Brain and Cranial Nerves: Nerves of the Orbit 73

Cranial nerves of the orbit (superior aspect). Right side: superficial layer, left side: middle layer of the orbit (superior rectus muscle and

frontal nerve divided and reflected). Tentorium and dura mater partly removed.

1 Frontal sinus (enlarged)

2 Frontal nerve (divided and reflected)

3 Superior rectus muscle (divided) and eyeball

4 Superior oblique muscle

5 Short ciliary nerves and optic nerve (n. II)

6 Nasociliary nerve

7 Abducent nerve (n. VI) and lateral

rectus muscle

8 Ciliary ganglion and superior rectus muscle

(reflected)

9 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

10 Trochlear nerve (n. IV)

11 Crus cerebri and midbrain

12 Inferior wall of the third ventricle connected

with cerebral aqueduct

13 Lateral and medial branches of supra-orbital

nerve

14 Supratrochlear nerve

15 Superior levator palpebrae muscle

16 Lacrimal nerve

17 Frontal nerve

18 Ophthalmic nerve (n. V1)

19 Optic chiasma and internal carotid artery

20 Trigeminal ganglion

21 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

22 Tentorial notch

23 Superior rectus muscle

Cranial nerves within the orbit 24 Ophthalmic artery (superior aspect).

74 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Base of the Skull with Cranial Nerves

Cranial nerves at the base of the skull. The brain stem was divided and the tentorium fenestrated.

Both hemispheres were removed.

1 Infundibulum

2 Optic chiasma and

internal carotid artery

3 Olfactory tract

4 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

5 Ophthalmic nerve (n. V1)

6 Trigeminal ganglion

7 Falx cerebri

8 Tentorial notch

9 Trochlear nerve (n. IV)

10 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

11 Cerebellum

12 Eyeball

13 Medial and lateral rectus

muscles

14 Internal carotid artery

15 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

16 Midbrain

17 Cerebral aqueduct

18 Vermis of cerebellum

19 Occipital lobe of the

cerebrum

20 Basilar artery

Section through the head at the level of the sella

turcica demonstrating cranial nerves (MRI scan, University

of Erlangen, Dpt. of Neurosurgery).

Base of the skull with cranial nerves (internal aspect). Both cerebral hemispheres and upper part of the brain stem

removed. Incision on the right tentorium cerebelli to display the cranial nerves of the infratentorial space.

1 Superior sagittal sinus with falx cerebri

2 Olfactory bulb

3 Olfactory tract

4 Optic nerve and internal carotid artery

5 Anterior clinoid process and anterior

attachment of tentorium cerebelli

6 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

7 Abducent nerve (n. VI)

8 Tentorial notch (incisura tentorii)

9 Trochlear nerve (n. IV)

10 Tentorium cerebelli

11 Falx cerebri and confluence of sinuses

12 Hypophysial fossa, infundibulum, and

diaphragma sellae

13 Dorsum sellae

14 Midbrain (divided)

15 Trigeminal nerve (n. V)

16 Facial nerve (n. VII), nervus intermedius, and

vestibulocochlear nerve (n. VIII)

17 Cerebral aqueduct

18 Right hemisphere of cerebellum

19 Vermis of cerebellum

20 Straight sinus

Brain and Cranial Nerves: Base of the Skull with Cranial Nerves 75

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24

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12

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20

23

26

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Regions of the Head: Lateral Region

Lateral superficial aspect of the face. Peripheral distribution of facial nerve (n. VII).

Superficial region of the face. Note

the facial plexus within the parotid

gland (semischematic drawing).

19

20

22

7

23

29

30

31

32

2

27

8

4

21

38

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25

Regions of the Head: Lateral Region 77

Deep dissection of facial nerve. Retromandibular and submandibular regions of the head

(lateral aspect). The parotid gland has been removed.

Main branches of facial nerve (schematic drawing).

a = temporal branches; b = zygomatic branches; c = buccal branches;

d = marginal mandibular branch.

1 Temporoparietalis muscle

2 Superficial temporal artery

and vein,

and auriculotemporal nerve

3 Occipital belly of

occipitofrontalis muscle and

greater occipital nerve (C2)

4 Facial nerve (n. VII)

5 Lesser occipital nerve and

occipital artery

6 Transverse facial artery

7 Masseter muscle

8 Parotid gland and great

auricular nerve

9 Splenius capitis muscle

10 Trapezius muscle

11 Punctum nervosum, point of

distribution of cutaneous nerves

of cervical plexus

12 Sternocleidomastoid muscle and

external jugular vein

13 Supraclavicular nerves

14 Brachial plexus

15 Supra-orbital nerves

16 Orbicularis oculi muscle

17 Angular artery (terminal branch

of facial artery)

18 Nasalis muscle

19 Zygomaticus major muscle

20 Parotid duct

21 Zygomatic and buccal

branches of facial nerve

22 Orbicularis oris muscle

23 Depressor anguli oris muscle

24 Platysma muscle

25 Cervical branch of facial nerve

(anastomosing with transverse

cervical nerve of cervical plexus)

26 Facial artery and vein

27 Temporal branches of facial

nerve

28 Submandibular gland

29 Mandible

30 Mylohyoideus muscle and nerve

31 Anterior belly of digastric

muscle

32 Omohyoid muscle

33 Greater petrosal nerve

34 Geniculate ganglion

35 Chorda tympani

36 Posterior auricular nerve

37 Stylomastoid foramen

38 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

and retromandibular vein

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34

35

36

37

35

a

b

c

d

78 Regions of the Head: Lateral Region

Deep dissection of facial nerve. Retromandibular and submandibular regions of the head (lateral aspect).

The parotid gland and the submandibular gland have been removed. The parotid plexus (4) is formed by anastomosis

of the temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical branches of the facial nerve, arising in the

parotid gland.

1 Parotid gland

2 Facial nerve (n. VII)

3 Great auricular nerve

4 Parotid plexus

5 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

6 Retromandibular vein

7 Cervical branch of facial nerve

8 Hypoglossal nerve (n. XII)

9 Stylohyoid muscle

10 Transverse cervical nerve

11 Zygomaticus major muscle

12 Parotid duct

13 Facial artery

14 Masseter muscle

15 Depressor anguli oris muscle

16 Mandible

17 Mylohyoid muscle and nerve

18 Anterior belly of digastric muscle

19 Omohyoid muscle

20 Sternohyoid muscle

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10

Regions of the Head: Lateral Region 79

Lateral superficial aspect of the face. Masseter muscle and temporal fascia have been partly removed to display the masseteric

artery and nerve.

1 Galea aponeurotica

2 Temporal fascia

3 Temporalis muscle

4 Parietal branch of superficial

temporal artery

5 Auriculotemporal nerve

6 Frontal branch of superficial temporal

artery

7 Superficial temporal vein

8 Zygomatic arch

9 Articular disc of temporomandibular

joint

10 Head of mandible

11 Masseteric artery and nerve

12 Mandibular notch

13 Masseter muscle (divided)

14 External carotid artery

15 Great auricular nerve

16 Facial nerve (reflected)

17 Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle

18 Medial branch of supra-orbital nerve

19 Angular artery

20 Orbicularis oculi muscle

21 Infra-orbital nerve

22 Zygomaticus major muscle

23 Maxillary artery

24 Coronoid process

25 Parotid duct (divided)

26 Buccal nerve

27 Facial artery and vein

28 Mental nerve

29 Mandibular branch of facial nerve

30 Cervical branch of facial nerve

31 Transverse cervical nerve

(communicating branch with facial

nerve) and sternocleidomastoid muscle

80 Regions of the Head: Retromandibular Region

Deep dissection of facial and retromandibular regions. The coronoid process together with the insertions of temporalis muscle have

been removed to display the maxillary artery. The upper part of the mandibular canal has been opened.

1 Parietal branch of the superficial temporal

artery

2 Frontal branch of the superficial temporal

artery

3 Auriculotemporal nerve

4 Maxillary artery

5 Superficial temporal artery

6 Communicating branches between facial

and auriculotemporal nerves

7 Facial nerve

8 Posterior auricular artery and anterior

auricular branch of superficial temporal artery

9 Internal jugular vein

10 Mylohyoid nerve

11 Posterior belly of digastric muscle

12 Great auricular nerve and

sternocleidomastoid muscle

13 External jugular vein

14 Retromandibular vein

15 Submandibular gland

16 Temporal fascia

17 Temporalis tendon

18 Deep temporal arteries

19 Posterior superior alveolar nerve

20 Sphenopalatine artery

21 Posterior superior alveolar arteries

22 Masseteric artery and nerve

23 Buccal nerve and artery

24 Lateral pterygoid

25 Transverse facial artery and

parotid duct (divided)

26 Medial pterygoid muscle

27 Facial artery

28 Lingual nerve

29 Inferior alveolar artery and nerve

(mandibular canal opened)

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Regions of the Head: Retromandibular Region

Peripharyngeal and retromandibular regions. The mandible has been partly removed (oblique lateral aspect).

1 Supra-orbital nerve (medial branch)

2 Temporalis muscle

3 Superficial temporal artery and

auriculotemporal nerve

4 Orbicularis oculi muscle

5 Anterior deep temporal artery

6 Maxillary artery

7 Buccal nerve

8 Lingual nerve

9 Inferior alveolar nerve and artery

10 Submandibular ganglion

11 Facial artery

12 Mylohyoid muscle and nerve

13 Anterior belly of digastric muscle

14 Omohyoid muscle

15 Occipital artery

16 Greater occipital nerve (C2)

17 Facial nerve (cut) (n. VII)

18 Great auricular nerve

19 Lesser occipital nerve

20 Posterior belly of digastric muscle

21 Accessory nerve (Var.)

22 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

23 Hypoglossus nerve (n. XII)

24 Supraclavicular nerves

(lateral and intermedial branches)

25 Internal jugular vein and ansa

cervicalis

26 Anterior supraclavicular nerve

82 Regions of the Head: Retromandibular Region

Transverse section through oral cavity and pharynx. The location of

inferior alveolar nerve and artery is indicated by a needle.

1 Superficial temporal artery and vein

and auriculotemporal nerve

2 Temporalis tendon, deep temporal

nerves and artery

3 Maxillary artery

4 Middle meningeal artery

5 Occipital artery

6 Inferior alveolar artery and nerve

7 Posterior belly of digastric muscle

8 Great auricular nerve and

sternocleidomastoid muscle

9 Hypoglossal nerve and superior root of

ansa cervicalis

10 External carotid artery

11 Supratrochlear nerve and medial

branch of supra-orbital artery

12 Angular artery

13 Posterior superior alveolar artery

14 Infra-orbital nerve

15 Facial artery

16 Parotid duct (divided) and buccinator muscle

17 Buccal artery and nerve

Dissection of deep facial and retromandibular regions after removal of mandible. Pterygoid muscles removed, temporalis muscle

fenestrated.

Regions of the Head: Para- and Retropharyngeal Regions 83

18 Mylohyoid nerve

19 Lingual nerve and submandibular

ganglion

20 Mental nerve and mental foramen

21 Inferior alveolar nerve

22 Mylohyoid muscle (divided) and

hypoglossal nerve

23 Submental artery and vein

24 Submandibular gland

25 Superior thyroid artery

26 Common carotid artery

27 Buccinator muscle

28 Masseter muscle and mandible

29 Entrance of mandibular canal

30 Medial pterygoid muscle

31 Palatine tonsil

32 Oral vestibule

33 Tongue

34 Inferior alveolar nerve, artery, and vein

35 Pharyngeal constrictor muscle

36 Pharynx

37 Tentorium of cerebellum

38 Trigeminal nerve and ganglion

39 Mandibular nerve

40 Superficial temporal artery

41 Auriculotemporal nerve and

middle meningeal artery

42 Facial nerve (divided)

43 Masseter muscle

44 Superior root of ansa cervicalis

45 Lateral branch of supra-orbital nerve

46 Ophthalmic nerve

47 Lacrimal gland

48 Ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves

49 Angular artery

50 Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve

51 Maxillary nerve

52 Infra-orbital nerve

53 Anterior superior alveolar nerve

54 Posterior superior alveolar nerve

Para- and retropharyngeal regions. The mandible and the lateral wall of the orbit have been removed. The main branches of the

trigeminal nerve and its ganglion are displayed.