Organization of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
The architecture of tendon fibers of the two abdominal
oblique muscles in the rectus sheath is shown.
5 Anterior layer of rectus sheath
7 Internal abdominal oblique muscle
9 External abdominal oblique muscle
The anterior abdominal and thoracic walls
reveal a segmental structure. The ribs are
connected by intercostal muscles forming
defined skeleto-motoric and neuro-vascular
At the abdominal wall, the segments form
great flat muscles, that end anteriorly in
strong sheet-like aponeuroses. The aponeurosis
interlace at the linea alba with their counterparts from the opposite side to form the
tough tendinous sheath of the rectus muscle.
Movements of the abdominal wall also support
the process of respiration functionally related
Anterior thoracic and abdominal walls with superficial musculature.
The fascia of pectoralis major muscle and the abdominal wall have been removed;
the anterior layer of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle is displayed.
Median sagittal section through the vertebral column,
head, and thorax of the adult.
Skeleton of the trunk, vertebral column, thorax, and pelvis
3 Seventh cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens)
12 Glenoid cavity (lateral angle of scapula)
22 Scapula with coracoid process
23 Posterior superior iliac spine
24 Posterior inferior iliac spine
8 Body of the twelfth thoracic vertebra
9 Body of the first lumbar vertebra
13 Anterior superior iliac spine
20 Body of the fifth lumbar vertebra
Skeleton of the trunk, vertebral column, pelvis, thorax, and shoulder girdle (anterior
Representative vertebrae from each region of the vertebral column (superior aspect).
From top to bottom: atlas (C1), axis (C2), cervical vertebra (C), thoracic vertebra (Th),
lumbar vertebra (L), and sacrum (S).
General organization of ribs and vertebrae (schematic drawing).
Typical cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Typical lumbar vertebra and sacrum.
each region of the vertebral column
(lateral aspect, ventral surface on the
7 Superior articular facet of atlas
14 Anterior tubercle of transverse process
15 Posterior tubercle of transverse process
18 Body of vertebra and head of rib articulating with each other
20 Transverse process and tubercle of rib articulating with each other
28 Superior demifacet for head of rib
29 Inferior demifacet for head of rib
General characteristics of the vertebrae.
Typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
General characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
and sacrum (posterior aspect).
Green = ribs or homologous processes
(transverse and spinous processes)
Orange = laminae and articular processes
192 Vertebral Column and Thorax
Skeleton of the thorax (anterior aspect).
Costovertebral articulation (right lateral aspect).
Skeleton of the thorax (posterior aspect).
6 Facet for clavicle and clavicular notch
11 Twelfth thoracic vertebra and rib
17 Costotransverse joints between the transverse processes
of thoracic vertebra and the tubercles of the ribs
20 Costal processes of lumbar vertebrae
21 Facet for articulation with rib
23 Superior facet for articulation with head of rib
24 Articulation of head of rib with two vertebrae
25 Inferior facet for articulation with head of rib
Skeleton of the thorax (right lateral aspect).
4 Seventh cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens)
14 Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
15 Spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
16 Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae
4 Bodies of cervical vertebrae
8 Seventh rib (last of the true ribs)
9 Costal arch (arcus costalis)
10 Floating ribs (costae fluctuantes)
11 Body of fourth lumbar vertebra
17 Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae (C4, C5)
18 Costotransverse joint of first rib
21 Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae (L2, L3)
Vertebral column and thorax in connection with head and pelvis (lateral aspect).
Vertebral Column and Thorax: Vertebral Joints 195
Cervical vertebrae (lateral aspect, articular facets = blue).
Thoracic vertebrae (lateral aspect, articular facets = blue).
Lumbar vertebrae with sacrum and coccyx
(posterior aspect, articular facets = blue).
11 Transverse process of vertebra
Coronal section through the neck at the level of the cervical vertebrae (MRI
scan, courtesy of Prof. Heuck, Munich).
196 Vertebral Column and Thorax: Costovertebral Joints and Intercostal Muscles
4 Long thoracic nerve, lateral
6 External intercostal muscles
8 Lateral cutaneous branches of
9 External abdominal oblique muscle
12 Internal intercostal muscles
13 External intercostal membrane
14 Position of xiphoid process
16 Anterior layer of rectus sheath
Effect of intercostal muscles on the costovertebral and
costotransverse joints. Axes of movement indicated by red lines;
direction of movements indicated by red arrows.
A = action of internal intercostal muscles (expiration);
B = action of external intercostal muscles (inspiration).
Muscles of the thorax, superficial layer (lateral aspect). Upper limb elevated.
Pectoralis major and minor muscles have been removed.
Vertebral Column and Thorax: Costovertebral Joints 197
Two thoracic vertebrae (left lateral aspect).
Location of costovertebral joints (superior aspect).
Costovertebral joints (schematic drawing). Two thoracic
vertebrae with an articulating rib (separated). Axis of movement
indicated by dashed line. Blue = articular facets.
Ligaments of thoracic vertebrae and costovertebral joints
(left antero-lateral aspect). In the upper joint, most of the radiate
ligament and the anterior part of the head of the rib have been
removed to expose the two joint cavities and the interposed
1 Superior demifacet for head of rib
3 Inferior demifacet for head of rib
6 Superior articular facet and
8 Transverse process and facet
12 Anterior longitudinal ligament
15 Superior costotransverse ligament
Vertebral Column and Thorax: Ligaments
Median-sagittal section of the bodies of the vertebrae,
showing the intervertebral discs, each of which consists
of an outer laminated portion and an inner core.
The two caudal lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum with
their intervertebral discs (anterior aspect). Anterior longitudinal
Ligaments of the vertebral column, thoracic part (left lateral
Ligaments of the vertebral column (dorsal aspect).
a Outer portion (anulus fibrosus)
b Inner core (nucleus pulposus)
3 Anterior longitudinal ligament
4 Posterior longitudinal ligament and spinal dura mater
5 Costal process of lumbar vertebra
10 Superior costotransverse ligament
11 Transverse process of thoracic
Vertebral Column and Thorax: Ligaments 199
Disarticulated thorax skeleton.
The twelve ribs (I–XII) are arranged
Ligaments of thoracic vertebrae and
costovertebral joints (lateral aspect).
Median-sagittal section of two lumbar vertebrae showing
ligaments and vertebral discs.
1 Anterior longitudinal ligament
6 Posterior longitudinal ligament
9 Superior costotransverse ligament
14 Lateral costotransverse ligament
Vertebral Column and Thorax: Joints Connecting to the Head
Atlas and axis (from above). Median atlanto-axial joint and transverse ligament of
atlas (from above). Dens of axis partly severed.
1 Anterior arch of atlas with anterior tubercle
2 Superior articular facet of atlas
3 Foramen transversarium and transverse
4 Posterior arch of atlas and vertebral artery
7 Superior articular surface of axis
12 Transverse process and foramen
13 Median atlanto-axial joint (anterior part)
14 Articular capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
15 Transverse ligament of atlas
18 Lateral atlanto-axial joint
20 Superior longitudinal band of
22 Transverse ligament of atlas
23 Inferior longitudinal band of
Head and cervical spine (posterior aspect).
Bones of atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints.
Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints (posterior aspect).
Posterior part of occipital bone, posterior arch of atlas, and
axis have been removed to show the cruciform ligament.
Atlas and axis. Left oblique postero-lateral aspect,
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