Ligaments of the right knee joint

(anterior aspect).

Ligaments of the right knee joint

(posterior aspect).

Coronal section through the knee joint (MRI scan;

from Heuck et al., MRT-Atlas, 2009).

Joints of the Ankle 449

21

22

16

34

23

24

25

26

27

5

28

10

7

34

8

33

5

32

31

30

29

21

Talocalcaneonavicular joint. The talus

has been rotated to show the articular

surfaces of the joint.

1 Tibia

2 Deep flexor muscles

3 Superficial flexor muscles

4 Ankle joint

5 Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

6 Subtalar joint

7 Calcaneal or Achilles tendon and bursa

8 Calcaneus

9 Vessels and nerves of foot

10 Talus

11 Talocalcaneonavicular joint

12 Navicular bone

13 Cuneonavicular joint

14 Intermediate cuneiform bone

15 Tarsometatarsal joints

16 Metatarsal bones

17 Metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal

joints

18 Quadratus plantae muscle with flexor

tendons

19 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle

20 Plantar aponeurosis

21 Articular capsules of interphalangeal

joints

22 Articular capsules of

metatarsophalangeal joints

23 Articular surface of navicular bone

24 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

25 Middle talar articular surface of calcaneus

26 Navicular articular surface of talus

27 Anterior and middle calcaneal surfaces

of talus

28 Posterior calcaneal surface of talus

29 Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

30 Talonavicular ligament

31 Bifurcate ligament

32 Anterior talar articular surface of calcaneus

33 Posterior talar articular surface of calcaneus

34 Axis for inversion and eversion

35 Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle

36 Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle

37 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle

38 Sesamoid bone

39 Cuboid bone

Sagittal section through the foot at the level of first phalanx.

Sagittal section through the foot and leg (MRI scan; from Heuck et al.,

MRT-Atlas, 2009).

12

14

16

1

4

10

8

39

450 Ligaments of the Foot

Ligaments of ankle joint, right foot (posterior aspect). Deep ligaments of the foot, right foot (plantar aspect).

The toes have been removed.

1 Tibia

2 Trochlea of talus

3 Deltoid ligament of ankle (posterior tibiotalar part)

4 Talus

5 Sustentaculum tali

6 Navicular bone

7 First metatarsal bone

8 Fibula

9 Posterior tibiofibular ligament

10 Lateral malleolus

11 Posterior talofibular ligament

12 Calcaneofibular ligament

13 Calcaneal tuberosity

14 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments

15 Long plantar ligament

16 Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments

17 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

7

16

6

17

5

13

14

15

Ligaments of the Foot 451

Ligaments of right foot (lateral aspect).

Ligaments of right foot (medial aspect).

1 Fibula

2 Tibia

3 Trochlea of talus and ankle joint

4 Anterior tibiofibular ligament

5 Anterior talofibular ligament

6 Lateral malleolus

7 Calcaneofibular ligament

8 Lateral talocalcaneal ligament

9 Subtalar joint

10 Tuber calcanei

11 Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

12 Bifurcate ligament

13 Long plantar ligament

14 Calcaneocuboid joint

15 Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone

16 Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

17 Metatarsal bones

18 Head of talus and talocalcaneonavicular joint

19 Navicular bone

20 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments

21 Heads of metatarsal bones

22 Medial or deltoid ligament of ankle (tibionavicular part)

23 Medial or deltoid ligament of ankle (tibiocalcaneal part)

24 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments

25 Navicular bone

26 Plantar cuneonavicular ligament

27 First metatarsal bone

28 Head of first metatarsal bone

29 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments

30 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

31 Sustentaculum tali

32 Calcaneus

33 Medial malleolus

34 Medial or deltoid ligament of ankle (posterior part)

35 Talus

452

7

25

9

18

26

10

11 19

6

27

17

Muscles of the Thigh: Adductor Muscles

Extensor and adductor muscles of

thigh, right thigh (anterior aspect).

Quadriceps muscle and superficial

layer of adductor muscles, right thigh

(anterior aspect). The sartorius muscle has

been divided.

Course of extensor muscles of thigh

and muscles inserting with common

tendon on tibia (schematic drawing).

1 Anterior superior iliac spine

2 Inguinal ligament

3 Iliopsoas muscle

4 Femoral artery

5 Tensor fasciae latae muscle

6 Sartorius muscle

7 Rectus femoris muscle

8 Iliotibial tract

9 Vastus lateralis muscle

10 Patella

11 Patellar ligament

12 Aponeurosis of external abdominal

oblique muscle

13 Spermatic cord

14 Femoral vein

15 Pectineus muscle

16 Adductor longus muscle

17 Gracilis muscle

18 Vastus medialis muscle

19 Common tendon of sartorius, gracilis,

and semitendinosus muscles

(pes anserinus)

20 Adductor brevis muscle

21 Femoral artery entering the 22 Femoral vein adductor canal

23 Saphenous nerve

24 Fascia of adductor canal

25 Vastus intermedius muscle

26 Articularis genus muscle

27 Semitendinosus muscle

1

453

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

Muscles of the Thigh: Adductor Muscles

Adductor magnus muscle and deep layer

of adductor muscles, right thigh (anterior

aspect). Pectineus, adductor longus, and

brevis muscles have been divided.

Iliopsoas muscle and deepest layer of adductor

muscles, right thigh (anterior aspect). Pectineus,

adductor longus and brevis, and rectus femoris

muscles have been divided.

1 Anterior superior iliac spine

2 Inguinal ligament

3 Iliopsoas muscle

4 Sartorius muscle

5 Obturator externus muscle

6 Tensor fasciae latae muscle

7 Rectus femoris muscle

8 Iliotibial tract

9 Adductor longus muscle (divided)

10 Vastus lateralis muscle

11 Vastus medialis muscle

12 Pectineus muscle (divided)

13 Adductor minimus muscle

14 Adductor brevis muscle (cut)

15 Adductor magnus muscle

16 Gracilis muscle

17 Adductor hiatus

18 Vasto-adductor membrane

19 Diaphragm

20 Quadratus lumborum muscle

21 Iliacus muscle

22 Vastus intermedius muscle

23 Aorta in aortic hiatus

24 Twelfth rib

25 Psoas minor muscle

26 Psoas major muscle

27 Iliopectineal arch

Course of adductor muscles

(schematic drawing).

1 Pectineus muscle (blue)

2 Adductor minimus muscle (red)

3 Adductor brevis muscle (blue)

4 Adductor longus muscle (blue)

5 Adductor magnus muscle (red)

6 Gracilis muscle (blue)

7 Iliopsoas muscle (red/blue)

454

21

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

7

8

18

10

19

10

6

40

22

23

19

17

15

14

13

12

12

10

13

14

15

16

6

17

Muscles of the Thigh: Gluteal Muscles

Gluteal muscles, superficial layer (posterior aspect). Gluteal muscles, deeper layer (posterior aspect).

Course of gluteal muscles

(posterior aspect; schematic drawing).

Course of gluteal muscles (deeper layer)

and of ischiocrural muscles (posterior aspect).

Sartorius muscle is indicated by a dotted line

(schematic drawing).

Muscles of the Thigh: Flexor Muscles 455

Flexors of the right thigh, superficial layer (posterior aspect). Cross section of right thigh (inferior aspect).

Anterior side on top.

1 Thoracolumbar fascia

2 Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae

3 Coccyx

4 Anus

5 Adductor magnus muscle

6 Semitendinosus muscle

7 Iliac crest

8 Gluteus medius muscle

9 Greater trochanter

10 Gluteus maximus muscle

11 Iliotibial tract

12 Piriformis muscle

13 Superior gemellus muscle

14 Obturator internus muscle

15 Inferior gemellus muscle

16 Ischial tuberosity

17 Biceps femoris muscle

18 Tensor fasciae latae muscle

19 Quadratus femoris muscle

20 Gluteus minimus muscle

21 Sartorius muscle

22 Semimembranosus muscle

23 Tendon of gracilis muscle

24 Tibial nerve

25 Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle

26 Common peroneal nerve

27 Tendon of biceps femoris muscle

28 Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle

29 Rectus femoris muscle

30 Vastus medialis muscle

31 Vastus intermedius muscle

32 Vastus lateralis muscle

33 Sciatic nerve

34 Gluteus maximus muscle (insertion)

35 Great saphenous vein

36 Femoral artery

37 Femoral vein

38 Adductor longus muscle

39 Femur

40 Gracilis muscle

41 Septum between semitendinosus

and semimembranosus muscles

456 Muscles of the Thigh: Flexor Muscles

Dorsal muscles of right thigh (posterior aspect).

The gluteus maximus muscle has been cut and reflected.

Dorsal muscles of right thigh (posterior aspect).

The gluteus maximus muscle and the long head of biceps

femoris muscle have been divided and displaced.

1 Gluteus maximus muscle (divided)

2 Position of coccyx

3 Piriformis muscle

4 Superior gemellus muscle

5 Obturator internus muscle

6 Inferior gemellus muscle

7 Ischial tuberosity

8 Quadratus femoris muscle

9 Semitendinosus muscle with intermediate tendon

10 Semimembranosus muscle

11 Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle

12 Gluteus medius muscle

13 Adductor minimus muscle

14 Adductor magnus muscle

15 Long head of biceps femoris muscle

16 Iliotibial tract

17 Short head of biceps femoris muscle

18 Popliteal surface of femur

19 Plantaris muscle

20 Tendon of biceps femoris muscle

21 Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle

22 Membranous part of

semimembranosus muscle

457

22

14

15

23

24

7

12

5

12