TRIPASS XR تري باس

 

Menopause

average age of women at, 1028

clinical presentation of, 1029

definition of, 1028

and hot flushes, 1029–1030

pathophysiology of, 1029, 1029f

symptoms of, 1029–1030

treatment, 1030–1036

estrogen/progestogen (EPT) therapy, 1030

lifestyle modification, 1030

postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1031–1032t

Menorrhagia, 1041t

Menstrual cycle, 1006–1007, 1007f

daily diary chart, 1026t

Menstrual dysfunction

in polycystic ovary syndrome, 1008

MERS (see Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS))

MERS-CoV (see Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV))

Mesenchymal cells, 841

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, 1275t

Metabolic acidosis, 559–563, 559–560t, 562t, 611, 647, 1671, 2133, 2142, 2148

causes of, 559t

with elevated anion gap, 561–563, 562t

hyperkalemia and, 22

in infants, 2150

in NEC, 2181, 2182

with normal anion gap, 559–561, 560t

and pediatric shock, 2201

in RDS, 2170

in VLBW infants, 2184

Metabolic alkalosis, 544, 563–564, 563t, 2142

causes of, 563–564

classification of, 563t

evaluation of, 563

PN and, 802

saline-resistant, 563, 563t

saline-responsive, 563, 563t

treatment of, 564

Metabolic bone disease

in long-term PN, 805

Metabolic syndrome, 164–165, 1075, 1075f

Metabolism of drug interactions, 42–43, 42–43f

Metastatic breast cancer, 2054–2055

Metered-dose inhaler (MDI), 413

Methanol, and metabolic acidosis, 562

Methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA), 1342, 1347, 1379, 1389, 1470, 1535

CAP and, 1412

Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Heart Failure (MERIT-HF), 287

MHC (see Major histocompatibility complex (MHC))

MHE (see Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (MHE))

Michaelis–Menton kinetics, 55

Microcephalous, 972

Microcephaly, 971

Micronutrients, 752–753, 754

electrolytes, 748

trace elements, 748–749

vitamins, 748

Microsomal triglyceride protein inhibitors, 127–128

Microsporidiosis, 1598

Microvascular disease

and glycemic control, 1078–1079, 1078–1079t

MIC (see Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test)

MIDAS (see Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS))

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), 1660

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), 1660

Migraine

and EPT, 2276

headache, 1234

without aura, 1236–1240

intractable, 1240

medication overuse, 1242–1243

pathophysiology of, 1235–1236

prophylactic therapy for, 1240–1242

quantitative assessment instruments for, 1236

and postmenopausal hormone therapy, 1032t

Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), 1236

Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ), 1236

MI (see Motivational Interviewing (MI); Myocardial infarction (MI))

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), 1187–1188

Mineral and bone disorders

etiology, 618–619

treatment, 619–623

Minimal erythemal dose (MED), of UV radiation, 855

Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (MHE), 551

Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), 117

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, 1331

Miosis, 1149

MIRACL (see Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL))

Misoprostol, 486

Mitral valve prolapse, panic disorder and, 1749

Mixed acid–base disorders, 566–567

causes of, 567

evaluation of, 566–567

Mixed IBS (IBS-M), 533

MM (see Multiple myeloma (MM))

MMP (see Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP))

MMR (see Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR))

mMRC (see Modified British Medical Research Council Questionnaire (mMRC))

MMSE (see Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE))

MNT (see Medical nutrition therapy (MNT))

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), 541

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 603, 635

equation, 670

for GFR estimation, 24

Modified British Medical Research Council Questionnaire (mMRC), 414

MODY (see Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY))

Molar absorptivity, 851

Monoclonal antibodies, 723

Monocytes, 34

Monosaccharides, 747

Monotherapy Assessment of Ranolazine in Stable Angina (MARISA), 223

p. 2352

p. 2353

Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), 779

Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 1816, 1847

Moraxella catarrhalis, 418, 2164

Morbilliform eruptions, 823

Motion sickness, 467–468, 468t

Motivational Interviewing (MI), 3, 4t

MRI (see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI))

MRSA (see Methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA))

MS (see Multiple sclerosis (MS))

MSQ (see Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ))

MTMS (see Medication therapy management services (MTMS))

MTOPS (see Medical Therapy of Prostate Symptoms (MTOPS))

MTOR inhibitors, 722, 731–732

MTR (see Medication therapy review (MTR))

Mucociliary clearance, 455

Mucosal resistance, 504

MUFA (see Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA))

Multichemistry panels, 25–27, 26t

Multi-detector CT (MDCT), 191

Multidrug resistant strains, 460

Multifactorial inheritance, 971

Multimodal pain management, 1178–1181

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC), 1556, 1978

Multinodular goiter, 1069

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), 501

Multiple myeloma (MM)

clinical presentation of, 2035

diagnosis of, 2035, 2036t

epidemiology of, 2035

HCT and, 2036, 2038

incidence of, 2035

pathophysiology, 2035

relapsed or refractory, 2038–2039

risk stratification of, 2035

staging of, 2035, 2036t

treatment, 2035–2038, 2037t

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, 349

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 1674, 1771t, 1815t

acute relapses, treatment of, 1222

clinical presentation of, 1221

development of clinically definite, 1225t

diagnosis of, 1221–1222

epidemiology, natural course of the disease, and prognosis, 1218–1220

factors associated with, 1219t

impaired ambulation, 1223

inflammation in, 1220–1221

myelin destruction in, 1220f

neurodegeneration, 1221

pain, 1223, 1223t

pathophysiology of, 1220–1221

primary-progressive, 1219

treatment of, 1223

relapsing-remitting, 1219

treatment of, 1222

secondary-progressive, 1219

treatment of, 1223

symptoms in, 1221t

treatment of, 1222–1232

types of, 1219

Multisystem vasculitic disorders, 641

Murphy’s sign, 1472

Muscle cramps, 657–658

causes of, 172t

Muscle relaxants, for pain management, 1185, 1186t

Musculoskeletal pain, 1173

Mutations classification, 451f

Mycelium-to-yeast conversion, 1622

Mycobacteria, 1596

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 1597

clinical presentation of, 1618

IRIS-associated fever in, 1619

prophylaxis, 1619

treatment, 1618–1619

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

clinical presentation of, 1616

definitive diagnosis of, 1616

in HIV-infected patients, 1616

drug-susceptible, 1616–1617

treatment, 1618–1619

incidence of, 1616

mortality rate, 1616

Mycoplasma hominis, 996

Mycotic (fungal) infections

antimycotics

antifungalspectrum and susceptibility testing, 1625

CLSI-recommended tests, 1625

mechanism of action, 1624–1625, 1624t

novel antifungal compounds, 1625–1626

prophylaxis regimens and approximate costs, 1626t

aspergillosis, 1640–1641

blastomycosis, 1636–1637

candida infection, 1630–1634

candiduria, 1634, 1636

classification of, 1622, 1623t

clinical, 1623t

coccidioidomycosis, 1639–1640

cryptococcosis, 1643

cutaneous infections, 1626–1627

cutaneous mycoses, 1622

histoplasmosis, 1637–1639, 1638f, 1638t

host defenses, 1623–1624

morphology, 1622

organism classification, 1622t

pathogenesis of infection

endogenous sources, 1622–1623

exogenous sources, 1623

subcutaneous, 1627–1630, 1628f

mycoses, 1622

superficial infections, 1626–1627

systemic, 1630–1643

Mydriasis, 1149

Myeloma cancer

sites of metastases, 1950t

Myelopathy, 1985

Myocardial contractibility, levosimendan for, 267

Myocardial infarction (MI), 164, 176, 208, 359

risk factors of, 210t

Myocardial ischemia

calcium and, 211

sodium and, 211

with sorafenib, 1990

Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL), 116, 258

Myocardial oxygen

hematocrit and, 209–210

Hgb and, 209–210

supply and demand, 208–210, 209f

Myofascial pain, 1182

treatment of, 1184

Myoglobin, 28

blood chemistry reference values for, 19t

Myopathy, definition of, 117

Myxedema coma, 1039

clinical presentation, 1053–1054

treatment, 1054

N

NAA (see Nucleic acid amplification (NAA) techniques)

NAATs (see Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs))

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQ1), 44

N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2), 53

genotype-based dosing recommendations for isoniazid, 54t

genotypes and hepatotoxicity risk with isoniazid studies, 54t

genotypes and phenotypes, 53t

NAFLD (see Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD))

NAPQ1 (see N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQ1)), 44

Narcolepsy, 1777–1779

NARES (see Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES))

Narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) phototherapy, 838

Narrow therapeutic index (NTI), 39

NASH (see Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH))

Nasogastric (NG) tube, 67, 770, 770f

Nasolacrimal occlusion, 1157

National Association of Chain Drug Stores, 9

National Burn Repository Annual Report, 859

National Cholesterol Education Program, 1075–1076

The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care, 88

National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT), 425

p. 2353

p. 2354

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 758

National Health Interview Survey, 855

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), 1309, 1311

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 378, 409

National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP), 2134

National Kidney Foundation (NKF), 598

National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), 2061

National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), 2287

National provider identifier (NPI), 10–11

The National Psoriasis Foundation, 835, 843

National Survey of Family Growth, 954

Natriuretic peptides

and HF, 266

role of, 266

Nausea and vomiting, 463, 465–479

anticipatory, 468

causes of, 466

chemotherapy and, 468–476, 469–470t, 472t, 474t, 475–476f

clinical presentation of, 466

definition of, 466

diagnosis of, 466

epidemiology of, 466

motion sickness, 467–468, 468t

pathophysiology of, 466, 467f

postoperative, 477–479, 478t

during pregnancy (NVP), 975–977

cause of, 975

common antiemetics used for, 976t

effects, 975

and hormonal levels, 975

nonpharmacologic management of, 975

pharmacologic management of, 975–977, 976t

radiation and, 477, 477t

NBRA (see Nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists (NBRA))

NBTE (see Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE))

NE (see Norepinephrine (NE))

NEC (see Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC))

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

clinicalsigns of, 2182

complications, 2183–2184

incidence of, 2182

pathogenesis of, 2182

prevention, 2184

prognosis, 2183–2184

risks of, 2182

stages, 2182

treatment, 2183

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 991

antibiotic-resistant, 1510

gonorrhea by, 1506

Neisseria meningitidis meningitis, 1374–1376

prevention of, 1376

therapy for, 1374–1375

Neonatal Graves disease, 1065

Neonatal herpes, 1532, 1648

Neonatal HSV-1 infections, 1648

Neonatal sepsis and meningitis

incidence of, 2185

pathogens, 2185

treatment, 2185–2188

Neonates

apnea in, 2189–2190

bronchopulmonary dysplasia in, 2173–2177

cardiovascular drug therapy, 2206–2209, 2207t

congenital heart disease, 2209–2210, 2210t

management of pediatric septic shock, 2205–2206

medications for intubation and mechanical ventilation, 2198–2201, 2199–2200t, 2201t

necrotizing enterocolitis in, 2181–2184

neonatalsepsis and meningitis, 2184–2188

patent ductus arteriosus in, 2177–2181

pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 2195–2196

pediatric shock, 2201–2202

corticosteroid therapy, 2209

RDS in, 2168–2173

respiratory distress problems in, 2196–2198

seizures in, 2190–2193

sepsis and septic shock in, 2202–2205, 2203t, 2204t, 2205t

TORCH titers in, 2188–2189

traumatic brain injury, 2210–2214

Nephritogenicity, 640

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 643

Nephrolithiasis, 646

risk factors for, 646, 646t

Nephron, tubular function of, 570–571, 571f

Nephropathy and diabetes, 1143

Nephrotic syndrome, 573, 624, 636

Nephrotoxicity, 673

NERD (see Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD))

NETT (see National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT))

Neural tube defects (NTD), 969

Neuroblastoma, in children, 2002–2006, 2003–2005t

association of MYC oncogene, 2003

clinical presentation of, 2003, 2004–2005

COG protocols, 2003

description, 2002–2003

diagnosis of, 2003

epidemiology, 2002–2003

and hydration, 2005

hypotensive reactions to etoposide, 2005

A

123

I metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) test, 2003

incidence, 2002–2003

neural tumors related to, 2003

pathophysiology of, 2003

prognostic factors, 2003

staging, 2003

treatment, 2003–2004, 2004t, 2005–2006

Neurocysticercosis, 1709

Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (NEAD) study, 1297

Neurohormones

and obesity, 759

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), 1805–1806

Neuromuscular blockade, 47

Neuromuscular blocking agent, 47

Neuropathic pain, 1173, 1188

analgesic drug–drug interactions, 1190

central, 1191–1192

modifying regimen, 1189–1190

pharmacologic options for treatment of, 1180–1181t

Neuropeptide dysregulation and obesity, 759

Neuropsychiatric syndromes, 704

Neurosurgery, prophylaxis for, 1345t

Neurosyphilis, 1518

Neurotransmitter dysregulation and obesity, 758–759

Neutralizing antibodies, and MS, 1230

Neutropenia, 33

antibacterials in patients with, 1567t

definition of, 1554

fungal infections in, 1568

infections in, 1553–1570

alterations in immune system in, 1554–1555

clinicalsigns and symptoms in, 1560

colonization in, 1555, 1561

confirmation of, 1560–1561

damage to physical barriers in, 1554

empiric antibiotic therapy for, 1561–1565

functional asplenia and, 1555

pathogens in, 1555–1556

prophylaxis against, 1556–1560

radiation therapy and, 1555

risk stratification in, 1556

transplantation and, 1555

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), 635

Neutrophils, 33

New onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) (see Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus)

New York Heart Association (NYHA), 262

classification of HF, 267–268

staging of, 262f

NGAL (see Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL))

NGU (see Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU))

NHANES (see National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES))

NHL (see Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL))

p. 2354

p. 2355

NIH (see National Institutes of Health (NIH))

NINDS (see National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS))

NIPD (see Nocturnal intermittent dialysis (NIPD))

Nitric oxide (NO)

arginine and, 777

and arterial BP, 134

asthma and, 378

Nitroglycerin (NTG), 208, 219

NKDEP (see National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP))

NKF (see National Kidney Foundation (NKF))

NLST (see National Lung Screening Trial (NLST))

NMS (see Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS))

N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), 1661

NO (see Nitric oxide (NO))

Nociception, 1171

Nocturnal asthma, 404–405 (see also Asthma)

Nocturnal hypoglycemia, 1103, 1105, 1106

symptoms of, 1106

Nocturnal intermittent dialysis (NIPD), 659

Nocturnal leg muscle cramps, 171–173

clinical presentation of, 172

hypotheses in, 171–172

treatment of, 172–173

quinine, 172

therapeutic objectives of, 172

Nocturnal Oxygen Treatment Trial (NOTT), 424

Nodular acne, 827t, 830–831

Nodular goiters, 1043

NOF (see National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF))

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 539

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 540

Nonallergic hypersensitivity reactions (see Pseudoallergic reactions)

Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), 427

Nonallergic rhinopathy, 427

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), 1395

Nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists (NBRA), 1768–1770

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibition, 42

Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), 502, 509

Nongonococcal arthritis, 1542–1543

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), 1515–1516

Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C), 104

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 1597, 2019–2022, 2039, 2041–2042

aggressive, 2042–2043

classification of, 2019

clinical presentation of, 2019

indolent, 2043–2044

staging systems, 2019

treatment

for B cell, 2020–2021

for large cell lymphomas, 2021

for lymphoblastic lymphoma, 2021–2022

for T cell, 2019–2020, 2020t

Noninfectious AIDS-related mortality, 1596

Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 1763

Nonsense mutations (nmCF), 452

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 2060–2066

chemoradiation regimens for inoperable stage III, 2063t

chemotherapy, 2062, 2062t, 2063–2064

clinical presentation of, 2060

clinicalstaging for, 2061t

diagnosis of, 2060

early-stage, 2061–2062

epidemiology of, 2060

initial regimens for advanced or metastatic, 2064t

late-stage, 2062–2066

palliative care, 2064–2066

pathophysiology of, 2060

radiotherapy, 2062, 2063

risk factors of, 2060

surgery, 2063

treatment, 2060–2061

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 194, 225, 405, 544, 601, 1633, 1720, 2009, 2228

for acute gout, 909

for adult asthmatics, 2228

adverse effects, 1015–1016

common cold, 1661

contraindications, 1016

for dysmenorrhea, 1014

effects on kidney, 890–891

for endometriosis, 1019

and GI bleeding, 887

for JIA, 901–902

and methotrexate, 893

for PMS, 1025

for RA, 881–882

teratogenic effects, 973t

Non–ST segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), 232

treatment algorithm for, 245f

Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), 322, 322f

Nontreponemal tests, 1519

Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) (see Functional dyspepsia)

Norepinephrine (NE), 265

and obesity, 759

Normal values, laboratory tests and, 15

Noroviruses, and diarrhea, 1450

Nose

anatomy of, 428

function of, 428

IgA in, 428

physiology of, 428

NOTT (see Nocturnal Oxygen Treatment Trial (NOTT))

NPI (see National provider identifier (NPI))

NREM sleep (see Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep)

NRS (see Numerical rating scales (NRS))

NSAID-induced glomerulopathy, 641

NSAIDs (see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs))

NSCLC (see Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC))

NSF (see Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF))

NSTEMI (see Non–ST segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI))

NSVT (see Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT))

NTD (see Neural tube defects (NTD))

N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP), 29

NTG (see Nitroglycerin (NTG))

NTI (see Narrow therapeutic index (NTI))

Nucleic acid amplification (NAA) techniques, 1426

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), 1508

Nucleotide polymorphisms, 43

Numerical rating scales (NRS), 1175t

Nutritional deficiencies, 750

Nutritionally deficient or variant streptococci (NVS), IE and, 1391

Nutritional therapies, 524

Nutrition basics, 746–747

essential nutrients (water), 748

macronutrients, 747

carbohydrates, 747

lipids, 747–748

protein, 747

micronutrients

electrolytes, 748

trace elements, 748–749

vitamins, 748

patient assessment, 752

goals of therapy, 753–754

maintenance fluids, 754–755

micronutrients, 754

nutrition support effectiveness, 755

woman with Crohn’s disease, 752–753

Nutrition history, 749

components of, 750t

Nutrition screening, 749

biochemical assessment, 750–751

energy expenditure, 751–752, 752t

micronutrients, 752–753

patient assessment, 749

anthropometrics, 750

nutrition history, 749

physical examination, 750

weight history, 749–750

protein goals, 752, 752t

Nutrition support effectiveness, 755

p. 2355

p. 2356

NVS (see Nutritionally deficient or variant streptococci (NVS), IE and)

NYHA (see New York Heart Association (NYHA))

O

OA (see Osteoarthritis (OA))

OARSI (see Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI))

OASIS (see Organization for the Assessment of Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS))

OATs (see Organic anion transporters (OATs))

Obesity

behavior therapy for, 762

BMI and guidelines for classes, 757t

classes of, 757

course and prognosis of, 761

definitions of, 757

dietary supplements for, 765t

diets for, 761

drugs and effect on weight, 760t

environmental influences and behavioral factors, 759

epidemiology of, 757–758

etiology and pathophysiology of, 758–760

genetics and, 758–759

hypothalamus dysregulation, 758

initial assessment of, 760

investigational agents, 764–766

medical complications of, 761

medical conditions and medications, 759–760

medical devices for, 766

medical management, 761

medications for the treatment of, 763t

neuropeptide and leptin dysregulation, 759

neurotransmitter dysregulation, 758–759

nonpharmacologic therapy, 761–762

and PCOS, 1008

pharmacologic therapy for, 762–764

physical activity for, 762

PN and, 799–800

-related health conditions, 757t

surgery for, 766

Objective data, 8

OBRA (see Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA))

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 1732

assessment of, 1758

clinical course of, 1755–1756

clinical presentation of, 1758

diagnostic criteria, 1755

epidemiology of, 1755–1756

etiology of, 1756

pathophysiology of, 1756

psychiatric comorbidity and, 1756

treatment of

augmentation therapy, 1757

benzodiazepines, 1757

CBT, 1757

clomipramine, 1757, 1759–1760

course and duration of, 1750

deep brain stimulation, 1757

defining response to therapy, 1757–1758

MAOI phenelzine, 1757

neurosurgery, 1757

nonpharmacologic, 1757

SSRIs, 1756–1757, 1758–1759

strategies for managing partial response and nonresponse, 1758

Obstetric drug therapy, 968–1003

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 1010, 1776–1777

CPAP and, 1777

Obstructive vs. restrictive airway disease, 384

Occlusion, 815

OCD (see Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD))

Octreotide, 547

Ocular

anatomy and physiology of, 1149, 1149f

disorders, 1164–1165

emergencies, 1164

herpes simplex virus infections, 1167–1168

hypertension, 1149

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 1167, 1168t

side effects, 1159, 1159–1164t

toxicity, 2028

ODS (see Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS))

OGTT (see Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT))

OHE (see Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy (OHE))

OHSS (see Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS))

OI (see Ovulation induction (OI))

OIH (see Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH))

OIs (see Opportunistic infections (OIs))

Oligomenorrhea, 1010

Oligomeric formulas, 771, 772t, 773

Oligosaccharides, 747

Oligospermia, 2259

Omega-6 fatty acids (ω-6FAs), 779, 780

Omegaven, 2152

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA), 2228

On-demand pharmacotherapy, 509

ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET),

154, 167

ONTARGET (see ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint

Trial (ONTARGET))

Onychomycosis (see Tinea unguium (onychomycosis))

Oocyte retrieval, in IVF, 964–965

OPEP (see Oscillating positive-end pressure (OPEP))

Ophthalmic corticosteroids

adverse effects of, 1166–1167, 1166t

preparations and clinical use, 1165–1166, 1166t

Ophthalmic medication, side effects from, 1167

Ophthalmopathy, 1042

clinical presentation of, 1066

eye symptoms, 1066–1067

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), 1173

Opioid Risk Tool (ORT), 1184, 1196

Opportunistic infections (OIs), 2034, 2120, 2121

AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses in US, 1597–1598

chronic suppressive therapy, 1601

cytomegalovirus, 1607–1614

groups of, 1601

with HIV patients, 1597–1620

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 1618–1619

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1616–1618

natural history

and antiretroviral agents, 1598

CD4

+