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epirubicin

eribulin

estramustine

ethosuximide

etoposide

everolimus

fludarabine

fluorouracil

ganciclovir

gefitinib

gemcitabine

hydroxycarbamide

ibrutinib

idarubicin

idelalisib

ifosfamide

imatinib

interferon alfa

interferon beta

irinotecan

leflunomide

lenalidomide

linezolid

lomustine

melphalan

mercaptopurine

methotrexate

mitomycin

mitotane

mitoxantrone

mycophenolate

nelarabine

nilotinib

nivolumab

obinutuzumab

olanzapine

olaparib

olsalazine

oxaliplatin

paclitaxel

panitumumab

panobinostat

pazopanib

pegaspargase

peginterferon alfa

peginterferon beta-1a

pemetrexed

pentamidine

pentostatin

pixantrone

pomalidomide

primaquine

procarbazine

propylthiouracil

pyrimethamine

raltitrexed

ramucirumab

regorafenib

rituximab

ruxolitinib

siltuximab

sorafenib

sulfadiazine

sulfamethoxazole

sulfasalazine

sunitinib

temozolomide

temsirolimus

thalidomide

thiotepa

tioguanine

topotecan

trabectedin

trastuzumab emtansine

treosulfan

valganciclovir

vinblastine

vincristine

vindesine

vinflunine

vinorelbine

vismodegib

zidovudine

1378 Appendix 1 Interactions BNF 78

Interactions | Appendix 1

A1

TABLE 16

Drugs that increase serum potassium

The following is a list of some drugs that increase serum potassium concentrations (note that this list is not exhaustive). Concurrent use of

two or more drugs from this list might increase the risk of hyperkalaemia (hyperkalaemia is particularly notable when ACE inhibitors or

angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are given with spironolactone or eplerenone).

aceclofenac

aliskiren

amiloride

azilsartan

candesartan

captopril

celecoxib

ciclosporin

dalteparin

darbepoetin alfa

dexibuprofen

dexketoprofen

diclofenac

drospirenone

enalapril

enoxaparin

eplerenone

epoetin alfa

epoetin beta

epoetin zeta

eprosartan

etodolac

etoricoxib

flurbiprofen

heparin (unfractionated)

ibuprofen

imidapril

indometacin

irbesartan

ketoprofen

ketorolac

lisinopril

losartan

mefenamic acid

meloxicam

nabumetone

naproxen

olmesartan

parecoxib

perindopril

piroxicam

potassium aminobenzoate

potassium canrenoate

potassium chloride

quinapril

ramipril

spironolactone

sulindac

tacrolimus

telmisartan

tenoxicam

tiaprofenic acid

tinzaparin

tolfenamic acid

tolvaptan

trandolapril

triamterene

trimethoprim

valsartan

TABLE 17

Drugs that reduce serum potassium

The following is a list of some drugs that reduce serum potassium concentrations (note that this list is not exhaustive and that other drugs

can cause hypokalaemia in overdose). Concurrent use of two or more drugs from this list might increase the risk of hypokalaemia.

Hypokalaemia can increase the risk of torsade de pointes, which might be additive with the effects of drugs that prolong the QT interval

(see table of drugs that prolong the QT interval). Drugs that reduce serum potassium are predicted to increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.

aminophylline

amphotericin

bambuterol

beclometasone

bendroflumethiazide

betamethasone

budesonide

bumetanide

chlorothiazide

chlortalidone

deflazacort

dexamethasone

fludrocortisone

formoterol

furosemide

hydrochlorothiazide

hydrocortisone

hydroflumethiazide

indacaterol

indapamide

methylprednisolone

metolazone

olodaterol

prednisolone

salbutamol

salmeterol

terbutaline

theophylline

torasemide

triamcinolone

vilanterol

xipamide

TABLE 18

Drugs that cause hyponatraemia

The following is a list of some drugs that reduce sodium concentrations (note that this list is not exhaustive). Concurrent use of two or

more drugs from this list might increase the risk of hyponatraemia.

aceclofenac

amiloride

amitriptyline

bendroflumethiazide

bumetanide

carbamazepine

celecoxib

chlorothiazide

chlortalidone

citalopram

clomipramine

dapoxetine

desmopressin

dexibuprofen

dexketoprofen

diclofenac

dosulepin

doxepin

duloxetine

eplerenone

escitalopram

etodolac

etoricoxib

fluoxetine

flurbiprofen

fluvoxamine

furosemide

gabapentin

hydrochlorothiazide

hydroflumethiazide

ibuprofen

imipramine

indapamide

indometacin

ketoprofen

ketorolac

mefenamic acid

meloxicam

metolazone

nabumetone

naproxen

nortriptyline

parecoxib

paroxetine

piroxicam

sertraline

sodium picosulfate

spironolactone

sulindac

tenoxicam

tiaprofenic acid

tolfenamic acid

torasemide

triamterene

trimethoprim

trimipramine

xipamide

TABLE 19

Drugs that cause ototoxicity

The following is a list of some drugs that cause ototoxicity (note that this list is not exhaustive). Concurrent use of two or more drugs from

the list might increase this risk.

amikacin

bumetanide

capreomycin

carboplatin

cisplatin

furosemide

gentamicin

neomycin

oxaliplatin

streptomycin

telavancin

tobramycin

torasemide

vancomycin

vinblastine

vincristine

vindesine

vinflunine

vinorelbine

TABLE 20

Drugs with neuromuscular blocking effects

The following is a list of some drugs with neuromuscular blocking effects (note that this list is not exhaustive). Concurrent use of two or

more drugs from the list might increase this risk.

amikacin

atracurium

botulinum toxin type A

botulinum toxin type B

cisatracurium

colistimethate

gentamicin

mivacurium

neomycin

pancuronium

polymyxins

rocuronium

streptomycin

suxamethonium

tobramycin

BNF 78 Appendix 1 Interactions 1379

Interactions | Appendix 1

A1

List of drug interactions

The following is an alphabetical list of drugs and their

interactions; to avoid excessive cross-referencing each drug

or group is listed twice: in the alphabetical list and also

against the drug or group with which it interacts.

Abacavir

▶ Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital,

phenytoin, primidone) are predicted to decrease the exposure

to abacavir.oTheoretical

▶ HIV-protease inhibitors (tipranavir) slightly decrease the

exposure to abacavir. Avoid.rStudy

Abatacept

▶ Live vaccines are predicted to increase the risk of generalised

infection (possibly life-threatening) when given with

abatacept. Public Health England advises avoid (refer to Green

Book).rTheoretical

▶ Abatacept is predicted to increase the risk of generalised

infection (possibly life-threatening) when given with

monoclonal antibodies (golimumab). Avoid.rTheoretical

Abemaciclib

▶ Antiarrhythmics (dronedarone) are predicted to increase the

exposure to abemaciclib.oStudy

▶ Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital,

phenytoin, primidone) are predicted to markedly decrease the

exposure to abemaciclib. Avoid.rStudy

▶ Antifungals, azoles (fluconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole)

are predicted to increase the exposure to

o

abemaciclib.

Study

▶ Antifungals, azoles (itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole) are

predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib. Avoid or

adjust abemaciclib dose, p. 967.rStudy

▶ Aprepitant is predicted to increase the exposure to

abemaciclib.oStudy

▶ Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil) are predicted to

increase the exposure to abemaciclib.oStudy

▶ Cobicistat is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib.

Avoid or adjust abemaciclib dose, p. 967.rStudy

▶ Crizotinib

o

is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib.

Study

▶ Enzalutamide is predicted to markedly decrease the exposure

to abemaciclib. Avoid.rStudy

▶ Grapefruit juice is predicted to increase the exposure to

abemaciclib. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ HIV-protease inhibitors are predicted to increase the exposure

to

Study

abemaciclib. Avoid or adjust abemaciclib dose, p. 967.r

▶ Idelalisib is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib.

Avoid or adjust abemaciclib dose, p. 967.rStudy

▶ Imatinib

o

is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib.

Study

▶ Macrolides (clarithromycin) are predicted to increase the

exposure to abemaciclib. Avoid or adjust abemaciclib dose,

p. 967.rStudy

▶ Macrolides (erythromycin) are predicted to increase the

exposure to abemaciclib.oStudy

▶ Mitotane is predicted to markedly decrease the exposure to

abemaciclib. Avoid.rStudy

▶ Netupitant is predicted to increase the exposure to

abemaciclib.oStudy

▶ Nilotinib

o

is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib.

Study

▶ Rifampicin is predicted to markedly decrease the exposure to

abemaciclib. Avoid.rStudy

▶ St John’s Wort is predicted to decrease the exposure to

abemaciclib. Avoid.rStudy

Abiraterone

GENERAL INFORMATION Caution with concurrent

chemotherapy—safety and efficacy not established.

▶ Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital,

phenytoin, primidone) are predicted to decrease the exposure

to abiraterone. Avoid.rStudy

▶ Abiraterone is predicted to increase the exposure to beta

blockers, selective (metoprolol).oStudy

▶ Abiraterone is predicted to increase the exposure to eliglustat.

Avoid or adjust dose—consult product literature.rStudy

▶ Enzalutamide is predicted to decrease the exposure to

abiraterone. Avoid.rStudy

▶ Mitotane is predicted to decrease the exposure to abiraterone.

Avoid.rStudy

▶ Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to

abiraterone. Avoid.rStudy

Acarbose → see TABLE 14 p. 1378 (antidiabetic drugs)

▶ Acarbose

Study

decreases the concentration of digoxin.o ▶ Pancreatin is predicted to decrease the effects of acarbose.

Avoid.oTheoretical

ACE inhibitors → see TABLE 7 p. 1376 (first-dose hypotension), TABLE 8

p. 1376 (hypotension), TABLE 16 p. 1379 (increased serum potassium)

captopril . enalapril . fosinopril .imidapril . lisinopril . perindopril . quinapril .ramipril .trandolapril. ▶ ACE inhibitors increase the risk of renal impairment when

given with aliskiren. Use with caution or avoid aliskiren in

selected patients, p. 179.rStudy → Also see TABLE 8 p. 1376 →

Also see TABLE 16 p. 1379

▶ ACE inhibitors are predicted to increase the risk of

hypersensitivity and haematological reactions when given

with allopurinol.rAnecdotal

▶ ACE inhibitors are predicted to increase the risk of anaemia

Anecdotal

and/or leucopenia when given with azathioprine.r

▶ Everolimus potentially increases the risk of angioedema when

given with ACE inhibitors.rAnecdotal

▶ ACE inhibitors are predicted to decrease the efficacy of

icatibant and icatibant is predicted to decrease the efficacy of

ACE inhibitors. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ ACE inhibitors are predicted to increase the concentration of

lithium. Monitor and adjust dose.rAnecdotal

▶ ACE inhibitors are predicted to increase the risk of

r

hypersensitivity when given with sodium aurothiomalate.

Anecdotal

▶ Quinapril (tablet) decreases the absorption of oral tetracyclines

(tetracycline). Avoid.oStudy

Acebutolol → see beta blockers, selective

Aceclofenac → see NSAIDs

Acenocoumarol → see coumarins

Acetazolamide

▶ Acetazolamide potentially increases the risk of toxicity when

given with antiepileptics (valproate).rStudy

▶ Acetazolamide potentially increases the risk of overheating

and dehydration when given with antiepileptics (zonisamide).

Avoid in children.rTheoretical

▶ Acetazolamide increases the risk of severe toxic reaction when

given with aspirin (high-dose).rStudy

▶ Acetazolamide

Anecdotal

alters the concentration of lithium.r

▶ Acetazolamide is predicted to decrease the efficacy of

methenamine. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ Acetazolamide increases the urinary excretion of

methotrexate.oStudy

Aciclovir → see TABLE 2 p. 1375 (nephrotoxicity)

ROUTE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION Since systemic absorption can

follow topical application, the possibility of interactions

should be borne in mind.

▶ Aciclovir increases the exposure to aminophylline. Monitor and

adjust dose.rAnecdotal

▶ Mycophenolate is predicted to increase the risk of

haematological toxicity when given with

Theoretical

aciclovir.o ▶ Aciclovir is predicted to increase the exposure to theophylline.

Monitor and adjust dose.rTheoretical

Acitretin → see retinoids

Aclidinium → see TABLE 10 p. 1377 (antimuscarinics)

Acrivastine → see antihistamines, non-sedating

Adalimumab → see monoclonal antibodies

Adapalene → see retinoids

Adefovir → see TABLE 2 p. 1375 (nephrotoxicity)

1380 Abacavir — Adefovir BNF 78

Interactions | Appendix 1

A1

▶ Leflunomide

o

is predicted to increase the exposure to adefovir.

Theoretical

▶ Teriflunomide

o

is predicted to increase the exposure to adefovir.

Study

Adenosine → see antiarrhythmics

Adrenaline/epinephrine → see sympathomimetics, vasoconstrictor

Afatinib → see TABLE 15 p. 1378 (myelosuppression)

▶ Antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, dronedarone) are predicted to

increase the exposure to afatinib. Separate administration by

12 hours.oStudy

▶ Antiepileptics (carbamazepine) are predicted to decrease the

exposure to afatinib.oStudy

▶ Antifungals, azoles (itraconazole, ketoconazole) are predicted to

increase the exposure to afatinib. Separate administration by

12 hours.oStudy

▶ Calcium channel blockers (verapamil) are predicted to increase

the exposure to

o

afatinib. Separate administration by 12 hours.

Study

▶ Ciclosporin is predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.

Separate administration by 12 hours.oStudy

▶ HIV-protease inhibitors (lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir) are

predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib. Separate

administration by 12 hours.oStudy

▶ Lapatinib is predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.

Separate administration by 12 hours.oStudy

▶ Macrolides are predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.

Separate administration by 12 hours.oStudy

▶ Ranolazine is predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.

Separate administration by 12 hours.oStudy

▶ Rifampicin

o

is predicted to decrease the exposure to afatinib.

Study

▶ St John’s Wort is predicted to decrease the exposure to

afatinib.oStudy

▶ Vemurafenib is predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.

Separate administration by 12 hours.oStudy

Aflibercept → see TABLE 15 p. 1378 (myelosuppression)

ROUTE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION Interactions do not generally

apply to topical use unless specified.

Agalsidase

▶ Aminoglycosides are predicted to decrease the effects of

agalsidase. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ Antiarrhythmics (amiodarone) are predicted to decrease the

effects of agalsidase. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ Antimalarials (chloroquine) are predicted to decrease the effects

of agalsidase. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ Hydroxychloroquine is predicted to decrease the effects of

agalsidase.oTheoretical

Agomelatine → see TABLE 11 p. 1377 (CNS depressant effects)

▶ Dose adjustment might be necessary if smoking started or

stopped during treatment.

▶ Caution with concomitant use of drugs associated with

hepatic injury.

▶ Antiepileptics (fosphenytoin, phenytoin) are predicted to

decrease the exposure to agomelatine.oTheoretical

▶ Combined hormonal contraceptives are predicted to increase

the exposure to agomelatine.oStudy

▶ HIV-protease inhibitors (ritonavir) are predicted to decrease the

exposure to agomelatine.oTheoretical

▶ Leflunomide is predicted to decrease the exposure to

agomelatine.oTheoretical

▶ Mexiletine is predicted to increase the exposure to

agomelatine.oStudy

▶ Quinolones (ciprofloxacin) are predicted to increase the

exposure to agomelatine.oStudy

▶ Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to

agomelatine.oTheoretical

▶ SSRIs (fluvoxamine) very markedly increase the exposure to

agomelatine. Avoid.rStudy

▶ Teriflunomide is predicted to decrease the exposure to

agomelatine.oTheoretical

Albendazole

▶ Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital,

phenytoin, primidone) decrease the concentration of

albendazole.oStudy

▶ H2 receptor antagonists (cimetidine) decrease the clearance of

albendazole.oStudy

▶ HIV-protease inhibitors (ritonavir) decrease the exposure to

albendazole.oStudy

▶ Albendazole slightly decreases the exposure to levamisole and

levamisole

o

moderately decreases the exposure to albendazole.

Study

Alcohol (beverage) → see TABLE 1 p. 1375 (hepatotoxicity), TABLE 8

p. 1376 (hypotension), TABLE 11 p. 1377 (CNS depressant effects)

▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially increases the risk of visual

o

disturbances when given with antiepileptics (retigabine).

Study

▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially causes a disulfiram-like

reaction when given with antifungals, azoles (ketoconazole).

Avoid.oAnecdotal

▶ Alcohol (beverage) causes serious, potentially fatal, CNS

Study

depression when given with

→ Also see TABLE 11 p. 1377

clomethiazole. Avoid.r

▶ Alcohol (beverage) (in those who drink heavily) potentially

decreases the anticoagulant effect of coumarins.rStudy

▶ Alcohol (beverage) (excessive consumption) potentially

increases the risk of gastrointestinal side-effects when given

with dimethyl fumarate. Avoid.oTheoretical

▶ Alcohol (beverage) causes an extremely unpleasant systemic

reaction when given with disulfiram. Avoid for at least

24 hours before and up to 14 days after stopping treatment.

rStudy

▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially causes a disulfiram-like

reaction when given with griseofulvin.oAnecdotal

▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially causes a disulfiram-like

reaction when given with levamisole.oStudy

▶ Alcohol (beverage) (excessive consumption) potentially

increases the risk of lactic acidosis when given with

metformin

Theoretical

. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption.o ▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially causes a disulfiram-like

reaction when given with metronidazole. Avoid for at least

48 hours stopping treatment.oStudy

▶ Alcohol (beverage) causes rapid release of opioids

(hydromorphone, morphine) (from extended-release

preparations). Avoid.rStudy → Also see TABLE 11 p. 1377

▶ Alcohol (beverage) (in those who drink heavily) causes severe

liver damage when given with paracetamol.rStudy → Also

see TABLE 1 p. 1375

▶ Alcohol (beverage) increases the risk of facial flushing and skin

Study

irritation when given with topical pimecrolimus.o ▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially causes a disulfiram-like

reaction when given with procarbazine.oAnecdotal

▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially increases the concentration of

retinoids (acitretin). Avoid and for 2 months after stopping

acitretin.oStudy

▶ Alcohol (beverage) increases the risk of facial flushing and skin

irritation when given with topical tacrolimus.oStudy

▶ Alcohol (beverage) potentially causes a disulfiram-like

reaction when given with tinidazole. Avoid for 72 hours

stopping treatment.oTheoretical

Aldosterone antagonists → see TABLE 18 p. 1379 (hyponatraemia),

TABLE 8 p. 1376 (hypotension), TABLE 16 p. 1379 (increased serum

potassium)

eplerenone . spironolactone. ▶ Antiarrhythmics (amiodarone) are predicted to increase the

exposure to

Theoretical

eplerenone. Adjust eplerenone dose, p. 193.r

▶ Antiarrhythmics (dronedarone) are predicted to increase the

exposure to

Study

eplerenone. Adjust eplerenone dose, p. 193.r

▶ Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital,

phenytoin, primidone) are predicted to decrease the exposure

to eplerenone. Avoid.oTheoretical → Also see TABLE 18

p. 1379

▶ Antifungals, azoles (fluconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole)

are predicted to increase the exposure to eplerenone. Adjust

eplerenone dose, p. 193.rStudy

BNF 78 Adefovir — Aldosterone antagonists 1381

Interactions | Appendix 1

A1

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