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Superior Limb Vessels

Dissection of antebrachial arteries

Anterior view

Dissection of palmar arterial arch and branches to digits

Anterior view

 1 Brachial artery

 2 Ulnar artery

 3 Radial artery

 4 Anterior interosseous artery

 5 Superficial palmar arch

 6 Common digital artery

 7 Proper digital artery

 8 Deep palmar arch

 9 Cephalic vein

10 Median cubital vein

 11 Basilic vein

12 Median antebrachial vein

13 Accessory cephalic vein

14 Brachial vein

15 Interosseous membrane

16 Transverse carpal ligament

17 Supinator muscle

18 Pronator quadratus muscle

19 Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

20 Flexor digitorum profundus tendons

21 Biceps brachii muscle

22 Triceps brachii muscle

23 Pectoralis major muscle

24 Deltoid muscle

25 Deltopectoral groove

26 Serratus anterior muscle

27 Brachioradialis muscle

28 Coracobrachialis muscle

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Within the upper limb there are two sets of veins: deep veins that accompany the arteries, and superfi cial veins that course

through the hypodermis without arterial counterparts. The deep veins, running with the arteries of the upper limb, have the

same names as their arterial counterparts. These veins are signifi cantly smaller than the arteries they accompany and form

vena comitans with anastomotic channels around the arteries. The superfi cial veins of the upper limb are large and numerous.

There are three major superfi cial veins into which all the other superfi cial veins fl ow; they are the basilic vein, cephalic vein,

and median cubital vein. The median cubital vein is a connecting vein between the cephalic vein and the basilic vein. The

cephalic and basilic veins eventually pass deep to join the axillary vein at the proximal end of the limb. Most of the venous

return from the upper limb passes through the superfi cial veins.

Dissection of superfi cial vein of upper limb

Medial view of left upper limb

Dissection of cephalic vein

Anterior view

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The branches of the aorta that supply the thoracic

region can be divided into two principal groups —

those that supply the thoracic body wall and those

Thoracic Vessels

that supply thoracic viscera. Two arterial supply routes carry blood into the thoracic body wall. Posteriorly the aorta courses vertically down the vertebral column, while anteriorly the internal thoracic

arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and course vertically down the inside of the sternum.

Between these anterior and posterior supply arteries are interconnecting collateral arteries. These

collateral vessels are the anterior intercostal arteries and the posterior intercostal arteries, which supply the tissues of the intercostal spaces and form collateral circuits between the anterior and posterior arterial pathways. All thoracic viscera receive their blood supply from branches of the aorta. The

thoracic viscera include the heart, lungs with their associated bronchial tubes, and the esophagus.

Dissection of vessels of posterior thoracic wall

Anterior view

 1 Aorta

 2 Posterior intercostal artery

 3 Posterior intercostal vein

 4 Azygos vein

 5 Hemi-azygos vein

 6 Accessory hemi-azygos vein

 7 Superior vena cava

 8 Brachiocephalic vein

 9 Subclavian vein

10 Internal jugular vein

 11 Inferior vena cava

12 Right atrium (cut)

13 Left subclavian artery

14 Left common carotid artery

15 Right common carotid artery

16 Hepatic vein

17 Trachea

18 Diaphragm

19 Esophageal hiatus

20 Subcostal muscle

21 Innermost intercostal muscle

22 Esophagus

23 Sympathetic trunk nerve

24 Thoracic lymphatic duct

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Like the arterial supply to the thoracic wall, the venous drainage returns via both anterior-wall and posterior-wall drainage

veins. The veins of the anterior wall have the same names as their arterial counterparts, while the veins of the posterior wall

differ in name and structure. Unlike the aorta, which is the posterior-wall supply artery, the superior vena cava and inferior

vena cava diverge from the posterior thoracic wall to enter the thoracic cavity and return their contents to the heart. In the

absence of vena cavae in the posterior thoracic wall, an azygos system of veins is formed to drain the body wall and the

thoracic viscera. These azygos veins communicate with the superior vena cava to return their contents to the heart. With

the exception of the azygos veins, the veins are similar to the arteries in name and distribution.

Dissection of vena cavae and tributaries

Anterior view

Dissection of azygos veins

Anterior view

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Like the thorax, the abdomen has somatic ar- Abdominal Vessels

teries that supply the abdominal muscle wall

and visceral arteries that supply the viscera of the abdominal cavity. These vessels follow the same

pattern observed in the thoracic region; that is, the abdominal body wall has both anterior (epigastric

arteries) and posterior (aorta) supply pathways that form interconnecting collateral arteries, while the

viscera receive branches from the aorta — celiac artery to the foregut, superior mesenteric artery to

the midgut, inferior mesenteric artery to the hindgut, and renal arteries to the kidneys.

Deep dissection of abdomen showing renal vessels

Anterior view

Dissection of abdomen showing celiac branches and supply of foregut viscera

Anterior view, stomach reflected upward

Branches of celiac artery Branches of celiac artery

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Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Dissection of abdomen showing arterial supply of midgut and hindgut viscera

Anterior view

 1 Aorta

 2 Celiac artery

 3 Splenic artery

 4 Common hepatic artery

 5 Left gastric artery

 6 Right gastric artery

 7 Left gastro-omental artery

 8 Right gastro-omental artery

 9 Proper hepatic artery

10 Gastroduodenal artery

 11 Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

12 Superior mesenteric artery

13 Middle colic artery

14 Marginal artery

15 Right colic artery

16 Ileocolic artery

17 Jejunal arteries

18 Ileal arteries

19 Inferior mesenteric artery

20 Left colic artery

21 Sigmoid artery

22 Superior rectal artery

23 Renal artery

24 Segmental arteries

25 Common iliac artery

26 Inferior vena cava

27 Hepatic vein

28 Renal vein

29 Hepatic portal vein

30 Superior mesenteric vein

31 Inferior mesenteric vein

32 Splenic vein

33 Suprarenal vein

34 Testicular vein

35 Kidney

36 Liver

37 Stomach

38 Transverse colon

39 Suprarenal gland

40 Pancreas

41 Spleen

42 Duodenum

43 Ascending colon

44 Descending colon

45 Ileum

46 Diaphragm

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