TRIPASS XR تري باس

 

p. 2332

Comedones, 826 (see also Acne)

COMET (see Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET))

Comfeel (Coloplast), 863

COMMIT (see Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial (COMMIT))

Common cold, 1661

Communication, 3

between healthcare professionals, 95–96

in poisonings assessment, 65

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), 1323, 1409–1415

antibiotic therapy for, 1412–1414, 1413f

antiviral therapy for, 1414–1415

clinical presentation of, 1409–1410

definition of, 1409

diagnosis of, 1409–1410

drug therapy for, 1410

epidemiology of, 1409

incidence of, 1409

microorganisms common in, 1411t

pathogens for, 1411–1412, 1412t

pathophysiology of, 1409

respiratory virus and, 1412

severity of, 1410–1411

Community pharmacy/ambulatory setting

in medication therapy management services

documentation and follow-up, 10–13

intervention and referral, 10

medication action plan, 10, 12f

medication therapy review, 9, 9t

Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defi brillator in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial, 300

Competitive enzyme inhibition, 42

Complete blood count (CBC), 31, 892, 894, 1536

Complex partial seizures, 1274

Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), 25, 26t

Computed tomography (CT), 1472

Condom catheters, 1485

Conduction, 307–308

abnormal impulse, 308–309

reentry and, 308–309

second-degree atrioventricular block, 321, 321f

velocity of, 271

Confidence interval (CI), 324

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1007

Congenital infections, 2188–2189

Congestive heart failure (CHF), 262

defined, 264

and NSAID usage, 637–638

Conjunctivitis

acute bacterial, 1164–1165

allergic, 1165

causes of, 1164

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs)

dermatomyositis, 927–928

polymyalgia rheumatica, 924–925, 925t

polymyositis, 927–928

reactive arthritis, 926–927

signs and symptoms of, 921–922

systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma), 922–924

temporal arteritis, 924–925

Constipation, 520, 2158, 2159t

Contact sensitizers, 822t

Contamination, 1331

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 624, 659, 660f, 666–667, 672

-associated peritonitis, 1475–1477

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD), 659

Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA), 616

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), 1082–1083

Continuous peritoneal dialysis, 648

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 1777

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 632, 648, 649, 667

Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), 648, 649

Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), 648, 649

Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), 648, 648f, 649, 667, 671–672

Contraception

and cardiovascular disease, 932–934

cigarette smoking and use of, 932

combined oral, 935–940, 936–938t

acne, 943

and bleeding or spotting, 944–945

and breast cancer, 945–946

and cervical cancer, 945–946

and cycle lengths, 938–939

and endometrial cancer, 944

extended-cycle, 939

instructions, 939–940

and menstrual cycles, 943

monophasic COCs, 939

and nausea, 945

noncontraceptive benefits of, 943–944

and ovarian cysts, 944

contraceptive patch, 940–941

contraceptive ring, 941

contraindications to, 931–935, 933f, 934t

and diabetes, 935

drug interactions, 941–943, 942t

emergency, 951–952

copper-T IUD, 951–952

epidemiology of, 930

and headaches/migraines, 934, 945

and hepatotoxicity, 935

hormonal contraceptives, 930

for dysmenorrhea, 1016

risk and adverse effects, 944–946

and smoking, 19222

and weight gain, 945

and hypertension, 934–935

implant (Nexplanon), 948

and incidence of gallstones, 935

injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate, 947–948

intrauterine device and intrauterine system, 948–9494

medical abortion, 952

nonhormonal

cervical caps, 949–950

diaphragm, 949–950

female condoms, 950

male condoms, 950

vaginalspermicides, 950, 951t

vaginalsponge, 950

patient evaluation for contraceptive selection, 930–931, 931–932t

progestin-only pill (minipill), 946–947

and stroke, 934

and thromboembolic events, 934, 934t

use during pregnancy and breast-feeding, 946

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), 642, 643

Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), for IVF, 961–964

COPD (see Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))

COPD Assessment Test (CAT), 414

COPD Control Questionnaire (CCQ), 414

COPERNICUS, 289

Corneal ulcers, 1165

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 212, 226, 226f, 232

Coronary artery disease (CAD), 208

COPD and, 415

coronary catheterization and, 212

dofetilide for, 316

HF and, 262

nocturnal leg cramps and, 172

risk factors for, 163

smoking and, 163

treatment, antiplatelet therapy in, 213–214

Coronary artery spasm

clinical presentation of, 228–229

therapy for, 229

Coronary heart disease (CHD), 208

cholesterol and (see Cholesterol)

chronic stable angina and, 208

Corticosteroid monotherapy, 641

Corticosteroids, 47, 523, 721

ulcerative colitis, 525–526

Cortisol, 816

COS (controlled ovarian stimulation), for IVF, 961–964

COT (see Chronic opioid therapy (COT))

Cough, in infants and children, 2157–2158

COURAGE (see Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation

(COURAGE))

Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy (CHE), 551

Cow’s milk, 2145

COX (see Cyclooxygenase (COX))

CPAP (see Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP))

p. 2332

p. 2333

CPIC (see Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC))

CPSP (see Central poststroke pain (CPSP); Chronic persistent surgical pain (CPSP))

CPT (see Current procedural technology (CPT))

Craniotomy, 1382

Crataegus monogyna, 304

Crataegus oxyacantha, 304

CrCl (see Creatinine clearance (CrCl))

C-reactive protein (CRP), 29

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

Creatine kinase (CK), 28, 233

blood chemistry reference values for, 18t

Creatinine, 23, 602, 635

blood chemistry reference values for, 17t

serum concentrations of, 543

Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 23–24, 602, 635

and aging, 2223

blood chemistry reference values for, 17t

in children, 2005

in pregnancy, 970

Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool, 1211

Crohn’s disease

adverse effects of, 529–531

pathophysiology and clinical presentation of, 528

remission induction, 528–529

5-aminosalicylic acid, 529

corticosteroids, 529

induction agents, 529

remission maintenance, 529

surgery in, 531

treatment algorithm for, 530f

Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI), 520

Cross-reactivity, 684–686

CRP (see C-reactive protein (CRP))

CRPC (see Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC))

CRRT (see Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT))

CRVO (see Choroidal vein retinal occlusion (CRVO))

Cryotherapy, 1975

Cryptococcosis, 1601, 1643

clinical presentation of, 1614

maintenance therapy, 1615

primary prophylaxis, 1615–1616

prognosis of, 1614

treatment, 1614–1615

Cryptococcus neoformans, 1597

Cryptosporidiosis, 1447t, 1598

relapse, repeat induction therapy, 1613

Cryptosporidium parvum, diarrhea and, 1453

Crystal-induced acute kidney injury, 646, 646t

Crystalloids, 354–355

composition and properties of, 353t

vs. colloids, 353–354

CSF (see Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF))

CT (see Computed tomography (CT))

CTAF (see Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation (CTAF))

CTDs (see Connective tissue diseases (CTDs))

CTF (see Colorado tick fever (CTF))

CTFV (see Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV))

C. trachomatis, 991

CUA (see Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA))

Culex pipiens, 1659

Culex quinquefasciatus, 1659

Culex restuans, 1659

Culture and susceptibility testing, 1325–1331

Cultured epithelial allografts, 862

Culture-negative endocarditis, 1401

CURB-65 rule, CAP and, 1410

Current procedural technology (CPT), 1, 10–11, 13

Curriculum, incorporating IPE in, 96–97

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis (see Hypersensitivity vasculitis)

Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), 848

CVCs (see Central venous catheters (CVCs))

CVD (see Cardiovascular disease (CVD))

CVP (see Central venous pressure (CVP))

CVVH (see Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH))

CVVHD (see Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD))

CVVHDF (see Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF))

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 419

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 421

Cyclooxygenase (COX), 248

isoforms, 490

Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity, 490, 500

Cycloplegia, 1149

Cyclosporine, 730–731

CYP (see Cytochrome P-450 (CYP))

CYP2C19 enzyme, 59f

CYP2C9, 54–55

drugs significantly affected by, 55

genotype-based dosing recommendations for phenytoin/fosphenytoin, 56t

CYP2D6, 58t

CYP3A4, 48

CYP450 system, 1639

Cystatin C, 24, 635

blood chemistry reference values for, 18t

Cystic fibrosis (CF), 450, 2158

antibiotic doses for, 461t

arthropathy, 454

clinical manifestations, 452t

bone and joint involvement, 454

gastrointestinal involvement, 453

genitourinary involvement, 454

hepatic involvement, 453–454

pancreatic involvement, 453

pulmonary involvement, 454–456, 454f

sinus involvement, 454

sweat glands, 452–453, 453f

diagnosis of, 456

phenotypic features consistent with, 456t

symptoms suggestive of, 456

genetic basis

gene therapy, 452

mutations classification, 451f

transmembrane conductance regulator modulation, 451–452, 451f

interventions and therapy

acute pulmonary exacerbation, 460–464

airway disease, treatment of, 458–459

enzyme supplementation, 457–458

inflammatory response, 459–460

pulmonary interventions, 458

vitamin and mineralsupplementation, 456–457, 457t

lung transplantation, 464

mutation, 451

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 455, 458, 461

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein, 450

apical membrane, 453

in ion transport, 453

modulation, 451–452, 451f

regulation, 450–451

Cystine stones, 646

Cystitis, 1402–1403, 1490t

Cytochrome P-450 (CYP), 39, 42, 43f, 178, 970

isoenzymes, 484

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 741–743, 971, 1596

diagnosis of, 1607

drug therapy for, 1607–1612

retinitis, 1598

Cytotoxic drug, for systemic lupus erythematosus, 709

Cytotoxic reactions, 682–683

Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein, 490

D

DAD (see Delayed after-depolarizations (DAD))

Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT), 248

DAPT (see Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT))

Dark-field examination, 1519

DASH diet (see Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet)

Data-poor environment, 3

Data-rich environment, 3

DAVIT (see Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT))

DAWN (see Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN))

Dawn phenomenon, 1100–1101

p. 2333

p. 2334

DBP (see Diastolic blood pressure (DBP))

DBS (see Deep brain stimulation (DBS))

DCCT (see Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT))

DCOR trail (see Dialysis clinical outcomes revisited (DCOR) trial)

DDI (see Drug–drug interaction (DDI))

D-dimer test, 183

Dead-in-bed, 1105

Decompensated, 1067

Decontamination, 66–67

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 1265, 1265f

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 174–175, 181–189

clinical model for, 183t

clinical presentation of, 181–183

D-dimer test, 183

diagnosis of, 183

duplex scanning for, 183

impedance plethysmography for, 183

outpatient treatment of, 187–188

risk factors for, 183

signs and symptoms of, 181–182

treatment of, 183–188

venography for, 183

DEET (see N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET))

Defibrillation threshold, 326

Degenerative joint disease, 2228

DEHN (see Diethylhexyl 2,6-naphthalate (DEHN))

Dehydration

assessment of, 2160

with diarrhea, 2142–2143

prevention of, 2160

and weight, 2139–2141, 2141t, 2160

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 826

Delayed after-depolarizations (DAD), 308

Delayed gastric emptying, 1208–1209

Delirium, in ICU, 1210–1215

Dementia

behavioral disturbances in, 2242–2245, 2244t

causes of, 2234t–2235t

clinical diagnosis, 2232–2235

incidence, 2232

Lewy body, 2240

Parkinson’s disease and, 1266–1267

prevalence, 2232

screening tests, 2235t

stages of, 2237t

symptoms, 2234t

vascular, 2240–2242

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 52

analysis for CF mutations, 456

Dependent edema, 274

Depolarization, 307

Depression (see also Major depressive disorder)

and amygdala, 1816

antidepressants, 1832–1833

augmentation, 1829–1830

and chronic pain, 1832–1833

classification of, 1814, 1814t

clinical presentation of, 1815

CNS manifestation, 1815

developmental disorders, 1859–1861

diagnosis of, 1814

differential diagnosis, 1814–1815, 1815t

drug management, 1818–1820

drug selection, 1831–1832

duration of treatment, 1823, 1823t

and ECT, 1817

in elderly, 2225–2226

and endometriosis, 1018–1019

environmental factors, 1814

epidemiology of, 1814

genetic studies, 1816

geriatric, 1831

HPA axis manifestation in, 1816

imaging studies, 1816

incidence of, 1814

lifestyle adjustments for, 1818

medications that induce, 1815t

neuroendocrine findings, 1816

non-antidepressants, 1829–1830

nondrug therapies, 1817–1818

and norepinephrine deficiencies, 1815

pain and, 1185

Parkinson’s disease and, 1267

pathophysiology of, 1815–1816

patient assessment tools, 1816–1817

pediatric, 1830–1831

and postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, 1816

psychotherapy, 1817

rating scales, 1817t

and recurrent episodes, 1814

serotonin receptor modulators, 1827

somatic interventions, 1817–1818

SSRI, 1827

synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations, 1815–1816

therapeutic blood level monitor, 1832

Dermatologic complications, 624

Dermatology (see Skin)

Dermatomyositis (DM), 927–928, 928t

Dermis, 808

Dermopathy, 1042

DES (see Drug-eluting stent (DES))

Desensitization, 697–698

Developmental disorders

anatomy, 1852

anxiety, 1859–1861

characteristics, 1852

clinical presentation, 1852–1853

depression, 1859–1861

diagnosis, 1853–1854

epidemiology, 1852

etiology, 1852

intellectual disability, 1852

natural course of, 1852

pathophysiology, 1852

physiology, 1852

prognosis, 1852

self-injurious behavior, 1859

sleep, 1861

treatment, 1854–1858

hyperactivity, 1855

pharmacologic interventions, 1855

psychosocial interventions, 1854–1855

Dextran 70, 545

Dextrans, 359

Dextrose, 792

DFR (see Dialysis flow rates (DFR))

DGI (see Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI))

DHA (see Dihydroxyacetone (DHA); Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA))

DHEAS (see Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS))

DHP (see Dihydropyridine (DHP))

DHRs (see Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs))

DHT (see Dihydrotestosterone (DHT))

Diabetes, 1305

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors, 118–119

African Americans and, 1072

blindness, 1078

carbohydrate and, 1073–1074

classification of, 1072, 1072t

and congenital malformations, 971

CVD and, 1078

definition of, 1072, 1072t

diet for, 1080

dyslipidemia and, 1075–1076

in elderly patients, 2224–2225

enteral formulas for, 781–782

epidemiology of, 1072, 1072t

exercise and, 1080

gastroparesis and, 1129

and hyperglycemia, 25

in ICU, 1207

jet injectors, 1086t

long-term complications, 1077–1078

management of, 167, 167t

metformin in, 167

obesity and, 1072

and PCOS, 1008, 1009–1010

perioperative care, 1105

and peripheral arterial disease, 163

PN and, 799–800

during pregnancy

dietary management, 979

hypoglycemic agents, 980–981

maternal risks, 979

modified White classification, 978t

perinatal mortality for infants, 979

prepregnancy interventions, 979

screening and diagnosis, 982f

type 1, 979–980

type 2, 980–981

stroke and, 1132

treatment of, 1080–1083

and UTI, 1484

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 608, 1078

Diabetes mellitus, 25, 453, 1072–1147 (see also Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes)

carbohydrate metabolism, 1073–1074

cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, 1143–1144

classification of, 1072, 1072t

p. 2334

p. 2335

depression and, 11369

with ED, 2263

in elderly patients vs. younger patients, 1141t

epidemiology of, 1072, 1072t

and EPT, 2276

and erectile dysfunction, 2263

gestational, 1076–1077, 1077t

goals for, 1078t

hyperglycemia and, 1146

hypertension and, 1142–1143

hypoglycemia and, 1147

management of, 1081

nephrotic syndrome and, 1143

in patients with schizophrenia, 1803

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1032t

and preeclampsia, 983

during pregnancy, 1076

ACOG classification, 978

fetal and infant risks, 978–979

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 978, 981–982, 982f

and glucose levels, 978

pregestational diabetes, 978

pruritus and, 1124

psoriasis and, 833

stroke and, 1132

Diabetic foot ulcer cellulites, antimicrobial therapy and, 1342

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 1108–1111

bicarbonate and, 1111

fluids and, 1109

laboratory abnormalities in, 1109t

management of, 1110t

patient education, 1109t

phosphate and, 1110

potassium and, 1109, 1110

sodium and, 1110

treatment of, 1109–1111

with type 1 diabetes, 1109

Diabetic nephropathy, 608–609

Diabetic neuropathy, 1145

Diabetic patients, skin and soft tissue infections in, 1549–1550

Diabetic retinopathy, 1144–1145

Diagnosis, Intractability, Risk, Efficacy (DIRE) tool, 1184, 1196, 1197t

Dialysis, 672

disequilibrium, 658

encephalopathy, 621

for hyperkalemia, 587t

prescription, 661–663

peritonitis, 661–662

weight gain, 663

and transplantation, 607

Dialysis clinical outcomes revisited (DCOR) trial, 619–620

Dialysis flow rates (DFR), 649

Diaper rash, 2156

Diarrhea, 501, 525 (see also Infectious diarrhea)

clinical presentation of, 2158–2159

and danazol, 1020

definition of, 1448

dehydration with, 2142–2143

drug therapy, 2161

EN and, 789–790

hypernatremia and, 22

and infant formula feedings, 2147–2148

in infants and children, 2158–2159

and neuroblastoma, 2003

pathogenesis, 2158–2159

and pazopanib, 1962t

prevalence of, 1447–1448

probiotics for, 2161

with sorafenib, 1962t

World Health Organization (WHO) formula for, 2160

zinc supplementation for, 2161

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), 133, 333, 337–338

normal values of, 349t

treatment for, 983–984

Diastolic dysfunction, 264

DIC (see Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC))

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, 1142

for hypertension, 138–139, 144

Dietary carbohydrates, 747

Dietary protein restriction, 604

Dietary reference intakes (DRI), 771

Dietary restriction of phosphorus, 619

Dietary supplements, 44

Diethylhexyl 2,6-naphthalate (DEHN), 852

Diffuse large B-cell (DLBC) lymphoma, 2039

Digital rectal examination (DRE), 31

Dihydropyridine (DHP), 214

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 826

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA), 856

DILE (see Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE))

DILI (see Drug-induced liver injury (DILI))

Dimorphic fungi, 1622

DIOS (see Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS))

DIPPERS, mneumonic, 2248t

DIPS (see Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS))

Dipstick test, 1485

Direct current (DC) cardioversion, 315

Directly observed therapy, for TB, 1433

DIRE tool (see Diagnosis, Intractability, Risk, Efficacy (DIRE) tool)

Disaccharides, 747

Discontinuous ulceration, 520

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 843

for systemic lupus erythematosus, 708

Disk diffusion method, 1331

Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), 1514, 1514t

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

clinical presentation of, 374

pathophysiology of, 373–374, 373f

precipitating events of, 374, 374t

sepsis and, 1322

treatment of, 374–375

Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS), 453

Distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS), 549

Distribution of drugs, 42

Distributive shock, 366–368

hemodynamic monitoring and, 368

Diuretics, 543–544, 2223

agent choice, 543

diuretic complications and management

electrolyte and acid-base disturbances, 544

pre-renal azotemia, 544

for dysmenorrhea, 1015

and metabolic alkalosis, 563–564

monitoring, 543

for PMS, 1025

use of, 580–581

complications of, 581

DKA (see Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA))

DLBC (see Diffuse large B-cell (DLBC) lymphoma)

DM (see Dermatomyositis (DM))

DMARDs (see Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs))

DNA (see Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA))

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 779

Documentation, 10–13

Donor and recipient matching, 723–724

Door-to-needle time, 237

Dopamine, and obesity, 758–759

Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy, 1987

DRE (see Digital rectal examination (DRE))

DRESS (see Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS))

DRI (see Dietary reference intakes (DRI))

Drug(s) (see also Drug index)

overdose of, 62–82

poisoning by, 62–82

acetaminophen ingestion, 79–82

CNS depressant in, 74–78

decontamination in, 66–67

epidemiologic data on, 64

information resources on, 64–65

iron ingestion in, 70–74

management in, 65–67

salicylate ingestion in, 67–70

substances involved in, 64t

screening for, 66

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 64

Drug clearance, 649

Drug desensitization, 697–698

Drug disposition, effect on

bioavailability, 665

elimination, 665–666

protein binding and volume of distribution, 665, 665t

Drug–drug interaction (DDI), 39, 39t, 47–49

Drug-eluting stent (DES), 214, 225

Drug fever, 688–690, 690t

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs)

p. 2335

p. 2336

clinical features of, 683t

definition of, 680

diagnosis

cross-reactivity, 684–686

distinctive features of allergic reactions, 683–684

skin testing, 684, 685t

drug history, 683t

generalized reactions

anaphylaxis, 686–688, 689t

autoimmune drug reactions, 691–692

drug fever, 688–690, 690t

drug-induced vasculitis, 691, 691t

hypersensitivity vasculitis, 690, 691t

serum sickness, 688

immunologic classification of, 681t

organ-specific reactions

blood, immune cytopenias, 692

kidney, 692

liver, 692

lung, 692

skin, 692–693

pathogenesis of, 681

predisposing factors

age and sex, 681

associated illness, 682

drug-related factors, 682

drugs as allergens and immunologic classification, 682–683

genetic factors, 681–682

previous drug administration, 682

prevention and management of, 696–697

desensitization, 697–698

pseudoallergic reactions, 693–694, 693t

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II–receptor blockers, 694–695

aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 694

iron-dextran injection, 696

narcotic analgesics, 696

radiocontrast media, 695–696

Drug hypersensitivity syndrome, 823

Drug-induced asthma, 405 (see also Asthma)

Drug-induced ATN, 645

penicillin-induced ATN, 645

Drug-induced birth defects, 971

Drug-induced immune cytopenias, 692

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), 53

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE), 691–692, 711

Drug-induced vasculitis, 691, 691t

Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS), 49

Drug interactions

clinical decision support, resources and evidence for, 49

definition of, 39, 39t

with immunosuppressives, 739–740

management of, 44, 46–49, 46t

mechanisms of, 41

administration/absorption of drugs, 41–42

distribution, 2

excretion/elimination of drugs, 43

metabolism, 42–43, 42–43f

pharmacodynamics, 43–44, 45t

pharmacokinetics, 41–43, 42–43f, 45t

pharmacodynamic, 39

pharmacokinetic, 39

phase I, 42

phase II, 42

risk factors for, 39–41, 40t

Drug metabolism, 42–43, 42–43f, 1209

Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure, 649

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), 823

Drug-related problems, 7–8, 7t

Drug removal by dialysis

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, 666–667

drug-specific properties, 666

hemoperfusion, 667

high-flux hemodialysis, 666

Drug removal estimation, 649

Drug-specific properties, 666

Drug transport, altered, 41–42

DSRS (see Distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS))

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), 213–214, 226, 258

Duodenal ulcers, 501

Duoderm (ConvaTec), 863

Duplex scanning, for DVT, 183

DVT (see Deep venous thrombosis (DVT))

Dwarf tapeworm (see Cestodiasis (tapeworm infection))

Dysfunctional pain, 1173

Dyslipidemia, 101, 601, 617–618

atherogenic, 105–106

and diabetes, 1144

guidelines for management to reduce ASCVD risk, 110–115, 111f, 112f

management of, 166

in patients with schizophrenia, 1803–1805

treatment, 605–606

Dysmenorrhea

in adolescents, 1014

clinical characteristics of, 1014

and fatigue, 1014

flushing and, 1014

headache and, 1014

insomnia and, 1014

irritability and, 1014

and lightheadedness, 1014

and loss of appetite, 1014

after menarche, 1014

nervousness and, 1014

pathophysiology of, 1014

primary, 1014

vs. secondary, 1018t

and prostaglandin secretion, 1014

and release of arachidonic acid, 1014

risk factors for, 1014

secondary, 1014

symptoms of, 1014

treatment

nonpharmacologic, 1014–1015

pharmacologic, 1015–1016

and uterine hypoxia, 1014

and vomiting, 1014

Dyspepsia, 487f

clinical assessment and diagnosis, 488

pathophysiology, 487

treatment, 488, 488t

Dyspnea, 1041t

Dystonia, 1798

E

EAD (see Early after-depolarizations (EAD))

EAR (see Early asthmatic response (EAR))

Early after-depolarizations (EAD), 308

Early asthmatic response (EAR), 379

Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT), 369–370

EASL (see European Association for Study of Liver (EASL))

ECF (see Extracellular fluid (ECF))

EC fistulas (see Enterocutaneous (EC) fistulas)

ECG (see Electrocardiogram (ECG))

Echocardiography, for IE, 1388

Eclampsia, 983

treatment of, 988

ECL cells (see Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells)

ECT (see Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT))

Ectopic pregnancy, PID and, 1512

ED (see Erectile dysfunction (ED))

Edema, nephrotic, 573

EDIC (see Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC))

E. dispar, 1702

EDS (see Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS))

EDSS (see Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS))

EEG (see Electroencephalogram (EEG))

EF (see Ejection fraction (EF))

EFAD (see Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD))

Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin (ESSENCE), 254

Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina (ERICA), 223

Efflux transporters, 41

EGD (see Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD))

EGDT (see early goal-directed therapy (EGDT))