates, 70

capillary, 75

carbon, xii, 41, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97,

105, 111, 112, 131, 139, 140, 141, 143

carbon atoms, 41, 84, 87, 97, 105

carbonic acids, x, 81, 84, 87

carbonyl groups, x, 81

carboxylic acids, 173

carcinogenesis, x, 46, 47, 53, 58, 67, 68, 77, 78

carcinogenicity, 84

carcinoma, viii, 6, 14, 15, 16, 78

cardiac output, 33

cardiomyopathy, 24

cardiovascular disease, vii, ix, xii, xiii, 22, 27, 35,

40, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 56, 76, 121, 122, 129, 130,

132, 133, 136, 137, 150, 151, 176, 179, 186, 188

cardiovascular morbidity, 130, 132

cardiovascular risk, 45

cardiovascular system, 33

carrier, 64, 161, 183, 184

catabolism, 92

catalysis, xi, 82, 99, 106, 107, 108, 113

catalyst, 108, 112

catalysts, 108, 109, 112, 113

catalytic activity, 13, 101, 117

catatonic, 25

catecholamines, 22, 31, 37, 142

causal relationship, 59, 178

causality, 136

CBS, 65

CD8+, 78

CE, 75, 79

196 Index

cell, v, vii, viii, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

29, 41, 51, 63, 65, 71, 74, 75, 78, 80, 93, 94, 101,

109, 155, 161, 181, 182

cell culture, 15

cell cycle, 7

cell death, 29

cell growth, vii, 7, 15, 16, 161

cell line, 14, 15, 18, 19

cell metabolism, vii

Central America, 23

central nervous system, ix, xiii, 29, 39, 175, 176

cerebrospinal fluid, 145, 147

cerebrovascular damage, 140

cerebrovascular disease, 67, 143, 146

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 47

cervix, viii, 6, 14, 15, 16, 47, 53, 67

chelates, 154, 157, 163, 170, 173

chemical properties, 109

chemical reactions, 129

chemical structures, 7

chemoprevention, 71

chemotherapy, 49, 56, 166

Chicago, 122

childhood, 177

children, xiii, 29, 32, 44, 48, 55, 58, 61, 62, 70, 73,

77, 132, 175, 176, 177, 186, 187

China, 49, 55, 153, 169, 170

Chinese, 169, 170, 171

chloride, 162, 163, 165

cholangiography, 169

cholesterol, ix, xiii, 22, 32, 33, 35, 82, 176, 186

chorea, 178, 187

chromatograms, 16

chromatography, 15, 16

chromosome, 17, 123

chronic diseases, 40

chronic renal failure, xii, 121, 132, 133, 136, 137

cigarette smoking, 29

circulation, 33, 64

classes, 7, 32

claudication, 33

cleavage, 97, 112, 114, 115

clinical presentation, 178

clinical symptoms, 60

clinical syndrome, 64, 70

clinical trials, 29, 40, 50, 132, 182, 183

cloning, 101

closure, 43, 115

clotting factors, 65

CO2, 14, 92, 167

coagulation, 75, 129

coagulation factor, 129

coagulation factors, 129

cobalamin, v, xi, xiii, 2, 3, 4, 65, 74, 81, 82, 87, 88,

91, 93, 94, 97, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151,

175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187,

188, 190

cobalt, xiii, 89, 175, 176

cocaine, 30

coding, 96

coenzyme, viii, ix, xi, xii, 6, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 36,

94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 107, 113, 117,

139, 140, 179

cognition, 3, 140, 144, 148, 151

cognitive dysfunction, 24

cognitive function, 4, 149, 150, 151, 152

cognitive impairment, 144, 145, 148, 149, 179

cognitive performance, 4, 149

cohort, 44, 79, 132, 187

colectomy, 74

colitis, 60, 62, 67, 68, 70, 78, 79

colon, x, 6, 16, 17, 18, 46, 47, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62,

70, 78, 137

colon cancer, 6, 18, 46, 47, 53, 54, 70, 78, 137

colonoscopy, 79

colorectal cancer, 18, 50, 53, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,

77, 78, 79, 80, 132

coma, 25

combination therapy, 179

communication, v, 1, 3

community, 144, 145

competition, 94

complications, ix, x, 24, 39, 40, 48, 57, 58, 59, 61,

64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, 177, 186,

190

components, 49, 59, 65, 71, 155

compounds, v, viii, xi, xii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13,

14, 15, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,

100, 150, 153, 154

concentration, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 61, 64, 73, 93, 126,

129, 134, 135, 143, 144, 145, 155, 156, 158, 161,

167, 177, 179, 191

conception, ix, 39

condensation, 122

confidence, 2

configuration, 83

conflict, 22

confusion, 140, 144

congress, 2

Congress, 170

Index 197

conjugation, 40, 100, 163

Connecticut, 37

consciousness, 144

consensus, 40, 188

conservation, 65, 119

consumption, ix, xiii, 21, 47, 50, 59, 176, 186, 191

contaminant, 84

contamination, 85

contrast agent, xiii, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159,

160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171,

172, 173, 174

control, x, 11, 14, 16, 35, 40, 46, 53, 61, 76, 78, 79,

91, 93, 100, 117, 131, 145, 159, 161, 166, 168,

177

control group, 131

controlled studies, 22, 68, 130

controlled trials, 46, 50, 53, 131, 188

conversion, viii, xi, xii, 6, 10, 15, 44, 81, 82, 83, 84,

86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 101, 102, 107, 114,

115, 139, 140, 179

conviction, xii, 139, 146

copolymers, 173

coronary artery disease, 45, 51, 65, 76

coronary heart disease, 45, 52, 143

correlation, 61, 63, 66, 73, 93, 125, 157, 182

correlations, 4

cortical neurons, 146

corticosteroids, 60

costs, 3

coupling, 91, 92, 93

creatine, 124

creatinine, 124, 125, 126

Crohn’s disease, x, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67,

70, 72, 74, 75, 79

cross-sectional study, 47, 76

crude oil, 98

crystal structure, 102, 108

crystalline, 33

CSF, 150

culture, 14, 18, 91, 167

curing, 23

CVD, 44

cyanocobalamin, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 91, 146, 179, 184,

185

cyclooxygenase, 25

Cyclosporin, 125

cyclosporine, 125

cyst, 104

cystalysin, xi, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,

107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,

117, 118, 119

cystathionine, 44, 65, 104, 117, 122, 123, 124, 126,

132

cysteine residues, 96

cystine, 104, 143, 172

cystitis, 128

cytokines, 65, 75

cytotoxicity, 6, 19, 159, 162, 166

D

danger, 2

data analysis, 73, 130

database, 90

DD, 29

death, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 44, 80, 137

death rate, 33

decay, 107

decisions, 184

defects, ix, xiii, 24, 39, 40, 43, 50, 51, 55, 68, 71, 77,

130, 175, 176, 181

deficiency, vii, ix, x, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 22, 24,

26, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49,

50, 52, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,

71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 98, 122, 131, 137, 139,

140, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 175, 176,

177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187,

188, 189, 191

deficit, 91, 149

definition, 176

degradation, v, xi, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92,

93, 94, 95, 96, 98

degradation pathway, v, 81, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93

degradation rate, 92

dehydration, 84

delirium, 144

delivery, 101, 166, 174

delusions, 144

demand, ix, 22

dementia, ix, 4, 22, 26, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 50, 140,

144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 178

demographic change, 183

demyelinating disease, 178

demyelination, 147, 178, 179, 187

dendrimers, 157, 163, 165, 173, 174

denitrifying, 87, 97, 98

density, 129

deoxyribonucleic acid, 19, 41

198 Index

depression, vii, 26, 27, 28, 40, 43, 46, 53, 140, 144,

145, 150, 179

derivatives, xii, 30, 32, 153, 154, 156, 173

dermatitis, 26

dermatology, 182

destruction, 181

detection, xiii, 105, 107, 147, 154, 159, 175, 176

detection techniques, 147

developed countries, 59

deviation, 177

DG, 52, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 148, 149, 169, 187

diabetes, 29, 185

diabetic patients, 124, 133

dialysis, xii, 121, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133,

134, 135

diarrhea, 26, 27

diet, viii, 18, 21, 23, 26, 41, 52, 58, 64, 70, 72, 73,

127, 130, 146, 177

dietary habits, 58

dietary intake, 6, 42, 43, 45, 47, 59, 62, 63, 181

differential diagnosis, 178

differentiation, 180, 183

diffusion, 33, 185

digestion, 59

dihydropteridine reductase, viii, 21, 24

dimer, 102

disability, 27

discomfort, 61, 184

disease activity, 66, 72, 73

disease progression, 101, 146

disorder, 26, 29, 82, 179, 180

displacement, xi, 100, 115, 121, 122, 128

dissociation, 107

distribution, 95, 166, 169, 171

division, vii

DNA, v, viii, xii, xiii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17,

19, 41, 46, 68, 69, 71, 78, 129, 132, 137, 139,

142, 143, 152, 167, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181

DNA damage, 68, 69, 152, 179

DNA polymerase, v, viii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19

DNA repair, 7, 68, 71

DNA strand breaks, 68, 69

doctors, 34

donations, 17

dopachrome, ix, 22, 30, 31

dopamine, ix, 22, 30, 31, 32

dopaminergic, 145

dosage, 23, 47, 50, 163, 184, 185

dose-response relationship, 179

double-blind trial, 80

Down syndrome, 132

drinking water, 84

Drosophila, 190

drug carriers, 166

drug delivery, xiii, 153, 154, 166, 168, 173, 174

drug delivery systems, 166, 174

drug design, 169

drug release, 166, 173

drug use, 49

drugs, 7, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 40, 41, 43, 48,

60, 66, 124, 125, 128, 133, 144, 161, 166, 167,

168, 169, 174

DSM, 83

duration, 66, 68, 146, 155, 159, 163, 164, 178, 179,

182

dysplasia, 68, 70, 77, 78, 79

dystonia, 178, 187

E

E. coli, viii, 6, 9, 10

E.coli, 115

eating, ix, xiii, 21, 29, 42, 176, 186

eating disorders, 29

education, 2

EEG, 33

egg, 32

elderly, ix, 3, 4, 22, 32, 34, 35, 42, 48, 52, 73, 140,

144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 183, 187,

188, 190, 191

elderly population, 52, 140, 148, 151

electron, 100, 182

embolism, 33

embolus, 33

employment, 84, 87, 94

enantiomers, xi, 99, 109, 112

encephalopathy, 36

encoding, 94, 98

endothelial cells, 17

endothelial dysfunction, 66

endothelium, xii, 44, 67, 75, 140, 143, 146

endotoxemia, 171

end-stage renal disease, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129,

131, 132, 133, 135, 136

energy, 27, 41, 58, 91, 92, 93, 111, 116, 177

England, 130

enthusiasm, 33

environment, 85, 93, 95, 100, 112

environmental factors, 59

Environmental Protection Agency, 95

Index 199

enzymatic activity, 23, 171

enzyme, viii, x, xi, xii, 6, 7, 9, 11, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29,

41, 44, 65, 69, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 94, 95, 97, 99,

100, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114,

115, 117, 118, 123, 139, 143, 184

enzymes, viii, ix, x, xi, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 17, 21, 22, 23,

24, 36, 44, 46, 65, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 88, 90, 92,

93, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 112,

115, 117, 119, 124, 127

EPA, 84, 95

epidemic, 26

epidemiologic studies, 145

epidemiology, 129, 136

epigenetics, 78, 137

episodic memory, 150

epithelium, 17

EPR, 170

equilibrium, 103

equipment, 93

ERA, 183

erythema nodosum, 182, 189

erythrocytes, 101, 118, 180

Escherichia coli, 97, 98

esophagus, 67

ester(s), 86, 95, 97, 103, 161, 171

estradiol, 133

Estrogen, 125

ethanol, 27, 29, 36

ethylene, 157, 173

ethylene glycol, 157, 173

etiology, 63, 72, 185

Europe, 97, 184, 189

evidence, ix, xiii, 17, 29, 30, 32, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46,

47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 59, 64, 67, 68, 76, 77, 83, 84,

85, 98, 115, 136, 140, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,

175, 176, 178, 179, 185

evolution, xi, 82, 85, 91, 93, 94, 95, 119

excitotoxicity, 147, 152, 179

excretion, 3, 43, 124, 155, 166

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, 179,

187

exploitation, 95

exposure, 129, 177

extraction, 133

F

failure, xii, 3, 31, 121, 124, 131, 177, 178, 181

failure to thrive, 177

family, 28, 47, 54, 102, 112, 117

family history, 47, 54

family life, 28

fat, 59, 60

fatigue, 28

fatty acids, 19, 82, 95, 98

FDA, 154, 184

FDA approval, 154

fears, 48

feces, 26

federal government, 27

feet, 182

females, 29

fermentation, 94

fertility, 123, 182

fertilization, 49

fetal alcohol syndrome, 29

fibroblasts, 98

filtration, 124

first generation, 154

fish, viii, 5, 7

fistulas, 60, 70

flexibility, 91, 94

fluorescence, 102

folate, ix, x, xii, 3, 4, 18, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61,

63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76,

77, 78, 80, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132,

134, 137, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,

149, 150, 151, 180, 183, 184, 190

folic acid, ix, x, 23, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,

47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 68, 73, 78,

79, 80, 122, 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 133, 134,

136, 137, 145, 146, 148, 150, 180, 181, 187, 188,

189

food, ix, x, xiii, 21, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 62, 70, 130,

132, 148, 176, 178, 181, 185, 191

food products, 40, 176

Ford, 117

fractures, ix, 39, 183, 190

fragility, 183

fragmentation, 167

Framingham study, 151

France, 155, 170

frontal lobe, 144

fruits, 50

fuel, xi, 81, 84, 85, 94, 95, 97

200 Index

G

gadolinium, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162, 163, 165, 169,

170, 171, 172

gangrene, 67

gasoline, 96, 97

gastric mucosa, 181

gastrin, 3, 4

gastritis, 3, 180

gastrointestinal tract, x, 57, 58, 67, 181

gel, 14

gender, 42, 45, 123

gene, viii, 17, 19, 21, 23, 35, 43, 46, 68, 69, 76, 94,

98, 101, 123, 187

gene expression, 17, 19, 68, 69

generalization, 23

generation, xiii, 92, 141, 176, 186

genes, 17, 59, 69, 96

genetic defect, 43, 44, 65

genetic disease, 23, 24, 36

genetic disorders, viii, 21, 24, 44

genetic factors, 50, 59

genetic mutations, 24, 123

genetics, 43, 78

genome, 100

genome sequencing, 100

genotype, x, 40, 45, 46, 47

Germany, 81, 155, 156, 169

gestation, 55

gingival, 101

glass, 95

glomerulonephritis, 33

glucagon, 123

glucocorticoids, 123

glucose, 24, 127

glutamate, 143

glutamic acid, 40, 172

glutamine, 55

glutathione, 37, 77, 116, 119

glutathione peroxidase, 37

glycerol, 157

glycine, 98, 105, 106, 143

glycogen, 19

glycol, 173

goals, 182

gold, 33, 130

government, 43

grains, 42

Greece, 57

ground water, 96

groundwater, 84, 85

group work, 2

groups, vii, x, xiii, 1, 43, 48, 58, 61, 70, 87, 89, 129,

130, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165,

169, 171, 186, 187

growth, viii, 6, 14, 15, 18, 19, 58, 83, 91, 92, 93, 97,

98, 101, 116, 119, 159, 166, 167, 177

growth factor, 6

growth rate, 91, 92, 93

guidelines, 4, 132, 176, 188

gut, 59, 62, 77

H

hallucinations, 144

hands, 182

harm, 7, 45, 130, 132

harmony, 7

harvesting, 42

Hawaii, 147, 170

Hcy, ix, 39, 44, 45, 46, 179, 183

HD, 78, 128

HDL, 33

HE, 73

health, vii, ix, x, xiii, 2, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 35, 39,

40, 43, 49, 51, 52, 95, 148, 150, 176, 177, 183,

186, 191

health care, 2

health effects, 95, 186

health problems, vii, xiii, 24, 49, 176, 177, 186

Heart, 37, 44, 137, 188

heart disease, 23, 44, 45, 187

heart failure, 29, 31, 37

heat, 42

helicobacter pylori, 181

Helicobacter pylori, 188

hematology, 74

hemodialysis, xii, 122, 126, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134,

135, 136, 137

hemoglobin, 2, 101

hemolytic anemia, 24

hemostasis, 75

hepatobiliary system, 156, 171

hepatocytes, xiii, 153, 154, 156

hepatoma, 18, 19

hepatotoxicity, 55

heroin, 30

herpes simplex, 6

heterotrophic, 92

hexane, 98

Index 201

HHS, 46, 53

higher education, 186

high-performance liquid chromatography, 97

hip, 50, 183, 190

hip fractures, 190

Hippocrates, 132

histology, 63

HIV, viii, 6, 9, 10

homeostasis, xiii, 175, 176

homocysteine, ix, xi, xii, 2, 3, 4, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45,

49, 51, 52, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80,

121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,

131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142,

143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,

179, 183, 184, 186, 188

Honda, 190

Hong Kong, 27, 36

hormone, 28, 124, 125, 177

hospitalization, 136

hospitals, 24, 25, 26, 32, 154

House, 134, 135

human umbilical vein endothelial cell, viii, 6, 13

Hungary, 74

HUVEC, viii, 6, 13, 14, 17

hydrocarbons, 84, 96

hydrogen, 89, 90, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111,

112, 118, 154

hydrogen abstraction, 106, 107, 112

hydrogen bonds, 102

hydrogenation, 157

hydrolysis, 41, 112, 143, 166

hydrophobic, 112

hydroxyl, 7, 90, 103, 184

hypercholesterolemia, 32

hyperhomocysteinemia, xii, 45, 50, 53, 56, 64, 65,

66, 67, 71, 72, 76, 77, 121, 122, 124, 126, 131,

133, 134, 135, 136, 145, 146, 179

hyperpharylalaninemia, viii, 21

hyperplastic polyps, 54

hypersensitivity, 40, 48, 49, 152

hypertension, 23, 29

hyperthyroidism, 124

hypoglycemia, 24

hypohomocysteinemia, xii, 121

hypomethylation, 69, 129

hypotension, 183

hypothesis, xiii, 26, 30, 31, 33, 84, 100, 112, 113,

124, 129, 131, 175, 176

hypothyroidism, xi, 121, 124, 133, 140

hypotonia, 177

hypoxia, 33

I

iatrogenic, x, 57, 59

IBD, x, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70,

71, 72

ICM, x, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94

identification, 106

IFN, 179, 187

ileostomy, 63, 73, 74

ileum, 62, 64, 73, 181

images, 155, 157, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165

imaging, 154, 156, 157, 162, 163, 165, 169, 170,

171, 172, 174

imbalances, ix, 22, 31, 91

immigrants, 43

immunity, 182

immunomodulatory, xiii, 175, 176, 178

immunosuppressive agent, x, 57

implementation, 144

in situ, 84

in vitro, 6, 13, 17, 18, 19, 55, 68, 132, 161, 166, 172,

173, 184

in vivo, viii, 6, 7, 10, 15, 19, 155, 166, 169, 174,

179, 184

incidence, 23, 37, 43, 44, 54, 59, 65, 68, 74, 78, 79,

145, 146, 151, 183

inclusion, 130

India, 147, 185, 187, 190

indicators, 183

infants, 55, 177

infarction, 34, 75

infertility, 23, 189

inflammation, xii, 34, 60, 63, 67, 73, 121, 130, 136,

137, 183, 190

inflammatory bowel disease, x, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61,

64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79

inflammatory response, 183, 190

ingestion, 181

inhibition, viii, xii, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,

17, 18, 63, 139, 143, 146

inhibitor, viii, 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 19, 115, 129, 143, 181

inhibitory effect, viii, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17

initial state, 89

injections, 2, 31, 34, 164, 182, 184

injury, 59, 67

inmates, 26, 27

insects, viii, 6, 7

insight, 112, 119

202 Index

instability, 80

instruments, 144

insulin, 123

integrity, 68

intelligence, 3, 190

intensity, 102, 155, 159, 162

interaction, 11, 46, 48, 50, 59, 105, 106, 107, 109,

113, 118, 172, 173

interactions, 40, 43, 48, 69, 100, 102, 113, 170

interferon, 190

interpretation, 30, 51

intervention, ix, 4, 22, 45, 47, 49, 130, 137, 144, 146

intestine, 166, 185

intima, 32, 67, 77

intramuscular injection, 71, 184

intravenously, 30, 33

iodine, 16

ionization, 103, 107

ions, 117, 162

IR, 149, 188

Ireland, 39

iron, 2, 74, 101, 180, 188

irritability, 177

ischaemic heart disease, 52, 67

ischemic stroke, 80, 137, 179, 183

ischemic stroke risk, 179

isobutyryl-CoA, x, 81, 82, 83, 89, 90, 96, 97, 98

isolation, 97

isomerization, 83, 87, 96

isotope, 133

Israel, 175, 185

Italy, 99, 121, 129, 139, 155

J

Japan, 5, 14, 15, 17, 18, 184

job performance, 28

Jordan, 191

K

keratinocytes, 182

kidney, xii, 43, 121, 136, 155, 166, 174

kidneys, 42, 166

kinase, 125

kinetic constants, 93

kinetic parameters, 107, 110, 113, 115

kinetic studies, 2, 118

kinetics, 2, 80

L

labeling, 83, 88

labour, 95

lactation, 42, 177

language, 144

leakage, 127

learning, 34

Leigh disease, 24

lens, xi, 121, 122

leptin, 177, 187

lesions, 46, 145, 182

leukemia, 67

leukopenia, 180

life expectancy, 23

life style, xiii, 176, 186

lifestyle, 59

ligand, 107, 115, 156, 158

ligands, 113, 154, 156, 157, 161, 162, 165

likelihood, 43, 145

linkage, 100, 102

links, 24

lipids, 134

literature, ix, 22, 23, 25, 30, 35, 70, 140, 188

liver, xiii, 17, 19, 27, 35, 41, 42, 64, 132, 153, 154,

155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166,

168, 169, 171, 184

liver cancer, 169

liver cells, 159, 166

liver disease, 184

liver enzymes, 35

longevity, 33

longitudinal study, 27

LSD, 30, 31, 35

lung, 6, 16, 18, 166

lung cancer, 16, 18

lupus, 49

lycopene, 137

lymphoma, 184

lysine, 100, 107, 108, 118

M

macrocytosis, 180

macromolecules, xiii, 153, 154, 166

macronutrients, 59

macular degeneration, 23

magnetic field, 154

Index 203

magnetic resonance, xiii, 153, 154, 169, 170, 171,

172, 173

magnetic resonance imaging, xiii, 153, 154, 169,

170, 171, 172, 173

maize, ix, 21, 22, 26, 35

malabsorption, x, 2, 3, 4, 42, 57, 60, 62, 63, 66, 73,

144, 181, 185, 188, 189

male infertility, 189

malignant cells, 169

malignant melanoma, 18

malnutrition, x, xii, 27, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66, 71,

121, 129, 136

mammalian cells, 7

mammography, 54

management, x, 57, 58, 59, 63, 70, 71, 72, 189

manganese, 171

mania, 179

manic, 144

marrow, 189

Maryland, 36

masking, 48, 181

maturation, 2

meals, 26

measurement, 74, 172, 184

meat, xiii, 26, 176, 185, 191

media, 67, 77, 159, 186

median, 178

medication, 28, 34

medicine, 2, 22, 23, 132, 150, 151, 154, 185

Medline, 53, 78

megaloblastica, ix, 39

melamine, 174

melanin, 182

melanoma, 18

membranes, 127, 181

memory, 28, 34, 144, 145, 149, 150

memory performance, 150

men, 18, 33, 45, 47, 48, 53, 54, 147, 151, 183

menopause, 123

mental disorder, 27, 40, 45, 50, 151

mental health, 150

mental illness, 25, 28, 29

meta-analysis, 50, 52, 53, 68, 77, 79, 129, 130, 136,

188

metabolism, vii, xii, 2, 4, 6, 27, 44, 46, 49, 51, 62,

63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84,

85, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 116, 119, 122, 124,

125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 143,

150, 161, 177, 181, 183, 184, 188

metabolites, 30, 37, 91, 92, 93, 100

metabolizing, 77

metal ions, 154

metastasis, 16

metformin, 181, 188

methane, 98

methanol, 15, 16

methionine, xii, 41, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 65, 67, 69, 70,

105, 106, 107, 122, 124, 126, 130, 131, 133, 137,

139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 179

methionine synthetase, xii, 139, 143

Methotrexate, 49, 56, 61, 124, 125

methyl group, 41, 65, 123, 131, 140, 143

methyl tertiary, 95

methylation, xii, 41, 53, 68, 69, 78, 131, 136, 137,

139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 150

methylene, 41, 43, 44, 76, 123

methylmalonyl-CoA, x, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 96, 97,

98, 179

Mexico, 185

mice, 6, 16, 17, 18, 36, 78, 145, 157, 162, 166, 179

Microbial, 95, 96

microcirculation, 65

microenvironment, 59

micrograms, 2, 30, 42, 43, 46, 184

micronutrients, 59, 69, 71, 137

microorganism(s), 84, 85, 91, 92, 95

microscope, 14

middle class, 186

migraine, 183, 190

milk, 26

Millennium, 170

milligrams, 26, 30, 34, 185

minerals, 28, 62

Ministry of Education, 18

Minnesota, 33

Mississippi, 26

mitochondria, 82

mitotic, 25

MMA, 177, 184

mobility, 17

modeling, 112

models, 180

modern society, 186

moieties, 86, 90, 96, 171

molasses, 26

mole, 163, 166

molecular weight, xiii, 127, 153, 154, 156, 173

molecules, xiii, 102, 113, 122, 129, 153, 154, 155,

156, 168, 171

monograph, 34

204 Index

monomer, 102, 157

mood, 28, 150, 178

mood disorder, 28

morbidity, xi, 49, 67, 121, 129, 137

mortality, xi, 18, 37, 44, 49, 51, 67, 121, 124, 129,

130, 132, 136, 137, 151, 179, 183

mortality rate, 124, 129, 183

mortality risk, 137

mothers, 43, 177, 186

motivation, 145

motives, xiii, 176, 186

motor function, 179

mouse model, 78, 179

movement, 3, 4

MRI, xiii, 80, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159,

160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,

173, 174, 177, 178

mRNA, 19

mucosa, 67, 71, 77, 80, 182

mucous membrane, xiii, 175, 176

mucous membranes, xiii, 175, 176

multidimensional, 70

multiple myeloma, 184

multiple sclerosis, ix, 22, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 178,

187, 188

muscle weakness, 178

muscles, 33

mutagenesis, 69, 103, 107, 108, 112, 118, 119

mutant, 107, 112, 118

mutases, v, x, xi, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94

mutation(s), viii, 21, 23, 24, 49, 65, 68, 69, 76, 93,

107, 113, 115, 119

Mycobacterium, 87, 95, 97

myelin, 178

myeloproliferative disorders, 184

myocardial infarction, 80, 137, 188

myocardial ischemia, 172

myocardium, 33

myoclonus, 178

N

Na+

, 117

NAD, 29

National Research Council, 34

natural food, 50

natural gas, 88

nausea, 26, 60

necrosis, 75, 183

neocortex, 45, 52, 145, 151

neoplasia, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 78

Nepal, 55

nephritis, 33

nerve, 33, 48, 178

nerve cells, 33

nerve fibers, 178

nervous system, vii, xii, 48, 139, 140, 147, 150, 187

Netherlands, 191

network, 2

neuroblastoma, 67

neurodegeneration, 29, 36, 145, 179

neurodegenerative disorders, 146, 150

neurological disease, 147

neurological disorder, 30

neurons, 30, 34, 143, 152

neuropathy, 24, 79, 147, 176

neuropsychiatry, 52, 150

neuropsychological assessment, 149

neurotoxic effect, 140, 146

neurotoxicity, 143

neurotoxins, ix, 22

neurotransmitters, 142

neutrophils, 180

New England, 131

New York, 36, 52, 56, 150, 151

New Zealand, 50

next generation, 170

niacin, viii, ix, x, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,

30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 51, 54, 58, 60, 61,

62, 134

niacin deficiency, viii, ix, 21, 22, 26, 29, 35

niacinamide, 22, 25, 29, 31, 34, 37

nicotinamide, 23, 26, 28, 29, 33, 37

nicotine, ix, 22, 29, 36

nicotinic acid, 22, 27, 28, 33, 36, 37, 58, 70

nitric oxide, 18, 128, 183, 184, 190

nitric oxide synthase, 18, 128

nitrification, 95

nitrilase, 85

nitrilase activity, 85

nitrogen, 60, 109, 111

NMDA receptors, 143

NMR, 154, 158, 170, 172

Nobel Prize, 122, 154

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 182

normal development, xiii, 175, 176

North America, 24, 56

North Carolina, 97

Northern Ireland, 132

nuclear magnetic resonance, 154, 170

Index 205

nucleic acid, xii, 139, 141, 143, 146

nucleic acid synthesis, xii, 139, 141, 143, 146

nucleotides, 13

nutrients, ix, 18, 22, 23, 29, 32, 51, 53, 58, 60, 62,

66, 70, 78, 177

nutrition, 37, 42, 50, 101, 116

nutritional deficiencies, 59, 60, 62

nuts, 42

O

obesity, 181

observations, 17, 34, 47, 146, 178

obstruction, 44

occlusion, 67

oil, 36

old age, 34, 146, 149, 151

older people, 4

oligozoospermia, 189

organ, 31, 33, 154, 155, 157, 166

organic compounds, 94

organization, 89, 91, 94

orientation, 89, 100, 112

orthostatic hypotension, 178

osmolality, 155, 156

osteoarthritis, 34, 37

osteoporosis, xi, 40, 43, 50, 121, 122, 183, 190

outpatients, 147

ovarian cancer, 47, 54

overweight, 186

oxaloacetate decarboxylase, 119

oxidation, 25, 27, 30, 31, 41, 83, 84, 87, 98, 101, 143

oxidation products, 30

oxidative stress, ix, xii, 22, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 139,

143, 179

oxygen, 33, 42, 94, 109, 111

P

Pacific, 27

pain, 60, 61, 182

pancreas, 67, 156

pancreatic cancer, 47, 54

pantothenic acid, x, 51, 54, 58, 60, 134

paradigm shift, 23

parameter, 140, 147

parenchyma, 155

paresthesias, 178, 182

Paris, 151

parkinsonism, 30, 31, 178, 187

Parkinson's disease, ix, 22, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 124,

133, 145, 150

pathogenesis, x, 37, 57, 58, 59, 65, 72, 74, 78, 132,

182

pathogens, 101

pathology, xiii, 132, 140, 146, 175, 176, 178, 186

pathophysiology, 154

pathways, xi, xii, 65, 66, 77, 81, 84, 85, 86, 91, 92,

100, 125, 139, 140, 146

PCR, 26

pediatric patients, 67

pellagra, ix, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 36, 64,

70

performance, 145

perfusion, 172

periodontal, 23, 101

periodontal disease, 23, 101

periodontitis, 101

peripheral nervous system, x, 40

peripheral neuropathy, 145, 178

peripheral vascular disease, 143

permeability, 155

pernicious anemia, 2, 3, 4, 180, 185, 188

personal, 2, 131

personal communication, 2

pH, 62, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 114, 163

pharmaceuticals, 154

pharmacology, iv

phenol, 89, 102

phenotype, 74

phenylalanine, 113

phenylketonuria, viii, 21, 24

phenytoin, 43, 48

phosphate, viii, xi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19, 24,

99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 114,

117, 118, 119, 156, 169

phospholipids, 141, 142

phosphorus, 109, 111

phosphorylation, 16, 92

photophobia, 70

physical exercise, 186

physical health, 154

Physicians, 36

physiology, 154

pilot study, 37, 149, 190

placebo, 4, 34, 68, 80, 128, 130, 146, 182

plants, viii, 6, 7, 85

plasma, xi, 4, 41, 43, 44, 45, 52, 62, 66, 67, 73, 75,

79, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,

206 Index

129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 143, 144, 145,

146, 150, 151, 161, 179, 185

plasma levels, 62, 66, 73

plasma membrane, 117

plasticity, 150

platelet aggregation, 44

PLP, viii, xi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,

17, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110, 111,

112, 114, 115, 116, 117

PM, viii, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 51, 52, 53, 75,

76, 79, 147, 148, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160,

161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 186, 188,

190

PMMA, 135

poison, 25

pollutants, xi, 81, 91

poly(methyl methacrylate), 95

polycondensation, 157

polydispersity, 163

polyesters, 157, 158

polyether, 83, 95

polyethylene, 173

polymer, 161, 163, 166, 172, 173

polymerase, viii, 6, 9, 10, 19

polymerization, 157

polymers, 166, 167, 174

polymorphism(s), xi, 23, 24, 35, 36, 46, 69, 76, 79,

121

polypeptide, 88, 102

pools, 93

poor, 3, 26, 27, 31, 35, 43, 58, 59, 107, 112, 136

population, xi, xiii, 28, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65,

68, 71, 72, 79, 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, 145, 149,

150, 151, 175, 180, 183, 185, 188, 191

pork, 26

portal vein, 67

positive correlation, 124

positive relation, 124, 145

positive relationship, 124, 145

postmenopausal women, ix, 39, 47, 54, 133

potassium, 104, 106, 110, 114

poverty, xiii, 176, 186

power, xi, 99, 100, 127

predictors, 76, 133

pregnancy, ix, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 53, 55, 177, 184

pressure, 33, 127, 135

prevention, 4, 22, 23, 26, 40, 43, 50, 51, 52, 56, 67,

68, 80, 130, 133, 136, 137, 146, 180, 181, 183,

184

primary biliary cirrhosis, 49

prisoners, 27, 35

prisons, 26

probability, 180

probands, 2

probe, 112

probiotic, 62

problem solving, 144

prodrugs, 86

production, 15, 41, 49, 83, 84, 86, 92, 93, 95, 96,

101, 113, 115, 116, 128, 181

prognosis, 31

program, 77, 130

prokaryotic pols, viii, 6, 10

proliferation, viii, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 68,

69, 180, 181, 183

promote, 29, 46, 53

propane, 97, 103

prophylactic, 72, 183

prophylaxis, vii, 1, 71, 183, 190

prostaglandin, viii, 21, 25, 36

prostaglandins, 25

protective role, 72

protein, viii, xi, xii, 11, 18, 21, 26, 58, 60, 65, 75, 93,

99, 101, 102, 108, 113, 118, 122, 124, 126, 128,

129, 135, 141, 143, 161

protein binding, 126

protein function, 129

protein synthesis, 141

proteins, 64, 100, 115, 117, 127, 129, 133, 141, 181,

183

proteinuria, 181, 189

prothrombin, 65

protocol, 31

protocols, 124

proton pump inhibitors, 181, 189

protons, 154

psoriasis, 49, 124

psychiatric disorders, 46

psychiatric illness, 179

psychiatric patients, 32

psychoses, 178

psychosis, 187

psychotic states, 144

psychotic symptoms, 179

public health, 48, 51, 53, 54, 130

pulmonary circulation, 67

pulmonary embolism, 67, 77, 80

pulse, 56, 127, 135

PUMA, 36

purines, 41, 141

Index 207

pyridoxal, viii, xii, 5, 6, 7, 9, 18, 19, 31, 100, 101,

117, 118, 119, 125, 153, 154, 156

pyridoxamine, viii, xii, 5, 6, 7, 9, 153, 154, 157, 159,

162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 170

pyridoxine, viii, x, xiii, 5, 6, 7, 9, 31, 58, 60, 146,

153, 154, 156, 168

pyrimidine, 13, 17, 68

pyrophosphate, 117

Q

quartile, 145

R

racemization, xi, 99, 100, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,

115, 119

randomized controlled clinical trials, 131

range, ix, 17, 22, 23, 29, 30, 35, 46, 102, 130, 161,

184

rare earth elements, 84

Raynaud's disease, 33

reactants, 73

reaction center, 90

reaction mechanism, 89, 108, 110

reaction rate, 29

reality, 27, 30, 180

receptor sites, ix, 22, 29

receptors, viii, xii, 21, 22, 25, 129, 140, 143, 146,

147, 181

recombination, 7

reconstruction, 181

recovery, 33, 36, 149, 182

rectum, 53, 78

recurrence, 182

red blood cell(s), vii, 64, 68, 101

red meat, xiii, 176, 186

reduction, 40, 45, 50, 52, 93, 107, 113, 123, 126,

128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 141, 180, 181, 182

reflexes, 178

refractory, x, 57, 58

regenerate, 112

regeneration, 171

regional, 33

Registry, 136

regression, 47

regulation, xiii, 132, 175, 176, 177, 186

relapses, 2

relationship, ix, xii, xiii, 31, 39, 45, 47, 50, 51, 66,

68, 117, 121, 122, 129, 144, 146, 148, 176, 177,

179, 183, 186

relaxation, 154, 156, 157, 158, 162, 170

relaxation effect, 157, 158, 162

relaxation rate, 154

relevance, 36, 146, 179

reliability, vii, 1

remethylation, xii, 44, 65, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126,

127, 131, 133, 139, 143

remission, 59, 62, 72, 73, 182

remyelination, 187

renal failure, xi, 121, 123, 125, 135

renal function, 123, 124, 129, 132, 133

repair, 7, 10, 17, 32, 46, 187

replication, 7, 17, 19, 41, 91

resection, 60, 62, 63, 64, 70, 71, 73, 74

residues, xi, 40, 89, 90, 100, 102, 106, 108, 112, 155

resistance, 75, 185

resolution, 100, 118, 183, 190

resources, 84

responsiveness, 53

retardation, 177, 178

retention, 83, 157, 165

retina, 33

reverse transcriptase, viii, 6, 9, 10

RF, 52, 56, 149

rheumatoid arthritis, 34, 49, 56, 124, 133

riboflavin, x, 23, 31, 51, 54, 58, 60, 61, 65, 69, 70,

79, 134

rice, 26, 27

rickets, 23

risk, viii, ix, x, xii, 6, 16, 18, 21, 24, 28, 29, 39, 40,

42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,

59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78,

79, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132,

134, 136, 137, 145, 146, 150, 151, 177, 179, 183,

186, 187, 188, 190

risk factors, 45, 59, 68, 132, 145, 183

RNA, viii, 6, 9, 10, 19

room temperature, 157

Rouleau, 31, 37

S

SA, 11, 53, 78, 148, 150, 155

safety, vii, 1, 40, 48, 50, 183, 185

salmon, 7, 9

salt, 98

salts, 91

208 Index

sample, 32, 145, 186

Schilling test, 2, 63, 64

schizophrenia, 22, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36

Schizophrenia, 25, 36

schizophrenic patients, 24, 34

school, 33

science, 23, 77

sclerosis, 179

scores, 144

search, 185

Second World, 27

secretion, 181

seizure(s), x, 26, 40, 48, 178, 187

selenium, 31, 137

sensation, 178

sensitivity, 176, 184

separation, 97

sepsis, 183, 190

septic shock, 31, 37

sequencing, 94, 97, 98

series, xii, 24, 27, 30, 52, 63, 65, 153, 154, 156, 163

serine, 104, 105, 106, 122, 141

serum, x, xii, xiii, 2, 3, 4, 11, 18, 24, 45, 48, 50, 52,

54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 71, 75, 124,

125, 129, 133, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151,

152, 159, 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184,

186, 187, 189, 191

serum albumin, 11, 124, 129

severity, 23, 30, 34, 45, 52, 61, 62, 145, 151, 179,

181, 182

sex, 123

shock, 31, 55, 183, 190

sibling, 29

siblings, 189

side effects, 30, 35, 36, 49, 126, 132, 184

sign, 2, 32, 182

signals, 154, 165

signs, xi, 75, 121, 176, 178, 179, 189

similarity, 7

sites, 12, 29, 30, 40, 43, 46, 67, 85, 128, 129

skeletal muscle, 19

skeleton, 88, 96, 98

skills, 144

skin, vii, xiii, 25, 175, 176, 189

small intestine, 62, 74, 166

smokers, 47, 53

smoking, 22, 186

smooth muscle cells, 44

social status, 185

society, 183, 186, 188

sodium, 119

software, 109

soil, xi, 82

South America, 185

South Korea, 2

spastic, 33

spasticity, 178

species, 7, 10, 83, 102, 105, 107

specificity, xi, 82, 90, 91, 93, 94, 99, 100, 104, 109,

117, 119, 155, 184

spectroscopy, 105

spectrum, x, 36, 81, 83

speculation, 17

speed, 92

spina bifida, 43, 51, 177, 186

spinal cord, 67, 77, 155

spinal cord injury, 67, 77

spine, 43

spleen, 162, 166

spore, 96

stability, 68, 69, 78, 146, 156, 161

stabilization, 28

stages, 28, 46

stasis, 63

stereospecificity, 83, 96

steroids, x, 57, 58

stomach, 25, 67

stomatitis, xiii, 175, 176, 182, 189

storage, viii, ix, 21, 42, 177

strain, 93, 95

strategies, 50, 96, 117, 144, 183

strength, 96, 143

Streptomyces, x, 81, 82, 83, 94, 97, 98

stress, vii, xiii, 22, 24, 32, 33, 76, 175, 176

strictures, 60

stroke, ix, 4, 22, 33, 34, 35, 67, 77, 80, 127, 130,

137, 145, 151, 183, 187, 188, 190

stroke volume, 33

structural gene, 91

subacute, 144, 145

subgroups, xii, 58, 122, 130

subsidy, 18

substitution, 29

substrates, xi, 7, 81, 83, 89, 90, 92, 93, 104, 105,

106, 107, 112

suffering, x, 26, 28, 30, 32, 57, 58, 177, 182, 183

sugar, 28, 59

sulfate, 62, 83, 87, 94, 95, 96

Sulfide, 62

sulfonamides, 41

Index 209

sulfur, xii, 65, 77, 104, 122, 139, 143

sulphur, 122

Sun, 118

superoxide, 37, 129

supply, ix, 21, 41, 77, 92, 93, 148

suppression, 17, 182

surface chemistry, 163

surfactants, 173

surveillance, 77, 79

survival, xii, 19, 31, 49, 55, 122, 190

survival rate, xii, 122

susceptibility, 59, 78, 123, 137, 154

susceptibility genes, 59

Sweden, vii, 1, 2, 3, 55, 190

symptom(s), vii, ix, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 40,

48, 64, 140, 144, 146, 149, 151, 176, 178, 179,

181, 189

syndrome, xii, 29, 70, 121, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187,

189, 190

synovial fluid, 95

synthesis, viii, xiii, 7, 21, 25, 41, 46, 65, 67, 68, 69,

82, 83, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 109, 117, 140, 141,

143, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 180,

181, 182

systemic circulation, 67

systems, xiii, 59, 85, 94, 161, 166, 175, 176

T

T cell, 78

tacrolimus, 125

Taiwan, 170

targets, 7, 19, 41

TCC, 82, 92

teeth, 32

temperature, 172

temporal lobe, 45, 146

Texas, 55

textbooks, 180

theory, 23, 44, 92, 127, 130, 170

therapeutic goal, 182

therapy, vii, x, xii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48,

56, 57, 58, 75, 77, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128,

129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 144, 146, 147, 148,

149, 174, 178, 182, 183, 184, 188, 189

thiamin, 31, 51, 54, 60, 62

thinking, ix, 39, 40, 127

threshold level, 179

threshold(s), 93, 179

thrombocytopenia, 180

thromboembolism, 76

thrombosis, 44, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76,

77, 80, 131, 137

thyroid, 124

time, ix, xii, 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43,

47, 55, 73, 92, 113, 114, 122, 127, 129, 131, 146,

157, 159, 165, 166, 181, 182

timing, 47, 50, 71

tissue, 26, 59, 64, 154, 155, 166, 171

tobacco, 29, 30, 35

Tokyo, 17, 118

topoisomerases, viii, 5, 7, 9, 19

topology, 100

topos, viii, 5, 7, 10, 17

total parenteral nutrition, 79

total plasma, xi, 46, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128,

129, 130, 131, 132, 136

toxic effect, xii, 43, 49, 128, 129, 140, 143, 146

toxic side effect, 49, 166, 169, 180

toxicity, 25, 40, 48, 55, 56, 124, 135, 143, 155, 162,

166, 169

toxin, 62

trade, 92

trade-off, 92

tradition, 2

transduction, 92

transfer RNA, 24

transgenic, 179

transition, 115

translation, 7

transmission, 152

transplantation, 123, 132, 133

transport, xiii, 128, 143, 153, 154, 181, 182

trauma, 183

Treponema denticola, xi, 99, 116, 117, 118, 119

trial, xii, 4, 28, 36, 45, 47, 48, 52, 54, 71, 80, 122,

126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 137, 187, 190

tricarboxylic acid, 82

triggers, 77, 140

triglycerides, 33

trisomy 21, 123

trypsin, 14

tumor, 6, 16, 17, 18, 46, 69, 75, 167, 168, 184

tumor cells, 167, 168, 184

tumor growth, 6, 16, 18, 46, 184

tumor necrosis factor, 75

tumorigenesis, 16, 18

tumors, 46, 53, 169

turnover, xi, 63, 64, 83, 94, 100, 110, 113, 116, 177,

181, 183, 190

210 Index

twinning, 40, 48, 49, 55

twins, 55

tyrosine, 113, 118

U

ulcer, 182

ulcerative colitis, x, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68,

71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

ultrasound, 183, 190

ultraviolet light, 32

uncertainty, 48

uniform, 163

United States, 18, 23, 26, 35, 36, 96, 98, 137

unplanned pregnancies, 43

urine, vii, 31, 32, 37, 122, 184

UV, 105

V

validity, 25, 26, 34

valine, 83

values, viii, xi, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 48, 60, 107,

113, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,

177, 184

variable(s), 63, 131

variation, 59, 124, 136, 146

vascular dementia, 146, 152

vascular diseases, 53

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 13

vascular occlusion, xi, 121, 122

vasodilation, 36, 128

vasodilator, 33

vasopressor, 31

vegetables, 26, 42, 50

vegetarianism, 191

vegetarians, xiii, 176, 185

VEGF, 6, 17

vein, viii, 6, 13, 67, 76, 80

velocity, 12, 33, 107

verbal fluency, 144

versatility, xi, 95, 99, 101, 115, 117

vessels, xiii, 33, 175, 176

veterans, 36, 148

Virginia, 96

virus(es), 6, 59

viscera, 33

vision, 178

visualization, 164, 165

vitamin A, 23

vitamin B1, vii, x, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 40, 41, 44, 45,

46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,

66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 91, 96, 121, 123,

126, 130, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,

146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 175, 176, 177,

178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,

188, 189, 190, 191

vitamin B12, vii, x, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 40, 41, 44, 45,

46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,

66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 91, 96, 121, 123,

126, 130, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,

146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 175, 176, 177,

178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,

188, 189, 190, 191

vitamin B12 deficiency, vii, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 4, 40, 41,

48, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 71, 126, 139, 140, 143,

144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,

180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190

vitamin B2, 61, 65

vitamin B3, 23, 29

vitamin B6, viii, xi, xii, xiii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 59, 62, 64,

65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 76, 77, 80, 99, 119, 121, 123,

125, 126, 133, 134, 140, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156,

168, 169

vitamin B6 deficiency, 17, 19, 67, 77, 125, 126

vitamin B6 supplementation, 17, 126, 150

vitamin C, vii, 22, 23, 25, 32, 60, 184

vitamin D, vii, 23, 60

vitamin E, 31

vitamin supplementation, 51

vitamins, vii, x, xiii, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,

34, 35, 44, 45, 49, 50, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 129,

130, 137, 175, 176, 180, 188

vomiting, 26, 60

vulnerability, 44

W

Wales, 130

war, 27, 35

wastewater, 86, 95, 96

wastewater treatment, 95

wastewaters, 85

weight loss, 59

white matter, 79, 179

wine, 62

Wisconsin, 26

withdrawal, 28, 30, 145

Index 211

women, 29, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 123, 150, 151,

183

workers, 2

Y

yield, 65, 92, 96, 115, 165

yolk, 32

young men, 123

young women, 45, 52

Z

Zimbabwe, 191

zinc, 31 60