combination therapy with lactulose, 554

flumazenil, 553

lactulose, 553

neomycin, 553

rifaximin, 553

Hepatic failure, enteral formulas for, 777

Hepatic hemangiomas, and EPT, 2276

Hepatic involvement, in cystic fibrosis, 453–454

Hepatic steatosis, 805

Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), 540

Hepatitis

causative agents and characteristics, 1662–1663

characteristics of, 1663t

definition of acute and chronic, 1663

and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 1662

serologic evaluation, 1663

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 1598

acute, 1664

arthritis and, 1665

causes of, 1663

chronic, 1664

clinical manifestations, 1664

complete clinical recovery, 1664

cryoglobulinemia and, 1665

diagnostic methods, 1665

dosage adjustments, 1665–1666

epidemiology, 1663

extrahepatic manifestations, 1665

glomerulonephritis and, 1665

hemolysis with, 1665

immune complex–associated rash and, 1665

incidence rate of, 1663

incubation period for, 1664

infection, 1356–1357

leukocytoclastic vasculitis and, 1665

liver function tests (LFTs), 1664

natural history, 1664

occupations at risk for, 1663

pathogenesis, 1664

postexposure prophylaxis, 1667

pre-exposure prophylaxis, 1666–1667

prevalence of, 1663

prevention of, 1666

serologic tests, 1665

symptoms of acute, 1664

transmission mode, 1663

treatment, 1665

typical course of, 1665f

vaccination for, 1666–1667

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 740–741, 1355–1356, 1598

with ALF, 1671–1672

ALT level, 1670f, 1676

with AST, 1676

bilirubin concentrations, 1676

from blood and blood products, 1669

breast-feeding and, 1669

clinical manifestations, 1671–1672

coinfection with HIV, 1672

diagnosis of, 1669

epidemiology of, 1667–1668

evaluation and management of chronic, 1675–1681

goals of therapy, 1676–1677

pharmacologic interventions, 1677

and HDV, 1670, 1675, 1691

immunoglobulin dosage, administration, and adverse effects, 1680–1681

injection drug use, 1669

liver biopsy for, 1676

liver transplantation for, 1680–1681

natural history of, 1670–1671

pathogenesis of, 1669

percutaneous exposure and transmission, 1674–1675

pharmacologic interventions, 1677

prevention, 1672–1675

prognosis, 1672

risk factors for transmission, 1669

serologic patterns, 1669–1670, 1670t

transmission, 1669

perinatal, 1669

sexual, 1669, 1675

treatment, 1679t

vaccination, 1674, 1674t

virology, 1667

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 539, 741

breast-feeding and, 1685

clinical manifestations, 1685

diagnosis, 1683–1685

direct-acting antivirals, 1687–1688, 1687t

epidemiology of, 1681–1682

extrahepatic manifestations, 1685

fixed-dose combinations, 1689–1690

immunocompromised patients, 1685

life cycle, 1681f

natural history, 1682–1683

NS3/4A protease inhibitors, 1687–1688

NS5A inhibitors, 1688

NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, 1688–1690

pathogenesis, 1682–1683

prevention, 1685–1690

current treatment strategies, 1686–1690

DAA therapy, 1686

goals of therapy, 1685–1686

pre-exposure prophylaxis, 1685

screening, 1683–1685

serologic assays, 1683–1685

transmission

nonpercutaneous and sporadic, 1682

percutaneous, 1682

treatment, 1690

virology, 1681

Hepatitis C virus antibody (Anti-HCV), 1681–1682

Hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA), 1683, 1685, 1686

Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

diagnosis, 1691

epidemiology, 1690

natural history, 1691

pathogenesis, 1690

prevention, 1691

serology, 1691

treatment, 1691

virology, 1690

Hepatitis E virus (HEV)

clinical manifestations, 1692

diagnosis, 1692

epidemiology, 1691

natural history, 1692

pathogenesis, 1691

transmission, 1691–1692

virology, 1691

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, 1472

Hepatocyte apoptosis, 539

Hepatojugular reflux, defined, 274

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 554–555

pathogenesis, 554

treatment, 554–555

Hepatosplenomegaly, 972, 998

Hepatotoxicity, 484

from acetaminophen overdoses, 79

valproate therapy and, 1293–1294

Herpes encephalitis, 1646

Herpes zoster, 1188

HES (see Hydroxyethyl starch (HES))

HEV (see Hepatitis E virus (HEV))

HF (see Heart failure (HF))

HFCWO (see High-frequency chest-wall oscillation (HFCWO))

HGA (see Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA))

Hgb (see Hemoglobin (Hgb))

HHS (see Helsinki Heart Study (HHS))

HHS (see Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS))

Hiatal hernia, 504

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 20t, 103–104, 103t, 249, 601

High-flux hemodialysis, 666, 671

High-frequency chest-wall oscillation (HFCWO), 458

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 1572 (see also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV))

High-risk pulmonary embolism, 189–190

High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), 29

Hippocampus, and anxiety, 1732

Hirschsprung disease, 2158

Hirsutism, 1007–1008

and danazol, 1020

His-Purkinje fibers, 307

p. 2343

p. 2344

Histamine receptors, 429

Histocompatibility antigens, 717

Histoplasma capsulatum, 1598

Histoplasmosis, 1601, 1637–1639, 1638f, 1638t

HIT (see Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT))

HIV (see Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV))

Hives, 823

HLA (see Human leukocyte antigen (HLA))

hMG (see Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG))

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), 46t, 57, 57t

Hoarseness, 1041t

Hodgkin lymphoma, 2041

prognosis of, 2041

relapsed and refractory, 2041–2042

treatment for, 2041

Homans sign, 182

Home medications in ICU

nonsurgical patients, 1206–1207

surgical patients, 1207–1208

Homocysteine, 28

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

HOPE (see Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE))

Hormonal therapies, for acne, 829–830

Hospice care, 83–84

improving patient care, 85

managing drug costs, 85

under Medicare, 84–85, 84t

patient care and medication management in, 85, 86–88

referral to, 85–86

in the United States, 84

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), 1415–1420

antibiotic therapy for, 1417–1450

definition of, 1415

diagnosis of, 1415–1416

early-onset, 1415

empiric therapy for, 1416–1417t

epidemiology of, 1415

incidence of, 1415

late-onset, 1415

pathogenesis of, 1415

pathogens for, 1416

risk factors for, 1416–1417

treatment of, 1416

Hot flushes, 1029–1030

Hot nodule, 1043

HPA (see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA))

HPS (see Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS); Heart Protection Study (HPS))

HPV (see Human papillomavirus (HPV))

HR (see Heart rate (HR))

HRS (see Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS))

HTN (see Hypertension (HTN))

Human bite wounds, 1552

Human cadaver skin (allograft), for burn wounds, 862

Human coronary atherosclerotic plaque, 109f

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), 1726, 1729

clinical and laboratory findings, 1726

treatment and prevention, 1726

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 409, 1818

AIDS and, 1572

anemia, 1944

antiretroviral therapy for, 1582–1590

and challenges for clinicians, 1590

development of resistance to, 1591

failure with, 1588–1590

general principles related to, 1586–1587

goals of, 1583–1584

long-term assessments for, 1588

short-term assessments for, 1588

steps in patient-specific regimen selection, 1587–1588

and babesiosis, 1727

breast-feeding and, 1592–1593

in breast milk, 996–997

CD4+ cell count in patients, 1597

classification system for, 1597

and CMV, 1597–1598, 1607–1614

and cryptosporidiosis, 1614–1616

diagnosis of, 1581–1582

drug interactions and, 1592

enteric infections, 1597

epidemiology of, 1572–1573

and HBV, 1672

and hepatitis, 1662

internet resources on, 1594t

in labor, 996–997

Mycobacterium avium and, 1619

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and, 1616–1618

OIs with, 1597

pathophysiology of, 1573–1574, 1574f

and PCP, 1601–1605

pharmacotherapy of, 1574–1581

postexposure prophylaxis and, 1593

pregnancy and, 1592

and protozoal infections, 1727

surrogate marker data and, 1582–1583

therapeutic drug monitoring and, 1592

and Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, 1605–1607

tuberculosis and, 1440–1442

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 717–718

genes, 57–58, 58t

variants, affected drugs, and population incidence, 58t

typing, 718

Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), 963

Human papillomavirus (HPV), 1359–1360

genital warts by, 1532

HUS (see Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS))

HVAD (see HeartWare left ventricular assist device (HVAD))

HVPG (see Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG))

Hyaluronic acid, as dermal filler, 863

Hydrocephalus, 972

Hydrops fetalis, 998