decision to use, 1345–1346

duration of administration, 1347–1348

indiscriminate antimicrobial use, risks of, 1349

optimizing, 1349

principles of, 1345–1349

route of administration, 1346–1347

selection of antimicrobial agent, 1348–1349

timing of antimicrobial administration, 1346

Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP), 1349

Surgical site infections, 1343

classification of, 1344–1345, 1344t

signs of, 1348

Sustained Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

treatment of, 324–325

Sustained ventricular tachycardia (SuVT), 322f

Sustained VT (SuVT), 322

SuVT (see Sustained ventricular tachycardia (SuVT))

SV (see Stroke volume (SV))

SVC (see Superior vena cava (SVC))

SVI (see Stroke volume index (SVI))

SVR (see Systemic vascular resistance (SVR))

Sweat chloride test, 456

Sweat glands

chloride transport, 453f

cystic rosis, 452–453

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), 22, 577

chronic management of, 579–580

Syphilis, 972, 1517–1521

congenital, 1517, 1517f

epidemiology of, 1517

laboratory tests for, 1519

latent, 1519

neonatal, 1521

pregnancy and, 1521

primary, 1517–1518

secondary, 1519

tertiary, 1519

treatment of, 1519–1521, 1520t

by Treponema pallidum, 1517

Systeme National d’Information Inter-Regimes Assurance Maladie (SNIIRAM), 48–49

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 349, 2202–2203, 2204t

Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC), 701

classification of systemic lupus erythematosus, 703–704t

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 625, 691–692

atherosclerosis and, 704–705

classification criteria of, 701

clinical presentation of, 701–706

diagnosis of, 706

drug-induced lupus erythematosus, 711

drug interactions with medications for, 713t

epidemiology of, 700–701

and EPT, 2276

female hormones and, 701

gastrointestinalsymptoms and, 705

general principles of, 700

hematologic disorders and, 705–706

immunologic abnormalities and, 701

investigational agents, 711

medications causing, 713t

medications used for treatment of, 712t

nervous system and, 704

pathophysiology of, 701

pharmacists, role for, 713–714

pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments, 706–711

pulmonary involvement in, 705

renal complication and, 705

symptoms of, 704f

treatment approaches for, 711, 713

UV radiation and, 701

viral infection and, 701

Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics (SLICC), 706

Systemic mycoses, 1630–1643

Systemic sclerosis (SSc), 171, 922–924

clinical features of, 923t

manifestations of, 923t

treatment options for manifestations of, 923t

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), 264, 352

normal values of, 350t

Systolic blood pressure (SBP), 133, 337–338, 351

normal values of, 349t

The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), 138

Systolic dysfunction, 264

T

T3

toxicosis, 1057

Tachyarrhythmia, 309

Tachycardia, in schizophrenia, 1801–1802

Tachyphylaxis, 647, 820, 836

Tacrolimus, 736

Tai Chi, knee OA and, 868–869

Tamponade, 359

TandemHeart, complications of, 366

Tanning, 848

Tanning booths, 855

Tapeworm infection (see Cestodiasis (tapeworm infection))

Tardive dyskinesia, in schizophrenia, 1801

Target hemoglobin, 613

TAVR (see Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR))

TB (see Tuberculosis (TB))

TBE (see Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE))

TBSA (see Total body surface area (TBSA))

TBW (see Total body water (TBW))

TC (see Total cholesterol (TC))

T-cell activation, 717

TD (see Travelers’ diarrhea (TD))

TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM))

TdP (see Torsades de pointes (TdP))

TED (see Thromboembolic disease (TED))

TEE (see Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE))

Telangiectasia, 816

Temporal arteritis, 924–925

TENS (see Toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome (TENS))

Tension-type headache, 1234

general management and abortive therapy for, 1244–1245

interprofessional management of, 1245

pathophysiology of, 1244

prophylactic therapy for, 1245

p. 2368

p. 2369

Teratogenicity

congenital malformations, prevalence of, 971

food and drug administration (FDA) risk factors, 974

malformations, causes of, 971–972

medication use in pregnancy and, 972–974, 973t, 974f

Teratogenic viruses, 971

TERISA (see Type 2 Diabetes Evaluation of Ranolazine in Subjects with Chronic Stable Angina

(TERISA))

Terlipressin, 547–548

Term infant, 968

Testosterone deficiency, 2265–2266

TGN (see Thioguanine nucleotides (TGN))

TGs (see Triglycerides (TGs))

Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging, of chronic stable angina, 212

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), 36, 635, 736

Therapeutic hypothermia, 1209–1210

Thiazide-induced hyperuricemia, 150

Thioguanine nucleotides (TGN), 720

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), 56, 56t, 523–524

Thoracic surgery, prophylaxis for, 1345t

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A inhibitors (HMG-CoA), 213

Thrombocytes, 34

Thrombocytopenia, 34, 173, 185–186, 484

Thromboembolic disease (TED), and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t, 1032–1033

Thromboembolism

etiology of, 175

risk factors for, 175f

Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI), 235

Thrombosis, 174–205, 658

AF and, 200–201

antithrombotic therapy, tests for, 181

bridge therapy, 201–203, 202t, 203t

cardiac valve replacement and, 201

cardiogenic thromboembolism, 200–201

chemotherapy and, 175f

clot formation, 175–176, 176f

deep venous thrombosis, 181–189, 183t, 190t

drug interactions, 203–205

principles of, 174–175

pulmonary embolism, 189–200, 191t

risk factors, 183

Thrombus, formation and ACS, 233f

Thyroid disease

cold nodule, 1043

drug-induced

amiodarone, 1068–1069

iodides, 1068–1069

lithium, 1068

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 1039

hot nodule, 1043

hyperthyroidism, 1042

causes of, 1042, 1042t

prevalence of, 1042

treatment, 1042

hypothyroidism, 1039

causes of, 1040t

and goiter, 1039

laboratory findings, 1041t

multinodular goiter, 1069

thyroid cancers, 1069

thyroid function tests, 1044t

application and interpretation, 1046

for autoimmunity, 1045

and drug interference, 1046–1048

evaluation of, 1043f

for free and total hormone level, 1043, 1045

for gland function, 1045

for hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, 1045

for total thyroxine, 1045

for total triiodothyronine, 1045

thyroid storm, 1067–1068

Thyroidectomy, 1060

Thyroid function tests

in euthyroid patients, 1040t

Thyroid hormone secretion, regulation of, 1039f

Thyroid receptor–stimulating antibodies (TRAb), 1045

Thyroid scan, 1045

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 31

blood chemistry reference values for, 20t

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), 1045

Thyroid storm, 1067–1068

β-blocker, 1067–1068

clinical presentation, 1067

elimination of precipitating causes, 1068

role of catecholamines, 1067

treatment, 1067–1068

Thyroid ultrasound, 1045

Thyrotoxicosis, 1042, 1061, 1069

Thyrotropin, 31

Thyroxine (T4), 1039

Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) (see Prealbumin)

TIA (see Transient ischemic attacks (TIA))

TIC disorder, 1870

Tick-borne diseases, 1715t

babesiosis, 1726–1727

Colorado tick fever, 1727–1728

genera of, 1717

Lyme disease, 1717–1721

relapsing fever, 1721–1723

tick-borne encephalitis, 1727–1728

tick paralysis (tick toxicosis), 1729

tick vectors, 1724

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), 1728

CNS manifestations, 1728

and infected unpasteurized milk or cheese, 1728

subtypes, 1728

tick vector, 1728

Tick paralysis (tick toxicosis), 1729

Tick toxicosis (see Tick paralysis (tick toxicosis)

Ticlopidine, role of, 168

TIMI (see Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI))

Tinea pedis, 1626

Tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 1627

TIPS (see Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS))

Tissue-engineered biological dressings, 863

Tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC), 1035

TKIs (see Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs))

TLC (see Total lung capacity (TLC))

TLS (see Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS))

T lymphocytes, 411t

TNA (see Total nutrient admixture (TNA))

Tobacco use and dependence

benefits of quitting, 1905, 1907

tobacco cessation counseling (“5 R’s”), 1908, 1909t

and cardiovascular disease, 1917–1918

cigar smoking, 1918

cognitive and behavioralstrategies for, 1910t

counseling interactions, 1908–1909, 1908f, 1909t

drug interactions with smoking, 1905, 1906–1907t

factors contributing to, 1904

health consequences, 1905

nicotine inhaler, 1918–1919

nicotine nasalspray, 1914, 1918

nicotine pharmacology, 1904–1905, 1905f

pharmacotherapy for, 1914–1924

relapse chances, 1917

treatment, 1907

behavioral counseling services, 1924

extended-duration medication therapy, 1924

telephone counseling services, 1923

weight-suppressing effects of tobacco, 1917

Tocolysis, 992–994

duration of, 994

maintenance therapy for, 994

TOPCAT (see Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist

(TOPCAT) trial)

Top-down therapy, 529

Torsades de pointes (TdP), 308, 327f

antiarrhythmic drugs and clinical presentation of, 327–328

and nonantiarrhythmic agents, 328, 329t

treatment of, 328–329

Total body surface area (TBSA), burns of skin, 860

Total body water (TBW), 569

Total cholesterol (TC), 31, 933

blood chemistry reference values for, 20t

Total iron binding capacity, in iron toxicity, 72

Total lung capacity (TLC), 383, 414

p. 2369

p. 2370

Total nutrient admixture (TNA), 792

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 524

primary diagnoses for, 796t

Tourette syndrome, 1870

Toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome (TENS), 822

Toxic exposure, history of, 65

Toxicities, associated with anticancer therapies, 1969

angina and myocardial infarction, 1990

arrhythmias, 1990

autonomic neuropathy, 1987

cardiomyopathy, 1987–1988

cardiotoxicity, 1987–1990

cranial nerve toxicity, 1987

dermatologic, 1976–1984

GI tract, 1973–1976

hematologic, 1969–1973

hemorrhagic cystitis, 1992–1993

hepatotoxicity, 1996–1997

hypersensitivity reactions, 1980–1984, 1982–1983t

hypertension, 1990

irritant and vesicant reactions, 1979–1980, 1979–1981t

nephrotoxicity, 1990–1992, 1991t

neurotoxicity, 1984–1987, 1985t

peripheral nerve toxicity, 1986–1987

proteinuria, 1991–1992

pulmonary, 1993–1996, 1994–1995t

specific organ, 1984–1997

synergistic interaction between a cytotoxic agents and radiation therapy, 1978

Toxidromes, 66

Toxins, 552

Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, HIV and

brain lesions by, 1381

clinical presentation of, 1605

diagnosis of, 1605

prophylaxis, 1605–1606

treatment

acute, 1606–1608

alternative, 1607

suppressive therapy (secondary prophylaxis), 1606

Toxoplasmosis, 1598

TPMT (see Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT))

TPN (see Total parenteral nutrition (TPN))

TRAb (see Thyroid receptor–stimulating antibodies (TRAb))

Trace elements, 748–749

Trade-off hypothesis, 618

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), 201

Transdermal drug absorption, 2130

Transduction, 1171

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 200, 1388

Transferrin, 751

Transferrin saturation percent (TSAT), 612

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

definition of, 1302

drugs for preventing, 1307t

epidemiology of, 1302–1303

etiology of, 1302f

pathophysiology, 1303–1304

primary prevention, 1304–1307

pharmacotherapy, 1306–1307

risk factors modification, 1304–1306

risk factors for, 1303t

secondary prevention after, 1313–1315

antiplatelet therapy for, 1313–1315

surgical interventions for, 1315

treatment of, 1307–1313

complications of, 1313

principles, 1304

prognosis of, 1313

stroke education, 1312–1313

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), 545, 545f, 549, 551

Transmission of signals, 1172

Transplantation, 716–717

immunology

HLA typing, 718

MHC and HLA, 717–718

immunosuppressive agents, 718, 719t

antithymocyte globulins, 722–723

azathioprine, 718, 720–721

calcineurin inhibitors, 721–722

corticosteroids, 721

monoclonal antibodies, 723

mTOR inhibitors, 722, 731–732

mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolate sodium, 721

polyclonal antibodies, 722–723

kidney

acute rejection treatment, 728

BK polyomavirus infection, 733–735

calcineurin inhibitor avoidance, withdrawal, or minimization, 729–730

calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity, 729

cyclosporine, 730–731

donor and recipient matching, 723–724

immunosuppressive therapy, 724–725

indications and evaluation, 723

postoperative course and delayed graft function, 726

post-transplantation diabetes mellitus, 732

post-transplantation metabolic and cardiovascular complications, 732

posttransplant hyperlipidemia, 733

posttransplant hypertension, 732–733

posttransplant osteoporosis, 733

rejection, 727–728

thymoglobulin and antithymocyte globulin, 725–726

liver, 554–555

of ALF patients, 1672

cytomegalovirus, 741–743

drug interactions with immunosuppressive, 739–740

for HBV-related cirrhosis, 1680–1681

for HCV, 1680

and HDV patients, 1691

hepatitis B, 740–741

hepatitis C, 741

indications, 735

infection prophylaxis, 740

and mannitol therapy, 1671

mycophenolate mofetil, 738–739

opportunistic infections after, 740t

patient monitoring, 735–736

posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, 743–745

rejection, 737–738

tacrolimus, 736

treatment for rejection, 738

Transport proteins, 41

Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), 1388

Transthyretin (prealbumin), 751

Travelers’ diarrhea (TD), 1459–1461

TRD (see Treatment refractory depression (TRD))

Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT)

trial, 304

Treatment refractory depression (TRD), 1829–1830

Tremor, 1248

Treponemal test, 1520

Treponema pallidum, 972

Trichomoniasis, 1526–1527

Trigeminal neuralgia, 1234

Triglycerides (TGs), 101

blood chemistry reference values for, 20t

role in pathogenesis of ASCVD, 108

Triglycerides, 31

Triiodothyronine (T3), 1039

Trimesters of pregnancy, 968

Triple whammy, 637

Troponin, 28

TSAT (see Transferrin saturation percent (TSAT))

TSEC (see Tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC))

TSH (see Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH))

TSI (see Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI))

T-SPOT TB test, 1427

TTE (see Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE))

Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux method), 1425

Tuberculosis (TB), 1421–1445 (see also Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

active TB disease, 1424

clinical presentation of, 1425

diagnosis of, 1425–1428

multiple-drug therapy for, 1433

and susceptibility testing, 1431–1432

treatment of, 1428–1434, 1428t

in children, 1443