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Nasal Cavity: Nerves and Arteries 147

Nerves of the lateral wall of nasal cavity. Carotid canal opened, mucous membranes of pharynx and

nasal cavity partly removed.

Dissection of palatine tonsil located in the lateral wall of

the nasopharynx (left side). Root of tongue reflected.

48 Greater petrosal nerve

49 Maxillary nerve

50 Olfactory bulb

51 Olfactory nerves

52 Internal nasal branches

of anterior ethmoidal

nerve

53 Lateral superior

posterior nasal

branches

54 Lateral inferior

posterior nasal

branches

55 Incisive canal with

nasopalatine nerve

56 Greater palatine nerve

57 Deep petrosal nerve

58 Mandibular nerve

59 Nasal cavity and

inferior nasal concha

60 Opening of auditory

tube

61 Tensor veli palatini

muscle

62 Levator veli palatini

muscle

63 Pharyngeal recess

in the nasopharynx

64 Uvula

65 Palatoglossal arch

66 Tonsillar branch of

ascending palatine

artery

67 Palatine tonsil

68 Palatopharyngeal arch

Nerves of the lateral wall of nasal cavity. Body of sphenoid

bone appears transparent (schematic drawing).

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148 Sections through the Nasal and Oral Cavities

Horizontal section through the nasal cavity, the orbits, and temporal lobes of the brain at the level of pituitary gland.

Horizontal section through the head. CT scan. Bar = 2 cm.

Arrow: fracture.

1 Cornea

2 Lens

3 Vitreous body (eyeball)

4 Head of optic nerve

5 Medial rectus muscle

6 Lateral rectus muscle

7 Optic nerve with dural sheath

8 Internal carotid artery

9 Pituitary gland and infundibulum

10 Oculomotor nerve

11 Superior tarsal plate of eyelid

12 Fornix of conjunctiva

13 Nasal cavity

14 Sclera

15 Ethmoidal sinus

16 Nasal septum

17 Sphenoidal sinus

18 Temporal lobe

19 Clivus

20 Middle cranial fossa

21 External acoustic meatus

22 Superior sagittal sinus

23 Falx cerebri

24 Superior rectus and levator

palpebrae superioris muscles

25 Eyeball and lacrimal gland

26 Inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles

27 Zygomatic bone

28 Maxillary sinus

29 Inferior nasal concha

30 Hard palate

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Sections through the Nasal and Oral Cavities

Coronal section through the head at the level of the second premolar of the mandible.

Coronal section through the head (MRI scan, courtesy of

Prof. Heuck, Munich, Germany). Note the situation of the

head cavities.

31 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

32 Lingual septum

33 Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

34 Sublingual gland

35 Mandible

36 Calvaria

37 Frontal lobe of brain and crista galli

38 Lateral and medial rectus muscles

39 Buccinator muscle

40 Vertical and transverse muscles of tongue

41 Second premolar of mandible

42 Genioglossus muscle

43 Platysma muscle

44 Orbit and optic nerve

45 Filiform papillae

46 Foramen cecum

47 Root of tongue (lingual tonsil)

48 Palatine tonsil

49 Vallecula of epiglottis

50 Vestibule of larynx

51 Median sulcus of tongue

52 Fungiform papillae

53 Foliate papillae

54 Circumvallate papilla

55 Sulcus terminalis

56 Epiglottis

57 Greater cornu of hyoid bone

Dorsal surface of the tongue and laryngeal inlet.

150 Oral Cavity: Muscles

1 Nasal cavity

2 Hard palate

3 Upper lip and orbicularis oris

muscle

4 Vestibule of oral cavity

5 First incisor

6 Lower lip and orbicularis oris

muscle

7 Mandible

8 Genioglossus muscle

9 Geniohyoid muscle

10 Anterior belly of diagastric muscle

11 Mylohyoid muscle

12 Hyoid bone

13 Nasopharynx

14 Soft palate and uvula

15 Oropharynx

16 Root of tongue and lingual tonsil

17 Laryngopharynx

18 Epiglottis

19 Ary-epiglottic fold

20 Laryngopharynx continuous with

esophagus

21 Larynx

1 Greater cornu

2 Lesser cornu of hyoid bone

3 Body

Median sagittal section through the oral cavity and pharynx.

Hyoid bone (oblique lateral aspect).

Muscles of the floor of the oral cavity (superior aspect). Oral diaphragm, muscles (inferior aspect). Cut on the base.

1 Lesser cornu and body of hyoid bone

2 Hyoglossus muscle (divided)

3 Ramus of mandible and inferior alveolar nerve

4 Geniohyoid muscle

5 Genioglossus muscle (divided)

6 Stylohyoid muscle (divided)

7 Mylohyoid muscle

8 Anterior belly of digastric muscle

9 Hyoid bone

10 Mandible

11 Intermediate tendon of digastric muscle

Hyoid bone (anterior aspect).

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Oral Cavity: Muscles 151

Parapharyngeal and sublingual regions. Innervation of the tongue. Lateral part of face and mandible removed, oral cavity

opened. Arrow: submandibular duct.

Supra- and infrahyoid muscles and

pharynx (schematic drawing).

1 Styloid process

2 Styloglossus muscle

3 Digastric muscle (posterior belly)

4 Vagus nerve (n. X)

5 Lingual nerve (n. V3)

6 Glossopharyngeal nerve (n. IX)

7 Submandibular ganglion

8 Hyoglossus muscle

9 Hypoglossal nerve (n. XII)

10 Stylohyoid muscle

11 Internal branch of superior

laryngeal nerve

(branch of vagus nerve, not visible)

12 Middle constrictor muscle

of pharynx

13 Omohyoid muscle (divided)

14 Thyrohyoid muscle

15 Sternothyroid muscle

16 Esophagus

17 Parotid duct (divided)

18 Buccinator

19 Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx

20 Tongue

21 Terminal branches of lingual nerve

22 Mandible (divided)

23 Genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles

24 Mylohyoid muscle (divided and

reflected)

25 Sternohyoid muscle (divided)

26 Thyroid cartilage

27 Hyoid bone

28 Trachea

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152 Oral Cavity: Submandibular Triangle

Submandibular triangle, superficial dissection. Right side (inferior aspect). Submandibular gland

has been reflected.

Submandibular triangle, deep dissection. Right side (inferior aspect). Mylohyoid muscle has been

severed and reflected to display the lingual and hypoglossal nerves.

1 Parotid gland and

retromandibular vein

2 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

3 Retromandibular vein,

submandibular gland, and

stylohyoid muscle

4 Hypoglossal nerve and lingual

artery

5 Vagus nerve and internal

jugular vein

6 Superior laryngeal artery

7 External carotid artery,

thyrohyoid muscle, and

superior thyroid artery

8 Common carotid artery and

superior root of ansa cervicalis

9 Omohyoid and sternohyoid

muscles

10 Masseter muscle and marginal

mandibular branch of facial

nerve

11 Facial artery and vein

12 Mandible and submental

artery and vein

13 Mylohyoid nerve

14 Submandibular duct, sublingual

gland, and anterior belly of

digastric muscle

15 Mylohyoid muscle

16 Mylohyoid muscle and anterior

belly of left digastric muscle

17 Hyoglossus muscle and lingual

artery

18 Lingual nerve

19 Hypoglossal nerve

20 Geniohyoid muscle

21 Anterior belly of right digastric

muscle

22 Submandibular gland and duct

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Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands

1 Medial pterygoid muscle

2 Sublingual papilla

3 Submandibular duct

4 Sublingual gland

5 Lingual nerve

6 Hypoglossal nerve

7 Mylohyoid muscle

8 Geniohyoid muscle

9 Anterior belly of digastric

muscle

10 Inferior alveolar nerve

11 Chorda tympani

12 Internal carotid artery

13 Parotid gland

14 Sphenomandibular ligament

15 Vagus nerve

16 Glossopharyngeal nerve

17 Superficial temporal artery and

ascending pharyngeal artery

18 Styloglossus muscle

19 Posterior belly of digastric

muscle

20 Facial artery

21 Submandibular gland

22 External carotid artery

23 Lingual artery

24 Middle pharyngeal constrictor

muscle

25 Stylohyoid ligament

26 Hyoglossus muscle

27 Deep lingual artery

28 Epiglottis

29 Hyoid bone

30 Buccinator muscle

31 Tongue

32 Mandible (divided)

33 Parotid duct

34 Masseter muscle

35 Right and left sublingual papillae

Oral cavity (internal aspect). Tongue and pharyngeal wall removed.

Dissection of major salivary glands. Left mandible and buccinator

muscle partly removed to view the oral cavity (infero-lateral aspect).

Location of the major salivary glands in relation to the

oral cavity.

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1 Submandibular gland

2 Hyoid bone

3 Larynx (thyroid cartilage)

4 Nerves and vessels of the neck

(carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve)

5 Thyroid gland

6 Trachea

7 Aortic arch

Regional anatomy of the neck (anterior aspect). The anteriorly

located muscles and the thoracic wall have been removed.

Organs of the neck (anterior aspect, schematic drawing).

The main arterial trunks are indicated in red.

The anterior aspect of the neck contains the trachea

and larynx, which are connected to the nasal

cavity via the pharynx. Behind the trachea lies the

esophagus, which is connected to the oral cavity,

again via the pharynx.

The thyroid gland is located anterior to the trachea,

whereas the carotid artery and jugular vein together

with the vagus nerve are situated laterally,

conjoining the head with the thoracic organs and

upper limb.

Underneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the

cervical portion of the spinal nerves forms the cervical and brachial nervous plexuses that give rise to

the innervations of neck and upper limb respectively.

2.5 Neck and Organs of the Neck

Organization and Regions of the Neck

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Organization and Regions of the Neck

Median section through adult head and neck. Note the low position

of the adult larynx when compared with that of the neonate (cf. with the

figure below).

Median section through neonate head and neck. Note the high position

of the larynx permitting the epiglottis to nearly reach the uvula (cf. with the

figure above).

1 Nasal septum

2 Uvula

3 Genioglossus muscle

4 Mandible

5 Geniohyoid muscle

6 Mylohyoid muscle

7 Hyoid bone

8 Thyroid cartilage

9 Manubrium sterni

10 Sphenoidal sinus

11 Nasopharynx

12 Oropharynx

13 Epiglottis

14 Laryngopharynx

15 Arytenoid muscle

16 Vocal fold

17 Cricoid cartilage

18 Trachea

19 Left brachiocephalic vein

20 Thymus

21 Esophagus

Regions and triangles of the neck

(schematic drawing).

1 Posterior cervical region

2 Lateral cervical region

3 Supraclavicular triangle

4 Submandibular triangle

5 Carotid triangle

6 Anterior cervical region

7 Jugular fossa

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156 Muscles of the Neck

Muscles of the neck (anterior aspect, schematic drawing).

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The muscles of the neck are complex and

highly sophisticated. There are two major

groups of muscles to be distinguished according

to their functional aspects. One group is

constituted by muscles connecting head to

the hyoid bone and the larynx. The second

category of muscles links the head and the

ribcage.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle represents

the border between the anterior and posterior

cervical triangle.

1 Mandible

2 Hyoid bone

3 Thyrohyoid muscle

4 Sternothyroid muscle

5 Thyroid gland

6 Second rib

7 Anterior belly of digastric muscle

8 Mylohyoid muscle

(and mylohyoid raphe)

9 Omohyoid muscle

10 Thyroid cartilage

11 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

12 Sternohyoid muscle

13 Clavicle

14 Subclavius muscle

15 Posterior belly of digastric muscle

16 Stylohyoid muscle

17 Scalenus muscles

18 Trapezius muscle

19 First rib

20 Scapula

21 Trachea

22 Manubrium sterni

Muscles of the neck (anterior aspect). Sternocleidomastoid and sternohyoid muscles on the

right have been divided and reflected.

Muscles of the Neck 157

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Axial section of the neck at the level of the intervertebral disc between the 5th and 6th

cervical vertebra (inferior aspect).

Axial section of the neck at the level of the 4th cervical

vertebra (MRI scan; from Heuck et al., MRT-Atlas, 2009).

Organization of the neck (axial section at the level of the

thyroid gland; schematic drawing).

1 Sternohyoid and thyrohyoid

muscles

2 Larynx

3 Cricoid cartilage

4 Internal jugular vein, common

carotid artery, and vagus nerve

5 Esophagus

6 Body of cervical vertebra

7 Vertebral artery

8 Spinal cord

9 Scalenus posterior muscle

10 Deep muscles of the neck

11 Trapezius muscle

12 Omohyoid muscle

13 Thyroid gland

14 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

15 Longus colli and longus capitis

muscles

16 Cervical spinal nerve

17 Vertebral artery and vein,

and foramen transversarium

18 Ventral and dorsal root of cervical

spinal nerve

19 Trachea

20 Sympathetic trunk

21 Anterior tubercle of transverse

process and origin of scalenus

anterior and medius muscles

22 Superior facet of articular process

23 Spinous process

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158 Larynx: Cartilages and Hyoid Bone

1 Epiglottis

2 Lesser cornu of hyoid bone

3 Greater cornu of hyoid bone

4 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament

5 Body of hyoid bone

6 Superior cornu of thyroid

cartilage

7 Thyro-epiglottic ligament

8 Conus elasticus

9 Cricothyroid ligament

10 Thyroid cartilage

11 Cricoid cartilage

12 Trachea

13 Corniculate cartilage

14 Arytenoid cartilage

15 Posterior crico-arytenoid

ligament

16 Cricothyroid joint

17 Crico-arytenoid joint

1 Hyoid bone

2 Epiglottis

3 Thyrohyoid membrane

4 Thyroid cartilage

5 Vocal ligament

6 Conus elasticus

7 Arytenoid cartilage

8 Cricoid cartilage

9 Crico-arytenoid joint

10 Cricothyroid joint

11 Tracheal cartilages

12 Corniculate cartilage

13 Muscular process of arytenoid

cartilage

14 Vocal process of arytenoid

cartilage

15 Lamina of cricoid cartilage

16 Arch of cricoid cartilage

1 Vocal ligament

2 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament

3 Greater cornu of hyoid bone

4 Epiglottis

5 Thyroid cartilage

6 Corniculate cartilage

7 Arytenoid cartilage

8 Crico-arytenoid joint

9 Cricothyroid joint

10 Cricoid cartilage

11 Trachea

Cartilages of the larynx and the

hyoid bone (anterior aspect).

Cartilages of the larynx (anterior

aspect). Thyroid cartilage is indicated

by the outline.

Cartilages of the larynx (obliqueposterior aspect).

Cartilages and ligaments of the larynx

(lateral aspect).

Cartilages of the larynx

(oblique-posterior aspect).

Cartilages of the larynx and the hyoid

bone (posterior aspect).

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Larynx: Cartilages and Hyoid Bone 159

Thyroid cartilage (lateral aspect). Thyroid cartilage (anterior aspect).

1 Superior cornu

2 Superior thyroid tubercle

3 Lamina of thyroid cartilage

4 Inferior thyroid tubercle

5 Inferior cornu

6 Superior thyroid notch

1 Atlas

2 Axis

3 Cervical vertebrae (C2–C7)

4 Mandible

5 Hyoid bone

6 Thyroid cartilage

7 Arytenoid cartilage

8 Cricoid cartilage

9 Epiglottis

10 Tracheal cartilages

11 First rib

12 Manubrium sterni

Position of the larynx in the neck (oblique-lateral aspect).

(Schematic drawing.)

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