1. Material handling system

2. Blending

3. Granulation

4. Binders

5. Drying

6. Particle size reduction

7. Compression

8. Tablet coating

PILOT-PLANT SCALE-UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORAL LIQUIDS

Oral liquids can be defined as homogenous liquid preparations, mainly contains an

emulsion, a suspension or a solution having one or more active ingredients in an

appropriate base, i.e. liquid. They are for oral administration. These preparations are

used either as such or after dilution. The main substances added in these preparations

are: Emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavouring agents,

stabilizing agents, thickening agents, etc. during pilot-plant scale-up each and every

material and equipment is tested in the same amount and with same characteristics as

to be used at large-scale production. This is a pourable dosage form which displays

Newtonian or Pseudoplastic flow behaviour. This dosage form remains conforms to

its container.

Steps in Liquid Manufacturing Process

a. Planning of material requirements

b. Liquid preparation

c. Filling and packing

d. Quality assurance

Summary 45

PILOT-PLANT SCALE-UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEMISOLIDS

Semisolid dosage forms are composed of mainly two phases, i.e. oil and water. One of

the phases is the continuous or external phase and the other one is dispersed or internal

phase. The active pharmaceutical ingredient is mainly dissolved in one phase and if it

is insoluble in one or both phases then a third phase is introduced. This is known as a

three-phase system.

Various factors affect the physical property of the semisolid dosage form. Some of

them are as follows:

i. Size of dispersed particle

ii. The interfacial tension between the phases

iii. The partition coefficient of an active ingredient in between the phases

iv. Rheology of product

v. The viscosity of both phases

vi. Nature of the third phase (if introduced)

The all factors mentioned above determined the release as well as other characteristics

of drugs.