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108 Brain: Hypothalamus

1 Paraventricular nucleus

2 Pre-optic nucleus

3 Ventromedial nucleus Hypothalamic

4 Supra-optic nucleus nuclei

5 Posterior nucleus

6 Dorsomedial nucleus

7 Mamillary body

8 Corpus callosum

9 Lateral ventricle (showing caudate

nucleus)

10 Anterior commissure

11 Column of fornix

12 Optic chiasma

13 Crus of fornix

14 Stria medullaris of thalamus

15 Thalamus and interthalamic

adhesion

16 Mamillothalamic fasciculus

of Vicq d’Azyr

17 Cerebral peduncle

18 Pineal body

19 Tectum of midbrain

20 Lamina terminalis

Median section through the diencephalon. Medial part of the thalamus and septum

pellucidum have been removed to show the fornix and mamillothalamic fasciculus.

Median section through the diencephalon and midbrain; location of hypothalamic

nuclei.

Position of main hypothalamic nuclei (schematic drawing).

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Brain: Subcortical Nuclei 109

Insula (Reili). The opercula of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes have been

removed to display the insular gyri. Left hemisphere.

Dissection of the corona radiata, left hemisphere. Frontal pole on the left.

1 Circular sulcus of insula

2 Long gyrus of insula

3 Short gyri of insula

4 Limen insulae

5 Opercula (cut)

a Frontal operculum

b Frontoparietal operculum

c Temporal operculum

6 Corona radiata

7 Lentiform nucleus

8 Anterior commissure

9 Olfactory tract

10 Cerebral arcuate fibers

11 Optic radiation

12 Cerebral peduncle

13 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

14 Flocculus of cerebellum

15 Pyramidal tract

16 Decussation of pyramidal tract

17 Internal capsule

18 Optic tract

19 Optic nerve (n. II)

20 Infundibulum

21 Temporal lobe (right side)

22 Mamillary bodies

23 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

24 Transverse fibers of pons

Corona radiata and internal capsule,

left hemisphere. Lentiform nucleus

removed (frontal pole to the left).

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110 Brain: Subcortical Nuclei

1 Corona radiata

2 Anterior horn of lateral

ventricle

3 Head of caudate nucleus

4 Putamen

5 Anterior commissure

6 Olfactory tract

7 Amygdala

8 Hippocampal digitations

9 Internal capsule

10 Calcar avis

11 Posterior horn of lateral

ventricle

12 Choroid plexus of lateral

ventricle

13 Caudal extremity of caudate

nucleus

14 Pulvinar of thalamus

15 Mamillary body

16 Optic tract

17 Anterior commissure

18 Fornix

19 Longitudinal stria

20 Dentate gyrus

21 Hippocampal fimbria

22 Pes hippocampi

Dissection of the subcortical nuclei and internal capsule, left hemisphere (lateral aspect).

Frontal pole to the left. The lateral ventricle has been opened, and the insular gyri and claustrum

have been removed, revealing the lentiform nucleus and the internal capsule.

Dissection of the limbic system and the fornix (lateral aspect). Frontal pole to the left.

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Brain: Subcortical Nuclei 111

1 Anterior cerebral artery

2 Frontal lobe

3 Amygdala (amygdaloid body)

4 Olfactory tract

5 Internal carotid artery

6 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

7 Basilar artery

8 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

9 Hypoglossal nerve (n. XII)

10 Caudate nucleus

11 Internal capsule

12 Lentiform nucleus

13 Caudal extremity of caudate

nucleus

14 Inferior colliculus of midbrain

15 Trochlear nerve (n. IV)

16 Superior cerebellar peduncle

17 Middle cerebellar peduncle

18 Cerebellum

19 Facial nerve (n. VII) and

vestibulocochlear nerve

(n. VIII)

20 Abducent nerve (n. VI)

21 Glossopharyngeal nerve (n. IX),

vagus nerve (n. X), and

accessory nerve (n. XI)

22 Inferior olive

Right hemisphere together with brain stem and cerebellum (lateral aspect).

The connections of the brain stem with the cerebellum are dissected. The amygdala of the left

hemisphere is shown. The corpus callosum has been partly removed.

Schematic drawing of the dissected brain shown above (lateral aspect).

The course of the pyramidal tracts is indicated in red. Cranial nerves = yellow.

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Brain: Ventricular System

Cast of ventricular cavities of the brain (lateral aspect),

frontal pole to the left.

Position of ventricular cavities (schematic drawing).

The direction of flow of cerebrospinal fluid is indicated by

arrows. Green = right lateral ventricle; red = choroidal plexus

with cerebrospinal fluid.

1 Central part of the lateral ventricle

2 Interventricular foramen of Monro

3 Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

4 Site of interthalamic adhesion

5 Notch for anterior commissure

6 Third ventricle

7 Optic recess

8 Notch for optic chiasma

9 Infundibular recess

10 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle with indentation

of amygdaloid body

11 Lateral recess and lateral aperture of Luschka

12 Suprapineal recess

13 Pineal recess

14 Notch for posterior commissure

15 Posterior horn of lateral ventricle

16 Cerebral aqueduct

17 Fourth ventricle

18 Median aperture of Magendie

19 Cerebellomedullary cistern

20 Superior sagittal sinus

21 Inferior sagittal sinus

22 Intervaginal space of optic nerve

23 Arachnoid granulations of Pacchioni

24 Straight sinus

Cast of ventricular cavities of the brain (superior aspect),

frontal pole at top.

Cast of ventricular cavities of the brain (posterior aspect).

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Brain: Ventricular System 113

Dissection of the brain (superior view of the lateral ventricle and of the subcortical nuclei of the brain). Corpus callosum partly removed.

Fornix and choroid plexus of the left lateral ventricle are shown.

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1 Frontal lobe of brain

2 Corpus callosum

3 Caudate nucleus (head)

4 Insular cortex

5 Interventricular foramen

6 Internal capsule

7 Lateral longitudinal stria

8 Body of fornix

9 Thalamus

10 Choroid plexus

11 Lateral ventricle (occipital horn)

12 Occipital lobe of brain

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1 Caudate nucleus

2 Lentiform nucleus

3 Caudal extremity of caudate nucleus

4 Amygdaloid body

5 Cerebral peduncle

6 Infundibulum

7 Pons

8 Facial nerve (n. VII) and vestibulocochlear

nerve (n. VIII)

9 Cerebellar flocculus

10 Medulla oblongata

11 Accessory nerve (n. XI)

12 Fornix and column of fornix

13 Olfactory tract

14 Optic nerve (n. II)

15 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

16 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

17 Abducent nerve (n. VI)

18 Glossopharyngeal nerve (n. IX) and

vagus nerve (n. X)

19 Inferior olive

20 Hypoglossal nerve (n. XII)

21 Decussation of the pyramids

22 Thalamus

23 Epiphysis

24 Tectum of midbrain

(superior and inferior colliculus)

25 Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve (n. V)

26 Facial nucleus (n. VII)

27 Middle cerebellar peduncle

28 Visceral nucleus of glossopharyngeal and

vagus nerves (n. IX and n. X),

salivatory nucleus

29 Vestibular nucleus (n. VIII)

30 Ambiguus nucleus (n. IX, n. X, n. XI)

31 Spinal nucleus of accessory nerve (n. XI)

32 Motor nucleus of oculomotor nerve (n. III)

33 Trochlear nucleus and nerve (n. IV)

34 Sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (n. V)

35 Abducent nucleus (n. VI)

36 Hypoglossal nucleus (n. XII)

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Brain stem (ventral aspect).

Brain stem (dorsal aspect, schematic drawing).

Location of cranial nerve nuclei.

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Brain: Brain Stem

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1 Internal capsule

2 Head of the caudate nucleus

3 Olfactory trigone

4 Olfactory tracts

5 Optic nerves (n. II)

6 Infundibulum

7 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

8 Amygdaloid body

9 Pons

10 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

11 Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (n. VII, n. VIII)

12 Hypoglossal nerve (n. XII)

13 Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (n. IX, n. X)

14 Inferior olive

15 Medulla oblongata

16 Lentiform nucleus

17 Anterior commissure

18 Tail of caudate nucleus

19 Superior colliculus

20 Inferior colliculus

21 Trochlear nerve (n. IV)

22 Superior cerebellar peduncle

23 Inferior cerebellar peduncle

24 Middle cerebellar peduncle

25 Accessory nerve (n. XI)

26 Columns of fornix (divided)

27 Lamina affixa

28 Third ventricle

29 Pulvinar of thalamus

30 Inferior brachium

31 Frenulum veli

32 Superior medullary velum

33 Facial colliculus

34 Striae medullares and rhomboid fossa

35 Hypoglossal trigone

36 Stria terminalis and thalamostriate vein

37 Habenular trigone

38 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

39 Pineal body

40 Medial geniculate body

41 Cerebral peduncle

42 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

43 Clava

Brain stem (left lateral aspect). Cerebellar peduncles have been

severed, cerebellum and cerebral cortex have been removed.

Brain stem (dorsal aspect). Cerebellum removed.

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IV

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VII, VIII

VI

IX, X, XI

XII

23 Brain stem (lateral aspect,

schematic drawing). Note the

location of the cranial nerves.

III–XII = cranial nerves.

Brain: Brain Stem

116 Brain: Coronal and Cross Sections

1 Corpus callosum

2 Head of caudate nucleus

3 Internal capsule

4 Putamen

5 Globus pallidus

6 Anterior commissure

7 Optic tract

8 Amygdaloid body

9 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

10 Lateral ventricle

11 Septum pellucidum

12 Lobus insularis (insula)

13 External capsule

14 Column of fornix

15 Optic recess

16 Infundibulum

17 Thalamus

18 Claustrum

19 Lenticular ansa

20 Third ventricle and hypothalamus

21 Basilar artery and pons

22 Cortex of temporal lobe

23 Inferior colliculus

24 Superior colliculus

25 Cerebral aqueduct

26 Red nucleus

27 Substantia nigra

28 Cerebral peduncle

29 Trochlear nerve (n. IV)

30 Gray matter

31 Nucleus of oculomotor nerve

32 Fibers of oculomotor nerve (n. III)

33 Vermis of cerebellum

34 Fourth ventricle

35 Reticular formation

36 Pons and transverse pontine fibers

37 Emboliform nucleus

38 Dentate nucleus

39 Middle cerebellar peduncle

40 Choroid plexus

41 Hypoglossal nucleus at rhomboid fossa

42 Medial longitudinal fasciculus

43 Trigeminal nerve (n. V.)

44 Inferior olivary nucleus

45 Corticospinal fibers and arcuate fibers

46 Fourth ventricle with choroid plexus

47 Vestibular nuclei

48 Nucleus and tractus solitarius

49 Inferior cerebellar peduncle

(restiform body)

50 Reticular formation

51 Medial lemniscus

52 Cuneate nucleus of Burdach

53 Central canal

54 Pyramidal tract

55 Flocculus of cerebellum

56 Cerebellar hemisphere with pia mater

57 “Arbor vitae” of cerebellum

58 Nucleus gracilis of Goll

59 Lateral recess of choroid plexus

of fourth ventricle

60 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

61 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

Coronal section through the brain at the level of the anterior commissure.

Section 1.

Coronal section through the brain at the level of the third ventricle and the

interthalamic adhesion. Section 2.

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Brain: Coronal and Cross Sections 117

Cross section of the midbrain (mesencephalon) at the level of

the superior colliculus (superior aspect). Section 4.

Cross section of the rhombencephalon at the level of the

olive (inferior aspect). Section 6.

Cross section through the rhombencephalon at the level of

the pons (inferior aspect). Section 5.

Coronal section through the brain at the level of the inferior

colliculus (posterior aspect). Section 3.

Right half of the brain. Levels of the sections are

indicated.

Cross section through medulla oblongata and cerebellum

(inferior aspect). Section 7.

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Brain: Horizontal Sections

Horizontal section through the head.

Section 1.

MRI scan of the human head at the level of section 2.

Horizontal section through the head.

Section 2.

1 Skin of scalp

2 Calvaria (diploe of the skull)

3 Falx cerebri

4 Gray matter of brain (cortex)

5 Dura mater

6 White matter of brain

7 Arachnoid and pia mater with vessels

8 Subdural space (slightly expanded due to

shrinkage of the brain)

9 Superior sagittal sinus

10 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

11 Septum pellucidum

12 Choroid plexus

13 Thalamus

14 Splenium of corpus callosum

15 Parietal lobe

16 Frontal lobe

17 Anterior cerebral artery

18 Genu of corpus callosum

19 Caudate nucleus

20 Central part of lateral ventricle

21 Stria terminalis

22 Occipital lobe

Brain: Horizontal Sections 119

Horizontal section through the head at the level of third

ventricle of internal capsule and neighboring nuclei.

Section 3.

MRI scan at the corresponding level to the above figure.

Section 3.

Sagittal section through the head.

Levels of the horizontal sections are indicated.

1 Caudate nucleus

2 Lobus insularis (insula)

3 Lentiform nucleus

4 Claustrum

5 External capsule

6 Internal capsule

7 Thalamus

8 Inferior sagittal sinus

9 Superior sagittal sinus

10 Skin of scalp

11 Falx cerebri

12 Calvaria (diploe of skull)

13 Genu of corpus callosum

14 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

15 Septum pellucidum

16 Column of fornix

17 Choroid plexus of third ventricle

18 Splenium of corpus callosum

19 Entrance to inferior horn of lateral ventricle with

choroid plexus

20 Optic radiation

21 Third ventricle

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