Bowel dysfunction, 1223

Boyarsky index, 2253–2254, 2254t

BP (see Blood pressure (BP))

BPD (see Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD))

BPH (see Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH))

Bradycardia, 309

Bradykinesia, 1248

Brain abscess, 1380–1383, 1381t

antimicrobial therapy for, 1382

clinical/radiologic features of, 1381–1382

epidemiology of, 1380

microbiology of, 1380–1381

predisposing factors for, 1380, 1381t

staging of, 1380

treatment of, 1382–1383

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 29

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 777, 793

Breakthrough pain management, 1201

Breast cancer

anatomy of breast, 2046f

and BRCA gene mutation, 2047

clinical presentation of, 2049

and combined oral contraceptives, 945–946

diagnosis of, 2046, 2049

epidemiology of, 2045–2046

FISH testing, 2050

and HER2 positivity, 2050

incidence of, 2045–2046

inherited mutations, 2048–2049

metastatic, 2054–2055

pathophysiology of, 2046

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t, 1032

prevalence of, 2045–2046

prevention of, 2047–2048

prognostic factors of, 2049–2050

progression of, 2056

risk factors of, 2048, 2048t

screening of, 2047

sites of metastases, 1950t

staging of, 2049

surgery for, 2050–2051

treatment

adjuvant radiation therapy, 2050–2051

biologic therapy, 2051–2052, 2057

chemotherapy, 2051–2052

hormonal therapy, 2051–2052

surgery, 2050–2051

Breast milk

and antidepressants, 1825

drug concentration in, 1002

drug excretion in, 1000–1003

enhancement of production, 999

and heparin, 1001

HIV and, 996–997

and infant exposure, 1002, 1002t

methods of reducing risks, 1002–1003, 1002t

sources of drugs, 1003, 1003t

iron content of, 2143

of methadone, 1881

metoclopramide and, 1000

pharmacokinetics, 1000–1001

transfer of drugs from maternal plasma to milk, 1001–1002, 1001t

vitamin D content in, 2143

Bridge therapy, 201–203, 202t, 203t

Brief Pain Inventory, 1174, 1175t, 1184

British Health Professionals in Rheumatology (BHPR), 925

British Society for Rheumatology (BSR), 925

Broadband UVB (BB-UVB), 838

Broad fish tapeworm (see Cestodiasis (tapeworm infection))

Bronchitis

chronic, 409, 410

definition of, 410

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 2150, 2169

clinical manifestations of, 2173–2174

defined, 2173

long-term sequelae, 2176

medical management of, 2174–2176

pathogenesis, 2173–2174

prevention of, 2176–2177

Bronzer, 856

Broth dilution method, 1331

Bruxism, and SSRI, 1822

BSR (see British Society for Rheumatology (BSR))

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 266

Buffering capabilities, 503

BUN (see Blood urea nitrogen (BUN))

Burkholderia cepacia, 455

Burkitt lymphoma, 2043

Burn injuries, 859

age-related recommendations for, 861

disease-related recommendations for, 861

epidemiology of, 859

etiology of, 859–860, 861

extent of, 860

first-degree burns, 860

fluid loss in, 860

fourth-degree burns, 860

incidence of, 859

and infection, 860

inhalation injury and, 860

postwound care in, 864

prevalence of, 859

and rule of nines, 860

second-degree burns, 860

third-degree burns, 860

treatment of, 861–864

zones of, 859

BV (see Bacterial vaginosis (BV))

C

CA-125 laboratory test, 1019

CABG (see Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG))

CAD (see Coronary artery disease (CAD))

CagA protein (see Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein)

CAIPE (see Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE))

CAIs (see Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs))

Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), 619

Calcineurin inhibitors, 721–722, 819, 820

avoidance, withdrawal, or minimization, 729–730

induced nephrotoxicity, 729

Calcium, 26–27 (see also Drug index)

blood chemistry reference values for, 18t

and BP, 134

disorders of hypercalcemia, 588–591

homeostasis, 586–588

nephrolithiasis, 646

role of, 586

sensitizers, for ADHF treatment, 267

stones, 646

Calcium-channel blockers, 1305

Calcium oxalate crystals, 637

Calvert formula, for drug dosing, 2065

cAMP (see Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP))

Campylobacter, 2161

Campylobacter gastroenteritis, 1459

Campylobacter jejuni, 495

Canadian Clinical Practice (CCP) guidelines, 771, 777, 779, 780, 789

Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), 1837, 1846–1847

Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation (CTAF), 316

Cancer

and biologic response modifiers, 1958

carcinogenesis, 1948

and CDK, 1947

cell cycle, 1947–1948, 1947f

and chemotherapy-related medication errors, 1966

clinical presentation of, 1950–1951

complications of malignancy, 1950–1951

and cyclins, 1947

p. 2327

p. 2328

diagnosis and staging of, 1949–1950

early detection of, 1949

etiology of, 1946–1947

inhibitory proteins and, 1948

and occupational exposure to hazardous drugs, 1966

pain

etiology of, 1198

refractory management of, 1203–1204

and symptom management of, 1197–1198

PCOS and, 1010

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t

prevention of, 1948–1949

RECIST criteria, 1962

screening of, 1949

statistics, 1946

thyroid, 1069

treatment, 1951–1962

endocrine therapy, 1959

immunotherapy, 1959–1962

radiation, 1952

surgery, 1951–1952

systemic therapy, 1952–1958

targeted therapy, 1958–1959

tumor

markers, 1962, 1965

tumor metastases, 1948

Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Morbidity and Mortality (CHARM), 283

Candida infection, 1630–1634

characteristics of, 1630

diagnostic tests

antibody detection, 1631

antigen detection, 1631

culture, 1631

direct examination, 1630–1631

epidemiology of, 1630

risk factors of, 1630

treatment

necessity of, 1631

options, 1631–1632

Candida species, 1622–1623, 1634

fungal peritonitis by, 1476–1477

Candiduria, 1634, 1636

Cangrelor versus Standard Therapy to Achieve Optimal Management of Platelet Inhibition

(CHAMPION) PHOENIX trial, 244

CANMAT (see Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT))

CAP (see Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP))

CAPD (see Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD))

CAPRICORN (see Carvedilol Post-Infarction Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction

(CAPRICORN))

CAPRIE trial (see Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events (CAPRIE) trial)

Carbohydrates, 747

diabetes and, 1080

in parenteral nutrient formulation, 792

Carbon dioxide (CO2

), 22–23

blood chemistry reference values for, 17t

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), 1152

Carcinogenesis, mechanisms of, 848

Cardiac arrest

drugs in, 330t

treatment algorithm, 330f

Cardiac arrhythmias, 1632, 1744, 1774, 1828, 2191

Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST), 248

Cardiac asthma and HF, 284–285

Cardiac biomarker elevation, in ACS, 235f (see also Acute coronary syndrome (ACS))

Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA), 212

Cardiac contractility, 264

Cardiac dilatation, 267, 274

Cardiac failure, postoperative

changing therapy, 364–366

hemodynamic profile, assessment by, 361

inotropic agents, 362–364

selection and initiation of therapy, 364

therapeutic interventions, 362

Cardiac hypertrophy, 267

Cardiac index (CI), 350t, 358

Cardiac markers, 27–29

Cardiac output (CO), 262, 264

Cardiac remodeling, 268f

cardiac dilatation, 267

cardiac hypertrophy, 267

defined, 267

Frank–Starling curve, 267, 268f

Cardiac resynchronization therapy, for HF, 300–301

Cardiac surgery, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Cardiac syndrome X, 23

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), 28

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), 28

Cardiac valve replacement, 201

bioprosthetic valves, 201

mechanical prosthetic valves, 201

Cardiogenic shock, 359

acute myocardial infarction, 360–361

causes of, 359

early, 360t

postoperative cardiac failure, 361–366

symptoms of, 359

Cardiogenic thromboembolism, prevention of

atrial rillation, 200–201

cardiac valve replacement, 201

Cardiopulmonary arrest

and arrhythmias, 329–332

asystole, 332

cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 329

pulseless electrical activity, 331–332

treatment of, 329–331

Cardiovascular complications

dyslipidemia, 617–618

hypertension, 616–617

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 208

and contraception, 932–934

and diabetes, 1143–1144

and hypertension, 141–142

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t, 1032

Cardiovascular function, drug poisoning and, 75

Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, 138t, 141–142

Cardioversion, 1057

CARISA (see Combination Assessment of Ranolazine in Stable Angina (CARISA))

Carnitine, 779

deficiency, 2151

Carotid endarterectomy, 1315

Carpal tunnel syndrome, 659

Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET), 288–289

Carvedilol Post-Infarction Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (CAPRICORN), 253

CAST (see Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST))

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

adverse effects of, 2096

androgen deprivation therapy, 2096–2098

bone metastases, 2096

cytotoxic chemotherapy, 2094–2095

hormonal therapies, 2093–2094

immunotherapy, 2095

metastatic disease, 2094–2096

next generation antiandrogen therapy, 2095–2096

radiation effects, 2098

Casts, 36

CAT (see COPD Assessment Test (CAT))

Cataplexy, 1777

Cataracts and corticosteroids, 1166–1167

Cathartics, 67

Catheters (see specific catheters)

ablation

for PVC, 324

for SuVT, 324

-associated UTI, 1485

PA and, 351–352

CB (see Chronic bronchitis (CB))

CBC (see Complete blood count (CBC))

CBT (see Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT))

CCPD (see Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD))

CCP guidelines (see Canadian Clinical Practice (CCP) guidelines)

CCQ (see COPD Control Questionnaire (CCQ))

CCTA (see Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA))

CD4+ lymphocyte functions, connection with AIDS, 1597

effect of HAART, 1597

CDAD (see Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD))

p. 2328

p. 2329

CDC (see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))

CDS (see Clinical decision support (CDS))

Cell-mediated (delayed) reactions, 683

Cell surface receptor CXCR1, 455

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, 1816

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 378, 1904

growth charts, 758

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 2

Central catheter infections, for PN, 805

Central nervous system (CNS), 551

anatomy and physiology of

blood–brain barrier, 1367

CSF, 1367

meninges, 1367

depressant vs. antidepressant, 74–78

drug poisoning and, 75

and hypertensive emergency, 334

infections of, 1366–1383

sepsis and, 1322

and systemic lupus erythematosus, 704

Central poststroke pain (CPSP), 1191

Central sensitization, 1172

Central venous access, 792

Central venous catheters (CVCs), 791–792

usage of, 351

Central venous pressure (CVP), 351

normal values of, 349t

Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE), 96

CERA (see Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA)

Cerebellar toxicity, 2028

Cerebral anoxia, physiologic effects of, 1304f

Cerebral calcifications, 972

Cerebral palsy, 2158

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 1367

antimicrobial penetration into, 1370–1371, 1371t

shunt infections, 1379–1380

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 1532

Cesarean section, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Cestodiasis (tapeworm infection), 1708–1710

clinical manifestations of, 1709

epidemiology of, 1709

Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) infection, 1708

infection with D. latum, 1708

life cycle of larva or cysticercus, 1709

neurocysticercosis of, 1709

praziquantel therapy, 1709

subarachnoid or intraventricular cysticercosis, 1709

Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, 1709–1710

CETP (see Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP))

CF (see Cystic fibrosis (CF))

CFCs (see Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs))

CFTR gene, 60, 450–452

CFTR protein (see Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein)

CG equation (see Cockcroft–Gault (CG) equation)

CGM (see Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM))

cGMP (see Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP))

CHA2DS2

-VASC score, 312, 317, 1306, 1307t

CHADS2

score, 1306, 1307t

Chancroid, 1521–1522

Charcot’s triad, 1472

CHARM (see Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Morbidity and Mortality

(CHARM))

CHD (see Coronary heart disease (CHD))

CHE (see Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy (CHE))

Chelation therapy, in iron toxicity, 73

Chemosis, 1067

Chemotherapy, adverse effects of

acneiform–erythematous rash, 1978

acute leukemia, 1997

acute myeloid leukemia, 1997

acute tubular obstruction, 1992

in ALL, 2016

alopecia, 1976–1977

anemia, 1972

angina and myocardial infarction, 1990

arrhythmias, 1990

autonomic neuropathy, 1987

on bone marrow, 1969–1973

in breast cancer, 2501–2502

cardiomyopathy, 1987–1988

cardiotoxicity, 1987–1990

and colony-stimulating factors, 1970–1971

complications of oral cavity, 1973–1975

cranial nerve toxicity, 1987

cytotoxic effects, 1970

dermatologic impacts, 1973–1976

diarrhea, 1976

dry skin, 1978

esophagitis, 1975

on GI tract, 1973–1976

hand-foot syndrome, 1977

hematologic effects, 1969–1973

hemorrhagic cystitis, 1992–1993

hypersensitivity reactions, 1980–1984, 1982–1983t

hypertension, 1990

irritant and vesicant reactions, 1979–1980

life-threatening neutropenia, 1970

long-term complications, 1997–1999

mucositis, 1974–1975

myelosuppression, 1970–1972

nausea and vomiting, 1973

nephrotoxicity, 1990–1992, 1991t

neurotoxicity, 1984–1987, 1985t

neutropenia, 1970–1971

ototoxicity, 1987

peripheral nerve toxicity, 1986

peripheral neuropathy, 1986–1987

pigment changes, 1977

proteinuria, 1991–1992

pulmonary, 1993–1996, 1994–1995t

and radiation therapy, 1978–1979, 1978t

skin and nail changes, 1977–1978

specific organ, 1984–1997

stomatitis, 1974–1975

thrombocytopenia, 1970, 1972

venous thrombotic events, 1972–1973

Wilms tumor, 2007–2008

xerostomia, 1973

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), 468–476, 469–470t, 472t, 474t, 475–476f

Chest pain, 211

nitroglycerin for, 340

Chest radiograph

blastomycosis, 1636f

for CAP diagnosis, 1410

Chest x-ray study (CXR), 414

CHF (see Congestive heart failure (CHF))