and soy-based formulas, 2144

therapeutic formulas for, 2145–2146

very low-birth-weight (VLBW), 2148

Infection

causative organisms, 1323–1325, 1323t

confabulating variables and, 1322

definition of, 2204t

diagnosis of, problems in, 1322

drug effects and, 1322

endocarditis, 1324t

fever and, 1322

intra-abdominal, 1324t, 1469–1481

isolate pathogenicity, determination of, 1331

and microbiologic tests, 1325–1331

postoperative site, 1344

presence of, 1320

principles related to, 1319–1342

prophylaxis, 549, 740

of respiratory system, 1324t

severity of, 1320–1322

sites of, 1322–1323, 1324t

of skin, 1324t

of soft tissue, 1324t

of urinary tract, 1324t

Infectious diarrhea, 1401, 1446–1468, 1447–1448

AIDS and, 1450

Bacillus cereus and, 1452–1453

Campylobacter jejuni and, 1459

chemotherapy and, 1450

clinical presentation of, 1450–1451

Clostridium difficile and, 1447t, 1463–1468

Clostridium perfringens and, 1452–1453

Cryptosporidium parvum and, 1453

drug therapy for, 1449

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and, 1463

etiology of, 1447–1448

laboratory tests for, 1448–1449

norovirus and, 1450

pathogenesis of, 1448

pharmacologic agents and, 1448

and PI-IBS, 1461

predisposing factors for, 1447t, 1448

prevention of, 1449

rehydration therapy for, 1448

Salmonella spp. and, 1447t, 1453–1457

Shigella spp. and, 1447t, 1457–1459

Staphylococcus aureus and, 1452–1453

symptoms of, 1447t

travelers, 1447t, 1459–1461

treatment for, 1447t, 1449–1450

viral gastroenteritis, 1447t, 1450–1451

Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), 1486

Infective endocarditis (IE), 1385–1386

causative organism, 1385

CHF and, 1387

diagnostic criteria for, 1388t

epidemiology of, 1385

modified Duke Criteria on, 1388t

pathogenesis of, 1385

peripheral manifestations of, 1386, 1387f

predisposing factors for, 1395

site of involvement in, 1386

Infertility

female, 954–957, 955t, 956f

general risk factors, 954

IVF protocol, 961–966, 962–963t, 962f

male, 957, 957t

pathophysiology and diagnosis, 954–957, 955t, 956f, 957t

treatment approaches, 957–966, 958t, 960t, 960f, 962t, 962f, 963t, 965t, 966t

in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocol, 960f

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

clinical presentation, 520

Crohn’s disease, 520

pathophysiological differences, 519t

ulcerative colitis (UC), 520

definition and epidemiology, 519

etiology, 519

pathogenesis, 519–520

pharmacotherapy for, 521–522t

treatment, 520–524

aminosalicylates, 520, 523

antibiotics, 524

antitumor necrosis factor agents, 524

corticosteroids, 523

immunomodulators, 523–524

nutritional therapies, 524

supportive therapy, 524

surgery, 524

Inflammatory pain, 1173

Inflammatory response, 459–460

Influenza

clinical presentation of, 1655–1656

epidemics of, 1655

individuals at high risk for transmission, 1655

prevention, 1657

systemic symptoms of, 1656

treatment, 1656–1657

types of viruses, 1655

vaccines, 1360–1361, 1655

Influenza virus infection, 1598

Inhalation of hypertonic saline (IHS), 459

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), 394

INR (see International normalized ratio (INR))

Insomnia, 1789

in a healthy patient, 1766

algorithm for treatment of, 1771f

in a medically ill patient, 1770–1773

CBT for, 1765, 1765t

in elderly, 1774–1776

melatonin, 1768

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