conditions (including but not limited to first trimester pregnancy, menstruation, endometriosis uterine fibrosis, acute salphingitis, hepatic diseases and inflammation of
It is recommended that each laboratory establishes its
own normal range to account for such local environment
factors as diet, climate, living conditions, patient selection,
Adenoma of salivary gland; breast cancer; benign breast
disease; breast cancer metastasis; lung cancer; ovarian
benign disease; recurrence after remission in breast cancer
CA 19-9 (CARBOHYDRATE AG 19-9, GICAM
GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER ANTIGEN)
Metastasis > 1000 AU/mL > 1000 kU/L
Tumor marker antigen that is helpful in post-therapeutic
monitoring to determine the success of therapy or the
tumors. Predicts the recurrence of stomach, pancreatic,
liver, and colorectal malignancies. Is used in combination
with other tumor markers to measure the effectiveness
of treatment or earlier detection of recurrence and
development of metastases. Most effective for monitoring
Intra-abdominal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma (most
frequently elevated marker; elevated levels found in 80%
of patients with pancreatic cancer), and possibly with
other adenocarcinomas such as lung, gastric, biliary, and
colonic. Also cholangitis, cirrhosis and pancreatitis (acute).
Description: A carbohydrate antigen, related to the Lewis
blood group antigen. CA 19-9 is a carbohydrate antigen
that has been shown to be elevated in the sera or some
patients with gastrointestinal tumors. Elevated levels
can indicate recurrence of cancer before radiographic or
clinical findings by 1 to 7 months.
During malignant transformation of cells, substances
which are not present or present in very low amounts in
normal cells, may be expressed and secreted into body
fluids. Tumor-associated substances may be determined
with immunological methods using reagents specific for
the tumor-associated antigen, and used for detection of
malignant cells or presence of tumor in the body, to study
the status of the disease and/or follow the effect of therapy.
The CA242 epitope, identified by the C242 monoclonal
antibody (MAb), is a sialylated carbohydrate antigen present
on mucinous type of glycoprotein (s) (named CanAg) in
carcinomas of many organs. The CA242 antigen is shedded
from the tumor and the CA242 epitope can be detected in
serum from patients with carcinomas using the C242 MAb.
The CA242 levels are low in healthy subjects and
subjects with benign diseases, while elevated levels are
commonly found in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
The CA242 test may be used as an aid in the diagnosis
and management of patients with known or suspected
gastrointestinal carcinomas. The test can be used for
diagnostic studies of carcinomas in different organs,
to monitor the effect of different treatments of cancer,
detection of recurrent cancer disease, and for studies of the
prognostic significance of pre-and post treatment levels of
The CA242 test should not be used as a substitute for
any established clinical examination of malignancy, but
may be used as a complement to existing clinical and
Normal value: In healthy subjects < 20 Units/mL.
CA 50 (Carbohydrate Antigen 50)
Colorectal adenocarcinomas, digestive tract carcinoma,
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung
carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, transitional cell bladder
Description: A tumor marker that increases with many
malignancies, particularly those the digestive tract. This
test is not specific enough for screening and correlates
more with tumor progression than with tumor regression.
Summary and Explanation of the Test
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) is a glycoprotein that occurs
in blood as high molecular weight (M > 200,000). High
concentrations of this antigen are associated with ovarian
cancer and a range of benign and malignant diseases.
Although the specificity and sensitivity of CA-125 assays
are somewhat limited, especially in early diagnosis of
ovarian cancer, the assay has found widespread use in the
differential diagnosis of adnexal masses, in monitoring
disease progression and response to therapy in ovarian
cancer, and in the early detection of recurrence after
surgery or chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Published
literature has shown that elevated serum CA-125 levels can
be observed in patients with serious endometroid, clear
cell and undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma. The serum
CA-125 is elevated in 1% of normal healthy women, 3%
of normal healthy women with benign ovarian diseases,
6% of patients with non-neoplastic conditions (including
but not limited to first trimester pregnancy, menstruation,
endometriosis, uterine fibrosis, acute salpingitis, hepatic
diseases and inflammation of peritoneum or pericardium).
The serum CA-125 is elevated in 1% of normal healthy
women, 3% of normal healthy women with benign
ovarian diseases, 6% of patients with non-neoplastic
conditions (including but not limited to first trimester
pregnancy, menstruation, endometriosis uterine fibrosis,
acute salphingitis, hepatic diseases and inflammation of
Expected values for the CA-125 ELISA Test System
Healthy and non-pregnant subjects < 35 U/mL.
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
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