20

21

22

23

24

25

26

178

Upper Limb Muscles

Muscles of the upper limb

Right lateral view

Upper Limb Muscles

 1 Trapezius

 2 Deltoid

 3 Pectoralis major

 4 Biceps brachii

 5 Triceps brachii

 6 Serratus anterior

 7 Teres major

 8 Infraspinatus

 9 Teres minor

10 Latissimus dorsi

 11 Posterior antebrachial muscles

12 Anterior antebrachial muscles

13 Hypothenar muscles

14 Intermetacarpal muscle

Other Muscles and Structures

15 Muscles of mastication

16 Muscles of facial expression

17 Sternocleidomastoid

18 Rectus abdominis

19 External oblique

20 Gluteal muscles

21 Posterior thigh muscles

22 Thoracolumbar fascia

23 Antebrachial fascia

24 Iliotibial tract

1

2

3

5 4

6

7

8

11

14

15

15

16

17

18

19

20

1

2

3

5 4

6

7

8

11

14

15

15

16

17

18

19

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23

179

Muscles of the upper limb

Posterior view

1

2

5

7

9 8

10

11

12

13

16

17

20

21

1

2

5

7

9 8

10

11

12

13

16

17

20

21

22

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24

180

The muscles that insert on the scapula and anchor

it to the trunk form an extensive muscular sling.

During development the upper limb annexes these

Scapular Muscles

Muscles of right brachium, shoulder, and chest

Anterior view

muscles from the head and trunk wall. They share the common functional goal of moving the scapula,

stabilizing it, and anchoring it to the axial skeleton. These muscles are some of the larger muscles of the

upper limb, yet produce visibly minor movements of the skeleton. Realize, however, that their major

role is to stabilize and anchor the scapula to the axial skeleton. With the exception of the pectoralis

minor, the nerves that supply these muscles arise from the roots of the brachial plexus.

Scapular Musles

 1 Trapezius

 2 Levator scapulae

 3 Rhomboideus minor

 4 Rhomboideus major

 5 Serratus anterior

 6 Pectoralis minor

 7 Subclavius

Other Muscles and Structures

 8 Sternocleidomastoid

 9 Omohyoid

10 Clavicle

 11 Deltoid

12 Coracobrachialis

13 Pectoralis major (cut)

14 External intercostal

15 Internal intercostal

16 Biceps brachii

17 Brachialis

18 Triceps brachii

19 Latissimus dorsi

20 Supraspinatus

21 Infraspinatus

22 Teres major

23 External oblique

24 Rectus abdominis

25 Brachioradialis

26 Extensor carpi radialis longus

27 Serratus posteror inferior

28 Teres minor

29 External oblique aponeurosis

30 Trachea

31 Spine of scapula

32 Greater tubercle of humerus

33 Rib

5

6

7

8 9

10

11

12

13

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18

19

23

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25 26

5

6

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8 9

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25 26

5

6

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8 9

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25 26

5

6

7

8 9

10

11

12

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14

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18

19

23

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25 26

29

30

181

Muscles of neck, shoulder, and back

Posterior view

5

21

22

22

1

2

3

4

4

8

11

18

18

19

20

21

22

27

5

21

22

28

1

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8

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18

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27

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18

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27

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28

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27

31

32

33

33

33

182

Shoulder Muscles - Rotator Cuff

Deep dissection of the right shoulder muscles

Anterior view

The rotator cuff muscles are an important muscle group that play a critical role in stabilizing the

shoulder joint. The four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis)

have thick, fl at tendons of insertion that form a strong musculotendinous cuff around all but the

inferior aspect of the glenohumeral joint. These tendons are intimately applied to the fi brous

membrane of the joint capsule. Individually each muscle contributes little to the total range of

motion of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. However, they play a prominent role in stabilizing the joint and positioning and stabilizing the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity. When

the rotator cuff muscles are compromised by injury, the shoulder joint loses stability and

becomes highly susceptible to dislocation.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

 1 Supraspinatus

 2 Infraspinatus

 3 Teres minor

 4 Subscapularis

Other Muscles and Structures

 5 Biceps brachii

 6 Coracobrachialis

 7 Triceps brachii

 8 Teres major

 9 Coracoid process of scapula

10 Superior angle of scapula

 11 Inferior angle of scapula

12 Spine of scapula

13 Medial border of scapula

14 Greater tubercle of humerus

6

13

1

4

5

7

8

9

10

11

14

6

13

1

4

5

7

8

183

Deep dissection of the right shoulder muscles

Medial view

Deep dissection of the right shoulder muscles

Posterior view

10

1

1

2

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3

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6

7

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184

Shoulder Muscles - Prime Movers

Shoulder Prime Movers

 1 Deltoid

 2 Pectoralis major

 3 Teres major

 4 Latissimus dorsi

Other Muscles and Structures

 5 Levator scapulae

 6 Rhomboideus minor

 7 Rhomboideus major

 8 Supraspinatus

 9 Infraspinatus

10 Teres minor

 11 Triceps brachii

12 Trapezius

13 Spleneus capitis

14 Serratus anterior

15 Pectoralis minor

16 External intercostal

17 Internal intercostal

18 Rectus abdominis

19 Coracobrachialis

20 Biceps brachii

21 Brachialis

22 Posterior scalene

23 Middle scalene

24 Anterior scalene

25 Omohyoid

26 Sternohyoid

27 Sternothyroid

28 Thyrohyoid

29 Sternocleidomastoid

30 External oblique

31 Brachioradialis

32 Clavicle

33 Humerus

34 Spine of scapula

35 Thoracolumbar fascia

36 Linea alba

37 Common carotid artery

The prime movers of the shoulder joint are the muscles that share a common attachment on the

intertubercular groove (pectoralis major, teres major, and latissimus dorsi) and the deltoid muscle.

These large muscles are superfi cial to the muscles of the rotator cuff and form extensive attachments on the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton. Inserting more distally on the humerus then the

muscles of the rotator cuff, they have a better mechanical advantage and produce the major

movements of the shoulder joint. The intertubercular groove muscles also form the anterior and

posterior walls of the axilla. The large pectoralis major forms the anterior wall of the axilla, while

the sheet-like latissimus dorsi and thick, round teres major form the posterior axillary wall.

Muscles of neck, shoulder, brachium, and back

Posterior view

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

34

35

1

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6

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12

13

185

Muscles of neck, shoulder, brachium, and chest

Anteror view

1

2

4

5

11

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

20

21

22 27

23

28

24

29

25

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31

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37

32

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36

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22 27

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186

The anterior muscle

compartment of the

brachium consists of

Anterior Brachial Muscles

three muscles — the coracobrachialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii. The coracobrachialis and

brachialis each cross a single joint, the shoulder joint and elbow joint respectively. The biceps

brachii crosses three joints, the shoulder, and the humero-ulnar and radio-ulnar joints of the

elbow. The muscles share in common the actions of fl exion of the shoulder and elbow. All three

muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.

Muscles of the right brachium and scapula

Anterior view

Anterior Brachial Muscles

 1 Coracobrachialis

 2 Brachialis

 3 Biceps brachii - long head

 4 Biceps brachii - short head

 5 Triceps brachii

Other Muscles and Structures

 6 Supraspinatus

 7 Subscapularis

 8 Teres major

 9 Brachioradialis

10 Pronator teres

 11 Coracoid process

12 Superior angle

13 Inferior angle

14 Greater tubercle

15 Lesser tubercle

Deep muscles of the right brachium

Anterior view

1

1

2

3

3

4

4

5

6

7

8

9 9

11 12

13

14

14

15

10

1

1

2

6

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9

187

Muscles of the right brachium and scapula

Posterior view

The three headed triceps

brachii muscle is the sole

muscle of the posterior

Posterior Brachial Muscles

compartment of the brachium. This large muscle extends the shoulder and elbow joints and is innervated

by the radial nerve.

Posterior Brachial Muscles

 1 Triceps brachii - medial head

 2 Triceps brachii - lateral head

 3 Triceps brachii - long head

 4 Biceps brachii - long head

 5 Beceps brachii - short head

 6 Brachialis

Other Muscles and Structures

 7 Supraspinatus

 8 Infraspinatus

 9 Teres minor

10 Teres major

 11 Humerus

12 Greater tubercle

13 Spine of scapula

14 Brachail artery

Transverse section of right midbrachim

Inferior view

1

2

3

4

5

6

11

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12

13

1

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9

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14

7 8

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3

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3

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11

188

The muscles of the

anterior antebrachium form three

Anterior Antebrachial Muscles

distinct muscle layers. The superfi cial group has four superfi cial muscles (pronator teres, fl exor carpi

radialis, palmaris longus, and fl exor carpi ulnaris) covering the intermediate fl exor digitorum superfi cialis.

All fi ve of these muscles share a common attachment on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The three

deep muscles (fl exor digitorum profundus, fl exor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus) do not cross

the elbow joint. Other than the two pronators, all the muscles are fl exors of either the wrist or digits. The

median nerve innervates all but the fl exor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar half of the fl exor digitorum profundus,

both of which are supplied by the ulnar nerve.

Superfi cial muscles of the right antebrachium

Anterior view, hand pronated

Anterior Antebrachial Muscles

 1 Pronator teres

 2 Flexor carpi radialis

 3 Palmaris longus

 4 Flexor carpi ulnaris

 5 Flexor digitorum superficialis

 6 Flexor digitorum profundus

 7 Flexor pollicis longus

 8 Pronator quadratus

Other Muscles and Structures

 9 Brachialis

10 Palmar aponeurosis

 11 Brachial artery

12 Radial artery

13 Ulnar artery

14 Anterior interosseous artery

15 Interosseous membrane

16 Abductor pollicis brevis

17 Flexor pollicis brevis

18 Lumbricals

19 Adductor pollicis

20 Flexor digiti minimi brevis

21 Abductor digiti minimi

22 Palmaris brevis

23 Supinator

24 Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament

20

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16

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189

Deep muscles of the right antebrachium

Anterior view, superficial muscles removed and hand pronated

Deep muscles of the right antebrachium