NSAID.

155 Warfarin therapy is considered a relative contraindication to NSAID use.

In patients like G.H., routine use of NSAIDs with long-term anticoagulation should

be avoided. Any patients requiring combined warfarin and NSAID therapy for

limited periods of time should be followed closely and observed routinely for signs

and symptoms of bleeding, with frequent stool testing for GI bleeding. Patients should

be counseled to avoid additional NSAID use whenever possible, including use of

aspirin, and to seek assistance from a pharmacist to prevent inadvertent NSAID use

when selecting over-the-counter (OTC) medications, as some OTC cold preparations

contain NSAIDs, aspirin, or aspirin-related compounds.

The analgesic and antipyretic of choice in patients taking warfarin is

acetaminophen, which has not been consistently shown to increase the risk of

bleeding. At doses greater than 2 g/day, acetaminophen can enhance the anticoagulant

effect of warfarin.

156

It has been suspected of directly inhibiting CYP2C9 and

CYP1A2, and toxic metabolites of acetaminophen have been suspected of inhibiting

hepatic enzymes as well. Nevertheless, it can be used safely when used occasionally,

and even when used routinely. INR monitoring is sufficient to detect any potential

interaction. Other pain-relieving options to be considered that do not increase the

bleeding risk include tramadol, gabapentin, pregabalin, topical lidocaine patches,

and opiates.

KEY REFERENCES AND WEBSITES

A full list of references for this chapter can be found at

http://thepoint.lww.com/AT11e. Below are the key references and websites for this

chapter, with the corresponding reference number in this chapter found in parentheses

after the reference.

Key References

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Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1128–1139. (42)

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Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(Suppl):e326S–e350S. (145)

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2012;141(2 Suppl):e278S–e325S. (48)

Garcia DA et al. Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American

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Gould MK et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of

Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest.

2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S–e277S. (12)

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2005;165:1095. (148)

Holbrook A et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy. Chest. 2012;141:e152S–e184S. (21)

January CT et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report

of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the

Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1–e76. (94)

p. 205

p. 206

Kahn SR et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis,

9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2

Suppl):e195S–e226S. (49)

Kearon C et al; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic

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Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl): e419S–e494S. (15)

Kovacs RJ et al. Practical management of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol.

2015;65(13):1340–1360. (139)

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Saf. 2006;5:433. (107)

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