Chapter 1 ■ Educational Principles of Simulation-Based Procedural Training 5

Concrete

Experience

Abstract

Conceptualization

Kolb’s Cycle

of Experiential Learning

Active

Experimentation

Reflective

Observation

   

Concrete

Experience

Feeling

Abstract

Conceptualization

Thinking

Active

Experimentation

Doing

Reflective

Observation

Watching

Continuum

Continuum

Processing

Perception

Fig. 1.3. Kolb’s experiential cycle forms the basis for adult simulation-based education. (Image by Karin Kirk from

http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/enviroprojects/what.html with permission [Left] and Clark DR [Right] from ref 17,

with permission.)

Knowledge

Synthesis

Evaluation

Analysis

Application

Understanding

A     

Higher Order Thinking Skills

Evaluation

Synthesis

Analysis

Application

Comprehension

Knowledge

Lower Order Thinking Skills

B

Fig. 1.2. A: From Doug Devitre. http://retechtraining.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/how-adults-learn-to-usetechnology-effectively/(with permission). B: From Andrew Churches http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/

Bloom%27s+-+Introduction (with permission)

in order to imprint new knowledge and effect long-term

changes in practice.

Depending on the situation or environment, the learner

may enter the learning style at any point and will best

learn the new task if they practice all four modes in Kolb’s

cycle.

For example, learning to place a radial arterial line:

Reflective observation: Thinking about placing a

radial line and watching another person place a

line

Abstract conceptualization: Understanding the

theory, indications and contraindications, hand

washing and safety, and having a clear grasp of the

concept

Concrete experience: Receiving practical tips and

techniques from an expert

Active experience: Getting the opportunity and attempting to place a line under supervision

Procedural Skill Learning

Procedural skill learning occurs in three phases

Cognitive phase: In the cognitive phase, the learner must

learn why the procedure might be necessary, recognize