Conventional unit IU/L Equivalent
TABLE 3.5: Therapeutic and toxic drugs
SI units Conventional to SI units SI to conventional
Acetaminophen µg/mL µmol/L 6.62 0.151
Amikacin µg/mL µmol/L 1.71 0.585
Amitriptyline ng/mL nmol/L 3.61 0.277
Amobarbital µg/mL µmol/L 4.42 0.226
Bromide µg/mL mmol/L 0.0125 79.9
Caffeine µg/mL µmol/L 5.15 0.194
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) µg/mL µmol/L 4.23 0.236
Carbenicillin µg/mL µmol/L 2.64 0.378
Chloral hydrate µg/mL µmol/L 6.69 0.149
Chloramphenicol µg/mL µmol/L 3.09 0.323
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) ng/mL µmol/L 0.00334 300
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) ng/mL nmol/L 3.14 0.319
Chlorpropamide (Diabinese) µg/mL µmol/L 3.61 0.227
Conventional unit IU/L Equivalent
Hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (d-HBD)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD)
Wolfson-Williams-Ashman 0.0167
50 Concise Book of Medical Laboratory Technology: Methods and Interpretations Contd...
SI units Conventional to SI units SI to conventional
Cimetidine (Tagamet) µg/mL µmol/L 3.96 0.252
Clonazepam (Klonopin) ng/mL nmol/L 3.17 0.316
Clonidine (Catapres) ng/mL nmol/L 4.35 0.230
Cocaine ng/mL nmol/L 3.3 0.303
Codeine ng/mL nmol/L 3.34 0.299
Demerol (Meperidine) ng/mL nmol/L 4.04 0.247
Desipramine (Norpramin) ng/mL nmol/L 3.75 0.267
Diazepam (Valium) ng/mL µmol/L 0.0035 285
Digitoxin ng/mL nmol/L 1.31 0.765
Digoxin ng/mL nmol/L 1.28 0.781
Dilaudid ng/mL nmol/L 4.85 0.206
Disulfiram µg/mL µmol/L 12.12 0.0761
Doxepin (Sinequan) ng/mL nmol/L 3.58 0.279
Ethanol mg/dL mmol/L 0.217 4.61
Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) µg/mL µmol/L 6.92 0.145
Ethosuximide (Zarontin) µg/mL µmol/L 7.08 0.141
Gentamicin µg/mL µmol/L 2.09 0.478
Glutethimide (Doriden) µg/mL µmol/L 4.60 0.217
Haloperidol (Haldol) ng/mL nmol/L 2.66 0.376
Ibuprofen µg/mL µmol/L 4.85 0.206
Imipramine (Tofranil) ng/mL nmol/L 3.57 0 28
Isoniazid µg/mL µmol/L 7.29 0.137
Kanamycin (Kantrex) µg/mL µmol/L 2.06 0.485
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) µg/mL µmol/L 4.27 0.234
Lorazepam ng/mL nmol/L 3.11 0.321
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) µg/mL µmol/L 3.09 0.323
Meprobamate mg/L µmol/L 4.58 0.218
Methadone ng/mL µmol/L 0.00323 309
Methaqualone (Quaalude) µg/mL µmol/L 4.0 0.250
Methotrexate ng/mL nmol/L 2.2 0.454
Methsuximide µg/mL µmol/L 5.29 0.189
Methyldopa (Aldomet) µg/mL µmol/L 4.73 0.211
Nortriptyline ng/mL nmol/L 3.8 0.263
Oxazepam µg/mL µmol/L 3.49 0.287
Paraldehyde µg/mL µmol/L 7.57 0.132
SI units Conventional to SI units SI to conventional
Pentobarbital (Nembutal) µg/mL µmol/L 4.42 0.179
Percodan ng/mL nmol/L 3.17 0.315
Phenacetin µg/mL µmol/L 5.58 0.179
Phenobarbital (Luminal) µg/mL µmol/L 4.31 0.232
Phenylbutazone (Butazolidin) µg/mL µmol/L 3.08 0.324
Phenytoin (Dilantin) µg/mL µmol/L 3.96 0.253
Primidone µg/mL µmol/L 4.58 0.218
Procainamide (Pronestyl), procaine (Novacain) µg/mL µmol/L 4.23 0.236
Propoxyphene (Darvon) µg/mL µmol/L 3.07 0.326
Propranolol ng/mL nmol/L 3.86 0.259
Quinidine µg/mL µmol/L 3.08 0.324
Quinine µg/mL µmol/L 3.08 0.324
Salicylic acid µg/mL µmol/L 7.24 0.138
Secobarbital (Seconal) µg/mL µmol/L 4.2 0.238
Theophylline (Aminophylline) µg/mL µmol/L 5.55 0.180
Tobramycin µg/mL µmol/L 2.14 0.467
Valproic acid µg/mL µmol/L 6.93 0.144
Warfarin (Coumadin) µg/mL µmol/L 3.24 0.308
Indicators are usually acids of weak strength whose molecules
in solution are of a different color than their anions.
(pH: Neutral pH = 7.0, less than 7.0 is acidic, more than 7.0
The color of an indicator solution depends on the
degree of dissociation of the indicator, and on the pH of
the solution. Supposing the weak acid indicator is H Indic’,
(color-X) (hydrogen ion) (Color Y)
All acids contain hydrogen ions, so addition of an acid
would make the reaction shift from right to left (change
of color from Y to X) and addition of an alkali (alkalies
or hydroxyl ions) would lead to production of
with and remove H+ ions causing a shift to the right of
the reaction (change of color from X to Y). Indicators that
just show whether a solution is an acid or alkali are called
broad indicators while some indicators change color at a
The list of commonly employed indicators are given in
SOLUTES, SOLVENTS AND SOLUTIONS
Solute is any substance that dissolves in a liquid.
Solvent is any liquid in which a solute dissolves.
A solvent becomes a solution after dissolving a solute.
At any given temperature, these solutions retain their definite
pH and maintain it even after adding considerable amounts
of acids or alkalies. These solutions generally consist of a
weak acid mixed with its sodium or potassium salt.
Solution strength can be expressed in four ways:
(1) Percent solutions, (2) Part dilutions, (3) Molar solutions,
This is the most usual way of expressing solution strength.
Percent implies per hundred and a 30% solution of
anything should contain 30 parts of solute per hundred
Percent solution can further be expressed in three ways.
Weight per unit weight (w/w). This implies that the weight
of both, solute and solvent add up to 100, regardless of the
final volume produced. A 25% solution would be 25 grams
of solute dissolved in 75 grams of solvent. These solutions
TABLE 4.1: Commonly employed indicators
Phenophthalein Colorless Red 8.0–9.8
Methyl orange Red Orange 3.1–4.4
Phenol red Yellow Blue 6.8–8.4
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