lymphocyte functions, 1597

viral load and survival, 1597

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, 1601–1605

primary prophylaxis, 1605–1606

discontinuation prophylactic therapy, 1605

in HIV-infected patients, 1599–1600t

secondary prophylaxis, 1601

discontinuation of, 1604–1605

Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, 1605–1607

USPHS and IDSA guidelines, 1601

Optic atrophy, 971–972

OPTIMAAL (see Optimal Therapy in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist

Losartan (OPTIMAAL))

Optimal Therapy in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (OPTIMAAL),

257

Oral drug absorption, 2129

Oral electrolyte solutions, 2161t

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 1076, 1077, 1077t

Oral replacement therapy

in infants and children, 2160–2161, 2161t

and reinstitution of oral feedings, 2160–2161

Organic anion and cation transporters, 461

Organic anion transporters (OATs), 666

Organization for the Assessment of Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS), 252

ORT (see Opioid Risk Tool (ORT))

Orthopedic surgery, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Orthostasis, 1801

in patients with schizophrenia, 1801

Orthostatic hypotension, 145, 2220

OSA (see Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA))

p. 2356

p. 2357

Oscillating positive-end pressure (OPEP), 458

Osler nodes, 1386

Osmolal gap, 562, 570

Osmolality, 25, 570

Osmol gap, 25

Osmoregulation, 572

disorders in, 574–580

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), 578

Osteoarthritis (OA), 865–874, 2228

clinical presentation of, 867–868

dietary supplements and, 874

drug therapy, 867

epidemiology of, 865–866

etiology of, 866

incidence of, 865–866

joint trauma and, 866

modifiable risk factors of, 866, 866f

nonmodifiable risk factors of, 866, 866f

nonpharmacologic management of, 868–869, 872t

pathogenesis of, 866

pharmacologic management of, 869–873, 871f, 872t

prevalence of, 865–866

treatment of, 868–874

Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI), 869

The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI), 869

Osteomalacia, 805

Osteomyelitis, 1535–1542

acute, 1536–1538

bone anatomy and physiology and, 1535

causative organism, 1535

chronic, 1540–1541

features of, 1536t

hematogenous, 1535–1536

with prosthetic material, 1541–1542

secondary to contiguous focus of infection, 1538–1540

with vascular insufficiency, 1540

Osteoporosis, 805

androgens, 2287–2288

drug therapy, 2270–2271

epidemiology, 2268–2269

and estrogen, 1030, 1032, 2287–2288

etiology, 2270

glucocorticoid-induced, 2286–2287

from heparin, 186

incidence of, 2268–2269

in men, 2287

pathophysiology, 2270

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031t

prevalence, 2268–2269

prevention

pharmacologic, 2276–2281

postmenopausal women, 2274–2276

premenopausal women, 2273–2274

risk factors, 2271, 2271f

alcohol ingestion, 2272

cigarette smoking, 2272

dietary intake, 2272–2273

family history, 2271–2272

genetic factors, 2271–2272

low body mass, 2271

mobility, 2272

physical activity, 2272

treatment, 2281–2286

Osteosarcoma, 2008–2010, 2009f

age range and bones involved, 2008

and clinically detectable metastases, 2008

clinical presentation of, 2008

degree of tumor necrosis, 2008

diagnosis, 2008

epidemiology, 2008

neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 2008

pathophysiology, 2008

prognostic factors, 2008–2009

role of chemotherapy in, 2008

staging system, 2008

treatment overview, 2008

OTC (see Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines)

The Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF), 202

Ovarian cancer

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1032t

sites of metastases, 1950t

Ovarian drilling, 1013

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), 964–965

Ovarian stimulation, 958–960, 958t

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, 3, 205

antacid, 484

Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy (OHE), 551

Overweight, definition of, 757

Ovulation induction (OI), 958–959, 958t

Ovulatory dysfunction

in polycystic ovary syndrome, 1008

Oxygen

for AMI, 248

for COPD, 424

myocardial, 208–210, 209f

saturation, 384

Oxygen consumption (VO2

)

definition of, 349

normal values of, 350t

Oxygen delivery (DO2

)

definition of, 349

normal values of, 350t

Ozone, 846–847

P

P-450 (CYP450) isoenzymes, 484

P7056 protein kinase, 722

PAC (see Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC))

PAC (see Premature atrial contraction (PAC))

PA (see Pulmonary artery (PA) catheter

Pacemaker cells, 307

PAD (see Peripheral arterial disease (PAD))

PAE (see Post-antibiotic effect (PAE))

PAF (see Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF))

PAHs (see Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs))

Painsee also specific pains

abdominal pain, clinical relevance of, 1194–1195, 1195t

assessment of, 1174, 1175t, 1175f

cancer pain

etiology, 1198

refractory management, 1203–1204

and symptom management, 1197–1198

definition of, 1171

diagnosis and clinical presentation of, 1173

factors affecting, 1171f

romyalgia, 1192–1194, 1193f, 1194t

functional pain syndromes, 1192–1197

in ICU, 1210–1215, 1211t

incidence, prevalence, and epidemiology of, 1171

low back, 1181–1188

multimodal management, 1178–1181

neuropathic pain, 1188

analgesic drug–drug interactions, 1190

central, 1191–1192

modifying regimen, 1189–1190

pharmacologic options for treatment of, 1180–1181t

opioid therapy, 1196t