familial combined hyperlipidemia, 106t, 107

familial defective apo B-100, 106t, 107

familial disorders of triglyceride metabolism, 107

familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, 106t, 107

familial hypercholesterolemia, 106–107, 106t

hypoalphalipoproteinemia, 106t, 107

polygenic hypercholesterolemia, 105, 106t

proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gain-of-function gene mutation, 107

apolipoproteins, 104–105

in transport of cholesterol and triglycerides, 104f

lipoproteins, 102

chylomicrons, 104

high-density lipoproteins, 103–104

low-density lipoproteins, 103

non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 104

plasma, classification and properties of, 103t

relative sizes and densities, 103f

structure of, 102f

in transport of cholesterol and triglycerides, 104f

very low density lipoprotein remnants, 103

very low density lipoproteins, 102–103

low-density lipoprotein receptor, 105

Lipids, 747–748

chemicalstructure of, 102f

in parenteral nutrient formulation, 792–793

Lipoproteins

atherosclerosis, pathogenesis of, 108–109, 108f

chylomicrons, 104

high-density lipoproteins, 103–104

low-density lipoproteins, 103

non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 104

plasma, classification and properties of, 103t

relative sizes and densities, 103f

structure of, 102f

in transport of cholesterol and triglycerides, 104f

very low density lipoprotein remnants, 103

very low density lipoproteins, 102–103

Lithium-induced thyroid abnormalities, 1068

Lithium nephropathy, 602

Liver

drug hypersensitivity reactions in, 692

laboratory tests for, 19t

Liver biopsy, 893

Liver disease, end-stage

ascites

alternative therapy, 545–546

diuretic therapy, 543–544

fluid and electrolyte balance, 542–543

goals of therapy, 542

pathogenesis of, 542

refractory, 544–545

cirrhosis

complications of, 540–542, 540f, 541t

pathogenesis of, 539–540

esophageal varices

treatment, 546–551, 548t

hepatic encephalopathy, 551–552

pathogenesis, 552

treatment and general management, 552–554

Liver function tests (LFTs), 29–30, 1124

Liver metabolism, 1209

Liver transplantation, 554–555

of ALF patients, 1672

cytomegalovirus, 741–743

drug interactions with immunosuppressives, 739–740

for HBV-related cirrhosis, 1680–1681

for HCV, 1680

and HDV patients, 1691

hepatitis B, 740–741

hepatitis C, 741

indications, 735

and mannitol therapy, 1671

mycophenolate mofetil, 738–739

opportunistic infections after, 740t

patient monitoring, 735–736

posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, 743–745

rejection, 737–738

tacrolimus, 736

treatment for rejection, 738

LMWH (see Low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH))

LN (see Lupus nephritis (LN))

Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), 1178

Local coverage determinations (LCDs), 86

Long-acting inhaled β2

-agonist (LABA), 395

adverse effects of, 397

Long QT syndrome (LQTS), 327

Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial (LOTT), 416

LOTT (see Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial (LOTT))

Low back pain

assessment of, 1184

definition of, 1181

myofascial pain, 1182–1184

recommendations for treatment of, 1183t

red flags for potentially serious conditions causing, 1183t

spine anatomy and disc herniation, 1182f

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 103, 103t, 249, 601

blood chemistry reference values for, 20t

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 166

Low-density lipoprotein receptor, 105

Low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUFH), 189

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 481

transient relaxations of, 503

Lower gastrointestinal disorders

Crohn’s disease

adverse effects, 529–531

pathophysiology and clinical presentation, 528

remission induction, 528–529

remission maintenance, 529

surgery in, 531

inflammatory bowel disease