and step-down therapy, 152

systemic, 2176, 2213

treatment of

benefits of, 143

goals in, 142

patient education in, 142–143, 143t, 150

two-drug regimens for, 152

type 2 diabetes mellitus and, 1077t

types of, 135–136

with VEGF receptor inhibitors, 1990

white-coat, 135–136

and women, 983–984

Hypertension, Abnormal renal or liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs and

alcohol (HAS-BLED), 194

Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET), 138, 145

Hypertensive crises, 136

defined, 333

management for, 337f

Hypertensive emergency

aortic dissection, 346

assessment of, 340

central nervous system and, 334

clinical presentation of, 334

defined, 333

fenoldopam for, 342

medications for, 335–336t

oral vs. parenteral therapy, 334–335

parenteral drug therapy, 340–345

treatment recommendations for, 338t

vs. urgency, 334t

Hypertensive urgency, 333

assessment of, 338–339

clinical presentation of, 334

medications for, 336t

oral drug therapy, 339–340

oral vs. parenteral therapy, 334–335

treatment of, 334–338

vs. emergency, 334t

Hyperthermia

and congenital malformations, 971

by drug overdoses, 75

from salicylate toxicity, 70

in serotonin syndrome, 1825

in SIRS, 2203

Hyperthyroidism, 1736t, 2259–2260

causes of, 1042, 1042t

clinical presentation of, 1056

digoxin therapy, 1057

hypoprothrombinemia, 1056–1057

iodide therapy, 1058

laboratory findings, 1042t

in pregnancy, 1064–1065

prevalence of, 1042

T3

toxicosis, 1057

treatment, 1042, 1058–1060, 1059t

Hypertrichosis, 160

Hypertriglyceridemia

and peripheral arterial disease, 163

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 454

Hyperuricemia, 636

asymptomatic, 919

and diuretics, 278

drug-induced, 915–916

treatment, 916–919

urate-lowering therapy, 916

Hyperventilation, for TCA toxicity, 77–78

Hyphae (molds), 1622t

Hypnosis, 1197t

Hypoalbuminemia, 665

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia, 106t, 107

Hypocalcemia, 618, 2191

Hypochloremia, 23

Hypoglycemia, 25, 661, 981, 1092t, 1102–1103, 1603, 1736t, 2191 (see also Type 1 diabetes)

causes of, 1103

mild, 1107

moderate, 1107

nocturnal, 1103, 1105, 1106

pathophysiology of, 1106

preprandial, 1100

risk of, 1101–1102

severe, 1107

symptoms of, 1102–1103, 1106

treatment of, 1107

Hypogonadism, 2287

Hypokalemia, 22, 150, 582–584, 1633

clinical manifestations of, 583–584

and diuretics, 278

etiology of, 582–583, 583t

PN and, 801

treatment of, 584

Hypomagnesemia, 27, 594–595, 1633, 2191

clinical manifestations of, 594

and diuretics, 278

etiology of, 594

PN and, 801

treatment of, 594–595

Hyponatremia, 21–22, 542, 544, 574–575

brain adaptation to, 578

clinical presentation and treatment of, 575t

and diuretics, 277–278

hypervolemic hypotonic, 576–577

hypotonic, with decreased extracellular fluid, 576

management of, 578–579

neurologic manifestations of, 578

normovolemic hypotonic, 577

Hypoperfusion, 351

Hypophosphatemia, 27, 591–593

clinical manifestations of, 592

etiology of, 591–592