Alopecia

with androgens, 1964t

anticancer therapies and, 1976–1977

antimitotic agents and, 1955t

antitumor antibiotics and, 1955t

and antiviral drugs, 1647t

and BU/CY, 2109, 2126

chemotherapy and, 1976–1977, 2053, 2111, 2126

and doxorubicin, 2053

and fludarabine, 2033

pazopanib and, 1962t

PCOS and, 1007–1008

TK inhibitor and, 2031

VPA and, 1839–1840

α1

-antitrypsin, 412

ALP (see Alkaline phosphatase (ALP))

ALT (see Alanine aminotransferase (ALT))

ALTE (see Apparent life-threatening events (ALTE))

Alteplase, role of, 237

Altered drug transport, 41–42

Altered glucose and insulin metabolism, 623–624

Aluminum, 2151

toxicity, 659

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

clinical presentation of, 2236–2237

diagnosis of, 2236–2237

etiology of, 2235

neuropathology of, 2235–2236

prognosis of, 2237

treatment of, 2238–2239

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), 135, 148, 156

Ambulatory pH monitoring, 507

Amebiasis

asymptomatic cyst passer, 1706

drug therapy, 1703t–1705t

genital, 1702

hepatic abscess with, 1702

leukocytosis with, 1706

life cycle, 1702

mortality, 1702

parasite/trophozoite life cycle, 1702

prevalence of, 1702

treatment during pregnancy, 1706–1707

Amebic dysentery

diagnosis of, 1702, 1706

drugs for, 1702

Amenorrhea, 1010, 1019, 1028

America Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, 431

American Academy of Neurology (AAN), 1249

American Academy of Opthalmology (AAO), 707

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery (AAOS), 869

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 1002, 1355, 2136, 2164

American Association for Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), 540, 551, 552, 554, 555

guidelines, 542–543, 544, 545, 549

Practice Guidelines Committee, 548

American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), 64–65

American Cancer Society Screening Recommendation, 2072t

American College of Cardiology (ACC), 147, 165, 201, 213, 262, 485, 1079

guidelines for atherosclerotic vascular disease, 213t

American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), 873

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), 485, 548, 554

American College of Medical Genetics, 456

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 456, 975

American College of Physicians, 88

American College of Radiology, 642

American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 171, 701, 868, 869, 879, 886t, 909

classification of systemic lupus erythematosus, 702t

recommendations for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, 885f

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1237

American Diabetes Association (ADA)

metabolic goals for adults with diabetes mellitus, 1079t

recommendations for statin treatment, 114t

Standards of Diabetes Care of, 114

American Gastroenterological Association, 510

American Heart Association (AHA), 134, 138, 147, 165, 201, 213, 485, 645, 1079, 1402

guidelines for atherosclerotic vascular disease, 213t

American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study, 1233

American Pharmacists Association (APhA), 9, 12

American Psychiatric Association, 944

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), 752, 799–800

guidelines, 781

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 1971, 2065, 2112

American Thoracic Society (ATS), 410, 510

American Urologic Association (AUA), 2254

AMH (see Antimullerian hormone (AMH))

AMI (see Acute myocardial infarction (AMI))

Amino acid (AA)

balance, 552

in parenteral nutrient formulation, 793, 794–795, 794t

Aminoglycoside-induced ATN, 644–645, 644t

Aminosalicylates, 520, 523

Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT), 326

AML (see Acute myeloid leukemia (AML))

Ammonia, 552

AMPK (see Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK))

Amplicor M. tuberculosis test, 1425

Amputation

and osteosarcoma, 2008

in RMSF, 1725

Amygdala

anxiety and, 1732, 1747

depression and, 1816

and fear stimulus, 1733

Amylase, 30

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

Amyloidosis, 659, 2102t

ANA (see Antinuclear antibodies (ANA))

Analgesic nephropathy, 601–602

Anaphylaxis, 725

aspirin-induced or NSAID-induced, 694

diagnosis of, 686

drug therapy of, 689t

mechanisms behind, 686–687

treatment of, 687–688

Anaplasmosis, 1725

clinical and laboratory findings, 1726

treatment and prevention, 1726

p. 2323

p. 2324

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), 2066

Anasarca, 998

ANC (see Absolute neutrophil count (ANC))

ANCA (see Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA))

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 2090–2092, 2091t

Andropause, 2259

Androstenedione, 1029

Anemia

of CKD

characteristics and etiology, 612

goals of therapy, 612–613

treatment, 613–616

classifications of, 1927t

definition of, 1926

diagnosis of, 1928f

history of, 1927

HIV-related, 1944

of inflammation, 1942–1944

iron deficiency, 1929–1933

malignancy-related, 1943–1944

megaloblastic, 1933–1938

pathophysiology of, 1926–1927

physical examination of, 1927

during pregnancy, 968–969

renal insufficiency-related, 1943

and Rh-associated HDN, 998

sickle cell, 1938–1942

signs of, 1927

symptoms of, 1927

Anencephaly, 969

Anesthesia

bone marrow harvesting and, 2107

ECT and, 1817

Anginal syndromes, CCBs in, 216t

Angina pectoris, 208

characteristics of, 211t

Angiodysplasia, 624

Angioedema, 139, 695

and ACEI, 285

Angioneurotic edema, 823 (see also Angioedema)

Angioplasty (see Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI))

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 167, 213, 236, 266

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), 167, 213, 236, 266, 544, 638–639, 1143, 1305 (see

also Drug index)

for hypertension, 139

Angiotensin I (AT I), 638

Angiotensinogen, 266

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 213, 236, 267, 544

Angle-closure glaucoma, 1150

Animal bite wounds, 1551–1552

Anion gap (AG), 23

Ankle-to-brachial index (ABI), 165

arterial obstruction, 165t

ANP (see Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP))

Antacids and alginic acid, 482, 484

Anthropometrics, 750

Antiarrhythmic agents, pharmacologic properties of, 309t

Antibacterials, classification of, 1323t

Antibiotics, 524 (see also Antibiotics in drug)

dosing, 460–462

drug selection, 460

resistance rates, 497

Antibody-mediated rejection, 727

Anticancer therapies, complications of (see also Toxicities, associated with anticancer therapies)

acute myeloid leukemia, 1997

impact on fertility, 1997–1999

methotrexate, 2009–2010

oogenesis, effect on, 1997–1998

spermatogenesis, effect on, 1998–1999

teratogenicity, 1999

Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA), 194

Anticoagulation, duration of, 182t

Antideoxyribonuclease B (ADNase B), 640

Antidepressant vs. central nervous system depressant, 74–78

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 265–266, 571

Antidotes, 67

for acetaminophen toxicity, 80

in CNS depression, 74–75

for methanol intoxication, 562

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), 1273, 1276, 1280, 1281, 1840

choice of, 1276, 1281

duration/discontinuation of, 1278, 1280

elderly patients and, 1289–1290

for febrile seizures, 1295

for future use, 1286

goal of, 1276

hypersensitivity reactions to, 1295–1296

impact on bone density, 1289

monotherapy vs. polytherapy, 1278

and oral contraceptive interaction, 1296–1297

pharmacokinetic properties of, 1279t, 1283, 1286

serum concentrations, 1277–1278

side effects of, 1283, 1284–1286t

for status epilepticus, 1298–1300

teratogenic effects of, 1297–1298

for various seizure types, 1277t

and women related issues, 1296–1298

Antihyaluronidase (AHase), 640

Antihypertensive therapy, 604–605

Antimanic agents, 1837

Antimicrobial therapy, 423–424

Antimullerian hormone (AMH), 1009

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), 641

Antinicotyladenine dinucleotidase (NADase) antibody titers, 640

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 692

Antiproteases, 455

Antipseudomonal therapies, 460

Antireflux surgery, 511

Antistreptolysin O (ASO), 640

Antithrombin (AT), 176, 176t, 225–226

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG), 722–723, 2109, 2114

Antitumor necrosis factor agents, 524

Antiviral therapy, 734–735

Antral follicles, 956

Anxiety

and amygdala circuits, 1732, 1747

and asthma, 1734, 1736t

cause of, 1732

clinical assessment of, 1733–1734

comparative medication treatment options for, 1737t

defined, 1732

developmental disorders, 1859–1861

differential diagnosis of, 1733–1734

disorders, 1870

classification of, 1732

clinicalsignificance of, 1733

diagnosis of, 1732, 1735f

epidemiology of, 1733

generalized anxiety disorder, 1732

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 1732

panic disorder, 1732

phobic disorders, 1732

posttraumatic stress disorder, 1732

social anxiety disorder, 1732

and hippocampus, 1732

impact on neuralsystems, 1732

life stressors and, 1734

medical illnesses, 1732

medications, 1732

neurobiology of, 1732–1733

OTC drugs and, 1734

psychological manifestations of, 1732

schizophrenia in, 1784

secondary causes of, 1734, 1736t

systems interaction in, 1733

AOM (see Acute otitis media (AOM))

Aortic dissection, 346

APD (see Action potential duration (APD))

APhA (see American Pharmacists Association (APhA))

Aplastic anemia, 1640, 2114

Apnea, 2189–2190

Apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), 1777

Apo B antisense oligonucleotides, 128–129

Apolipoproteins, 104–105

in transport of cholesterol and triglycerides, 104f

Apparent life-threatening events (ALTE), 2162

APPE (see Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE))

Appendectomy, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Appendiceal abscesses, 453

Appendicitis, 1477, 1708, 1709

Appetite regulation, 759

aPTT (see Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT))

ARBs (see Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs))

ARDS (see Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS))

p. 2324

p. 2325

Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), 1906t, 2065, 2135

Arginine, in critical illness, 777

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 579

ARIA (see Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA))

Aromatic amino acids (AAA), 777, 793

Arrhythmias, 307–332, 1632, 1672, 1832, 1911t, 1917, 1921, 1975, 1990, 2104, 2163, 2214, 2227

antiarrhythmic drugs, 309–311, 310t

cardiopulmonary arrest, 329–332

classification of, 309

conduction blocks, 321

electrophysiology and, 307–308, 307f, 308–309t

after MI, 311

pathophysiology of, 308–309

ART (see Assisted reproductive technology (ART))

Arterial blood gas (ABG), 351, 383, 414, 558, 558t

Arterial pressure line, role of, 351

Arterial thrombi, 176

Arteriosclerosis obliterans, 163–164

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula, 655

Ascites, 542–546

cirrhosis and, 542

diuretic therapy for, 543–544

fluid/electrolyte balance and, 542–543

goals of treatment for, 542

pathogenesis of, 542

refractory, 544

treatment for, 544–546

sodium restriction and, 542

V2 antagonists and, 542–543

water restriction and, 542

ASCO (see American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO))

ASCVD (see Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD))

ASD (see Autism spectrum disorder (ASD))

ASL (see Airway surface layer (ASL))

ASO (see Antistreptolysin O (ASO))

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 29, 76, 79, 81, 1321, 1435

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

ASPEN (see American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN))

Aspergillosis, 1640–1642

empiric antifungal therapy, 1641

treatment of, 1641, 1642t

Aspergillus fumigatus, 455–456

Asphyxia, 987, 2191

Aspirin-induced tinnitus, 890

ASSENT-2 (see Second Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic)

ASSENT-3 trial, 252

Assisted reproductive technology (ART), 960t, 960–961, 960f

AST (see Aspartate aminotransferase (AST))

Asterixis, 551–552

Asthma, 378–406

action plan, 403f

acute, 385–394

acute exacerbation of, 1918

and agents for intubation, 2198

allergic, 1655

and anxiety, 1734, 1736t

blood gases and, 384

bronchodilators for, 2226–2227

centralstimulation vs bronchodilation for, 2190

in children, 380–381t, 386–387f, 2197

chronic, 394–400

and chronic sleep disorder, 1772t

clinical features of, 412t

complementary alternative therapies, 406

control of, 384

COPD and, 411–412, 413t

defined, 378

diagnosis of, 380, 383–384, 383t

drug-induced, 405

education on, 401–404, 401–402t

EIA, 400–401

in elderly, 2226–2227

eosinophils and, 378

and EPT, 2276

etiology of, 378

extrinsic, 378

and GERD, 2162

history of, 380, 383

hyperreactivity and, 378

IgE and, 378

in infants, 2197

and influenza vaccine, 1657

intrinsic, 378

and ketamine, 2200t

management of, 391f

monitoring of, 380, 383–384

mortality from, 378

nitric oxide and, 378

nocturnal, 404–405

and panic attacks, 1749

pathophysiology of, 378–379, 379f

patient education, 401–404, 401–402t

persistent, 2197t

pulmonary function tests for, 383–384

respiratory failure and, 393

rhinitis and, 428

risk factors for, 378

seasonal, 395

self-management of, 402–404

severity of, 394

and smoking, 1907t, 1923

spirometry for, 383, 383f

symptoms of, 380

theophylline for, 2190

in youths and adults, 382t, 388f

Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS), 409

clinical features of, 412t

Astroviruses, and diarrhea, 1450

Asymptomatic cyst passer, 1706

Asystole, 332, 332f

AT (see Antithrombin (AT))

ATG (see Antithymocyte globulin (ATG))

Atherogenic dyslipidemia, 105–106, 106t

Atherosclerosis, 704–705

metabolic syndrome in, 165f

pathogenesis of, 108–109, 108f

process of, 210f

sites of, 163f

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), 166

clinical evaluation and management of, 109–110

guidelines for management of dyslipidemia, 110–115, 111f, 112f

lipoproteins and, 108–109, 108f

NLA criteria for risk assessment and treatment goals, 113t

standard lipid panel and advanced lipid testing, 109–110

AT I (see Angiotensin I (AT I))

ATN (see Acute tubular necrosis (ATN))

Atopic dermatitis, 818

nondrug recommendations for, 819–820, 820t

Atopy, 378

ATP (see Adenosine triphosphate (ATP))

ATRIA (see Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA))

Atrial fibrillation (AF), 200–201, 309, 311f

anticoagulation, before and after cardioversion, 200

and atrial flutter, 311–312

causes of, 312t

clinical manifestation of, 312

consequences of, 312–318

persistent, 200–201

stroke and, 200

treatment for, 200

Atrial flutter, 311f

and AF, 311–312

causes of, 312t

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 641

ATS (see American Thoracic Society (ATS))

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 2130

adults with, 1872

and anxiety disorder, 1870

diagnosis, 1865

diagnostic criteria for, 1865t

epidemiology of, 1864

etiology of, 1865

pathophysiology of, 1864–1865

prognosis of, 1865–1866

psychiatric comorbidity, 1865–1866

and psychosis, 1871

signs of, 1865

and substance abuse, 1871

symptoms of, 1865

and TIC disorder, 1870

and Tourette syndrome, 1870

treatment

alternative therapy, 1871–1872

behavioral therapy, 1866–1867

pharmacotherapy, 1867–1870

Attenuation of Disease Progression with Azilect Given Oncedaily (ADIAGO), 1257

p. 2325

p. 2326

AUA (see American Urologic Association (AUA))

AUC (see Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC))

Auspitz sign, 833

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

anatomy, 1852

characteristics of, 1852

clinical presentation of, 1852–1853

diagnosis of, 1853–1854

DSM-V criteria for, 1853t

epidemiology of, 1852

etiology of, 1852

intellectual disability, 1852

natural course of, 1852

pathophysiology of, 1852

physiology of, 1852

prognosis of, 1852

repetitive behaviors, 1858–1859

treatment, 1854–1858

hyperactivity, 1855

irritability/aggression, 1856–1857

pharmacologic interventions, 1855

psychosocial interventions, 1854–1855

Autoimmune drug reactions, 691–692

Autologous HCT, 2102–2106

complications, 2105–2106

and HGF, 2106

indications for, 2103, 2103t

myeloablative preparative regimen for, 2105, 2105t

Automaticity, 307

Autonomic dysfunction, Parkinson’s disease and, 1267

Autonomic neuropathy, 1145

AV fistula (see Arteriovenous (AV) fistula)

AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), 311

AVNRT (see AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT))

AVP (see Arginine vasopressin (AVP))

AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), 311

AVRT (see AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT))

Azathioprine, 718, 720–721

Azotemia, 599

and diuretics, 277

B

Babesiosis, 1729

HIV and, 1727

incubation period of tick bite, 1727

pathogens responsible for, 1726

prevention of, 1727

red blood cell transfusions for, 1727

symptoms and diagnosis of, 1726–1727

treatment for, 1727

Babinski sign, 334

Bacillus cereus, foodborne illnesses and, 1452–1453

Bacterial infection, antimicrobial therapy for, 1328–1330t

Bacterial meningitis

definitive therapy for, 1374t

duration of therapy for, 1375, 1375t

empiric therapy for, 1371–1373, 1372t

Bacterial pneumonia, 1323

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), 995, 1522

Balloon tamponade, 549

BAO (see Basal acid output (BAO))

Bariatric surgery, for weight loss, 766

Bartter syndrome, 583

Basal acid output (BAO), 492

Basal-bolus insulin therapy, for type 1 diabetes, 1088–1091, 1089–1091t, 1089f

indications and precautions, 1091t

insulin pump therapy, 1088

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 846, 848

Basal energy expenditure (BEE), 751, 752t

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 751

Basic metabolic panel (BMP), 25, 26t

Basophils, 34

BBB (see Blood–brain barrier (BBB))

BCAA (see Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA))

BCC (see Basal cell carcinoma (BCC))

B. cepacia syndrome, 455

BCG vaccination, 1427

BCVA (see Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA))

BD (see Bipolar disorder (BD))

BDI (see Beck Depression Inventory (BDI))

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 1816

BEE (see Basal energy expenditure (BEE))

Beef tapeworm (see Cestodiasis (tapeworm infection))

Behavioral Pain Scale, 1211

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 443

age at onset, 2253

and Boyarsky index, 2253–2254, 2254t

cause of, 2253

clinical presentation of, 2253–2256

digital rectal examination of, 2255

drug therapy for, 2256–2258

microscopic incidence of, 2253

nonpharmacologic treatment, 2258

pathophysiology of, 2253–2255, 2255f

serum PSA in, 2255–2256

static and dynamic components, 2253

and stromal hyperplasia, 2253

symptoms, 2253–2254

urinalysis of, 2255

and urinary incontinence, 2255

urinary retention in, 2255

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptom Scoring System, 2254t

Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), 1169

β-adrenergic blockers, 1150

BG (see Blood glucose (BG))

B-hemolytic Streptococcus, 977

BHPR (see British Health Professionals in Rheumatology (BHPR))

Bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate)

in metabolic acidosis, 562–563

for salicylate toxicity, 70

for TCA toxicity, 77–78

Bicarbonate deficit, 2142–2143, 2143t

Bifidobacterium, 493, 2161

Biliary pseudolithiasis, 1375

Biliary tract surgery, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Bilirubin, 30, 30f

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

Bioavailability, definition of, 1208

Biobrane, 862

Biofeedback, 1197t

Bio-identical Hormones, 1034

Biologic therapy, for systemic lupus erythematosus, 710–711

Biosynthetic dressings, 862–863

Biphasic defibrillators, 329–330

Bipolar disorder (BD)

clinical presentation, 1835–1836

course of illness, 1835

diagnosis of, 1836–1838

and ECT, 1849–1850

epidemiology of, 1834–1835

hypomanic episodes in, 1836t

and hypothyroidism, 1842–1843

mania in, 1839–1846

pathophysiology of, 1835

precipitating factors, 1838–1839

risk factors for, 1835

symptoms of, 1835

treatment, 1837

acute cases, 1846–1848

maintenance therapy, 1848–1850

mania, 1839–1846

Bismuth-based quadruple therapy, 496–497

Bismuth salts, 486