VI

Today there exist any number of good anatomic atlases. Consequently, the advent of a new work requires justification. We

found three main reasons to undertake the publication of such a

book.

First of all, most of the previous atlases contain mainly schematic

or semischematic drawings which often reflect reality only in a

limited way; the third dimension, i.e., the spatial effect, is lacking.

In contrast, the photo of the actual anatomic specimen has the

advantage of conveying the reality of the object with its proportions and spatial dimensions in a more exact and realistic manner

than the “idealized”, colored “nice” drawings of most previous

atlases. Furthermore, the photo of the human specimen corresponds to the student’s observations and needs in the dissection

courses. Thus he has the advantage of immediate orientation by

photographic specimens while working with the cadaver.

Secondly, some of the existing atlases are classified by systemic

rather than regional aspects. As a result, the student needs several

books each supplying the necessary facts for a certain region of

the body. The present atlas, however, tries to portray macroscopic

anatomy with regard to the regional and stratigraphic aspects of

the object itself as realistically as possible. Hence it is an immediate help during the dissection courses in the study of medical

and dental anatomy.

Another intention of the authors was to limit the subject to the

essential and to offer it didactically in a way that is self-explanatory. To all regions of the body we added schematic drawings

of the main tributaries of nerves and vessels, of the course and

mechanism of the muscles, of the nomenclature of the various

regions, etc. This will enhance the understanding of the details

seen in the photographs. The complicated architecture of the

skull bones, for example, was not presented in a descriptive way,

but rather through a series of figures revealing the mosaic of

bones by adding one bone to another, so that ultimately the

composition of skull bones can be more easily understood.

Finally, the authors also considered the present situation in

medical education. On one hand there is a universal lack of

cadavers in many departments of anatomy, while on the other

hand there has been a considerable increase in the number of

students almost everywhere. As a consequence, students do not

have access to sufficient illustrative material for their anatomic

studies. Of course, photos can never replace the immediate

observation, but we think the use of a macroscopic photo instead

of a painted, mostly idealized picture is more appropriate and is

an improvement in anatomic study over drawings alone.

The majority of the specimens depicted in the atlas were prepared

by the authors either in the Dept. of Anatomy in Erlangen, Germany,

or in the Dept. of Anatomy, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka,

Japan. The specimens of the chapter on the neck and those of

the spinal cord demonstrating the dorsal branches of the spinal

nerves were prepared by Dr. K. Schmidt with great skill and

enthusiasm. The specimens of the ligaments of the vertebral

column were prepared by Dr. Th. Mokrusch, and a great number

of specimens in the chapter of the upper and lower limb was very

carefully prepared by Dr. S. Nagashima, Kurume, Japan.

Once again, our warmest thanks go out to all of our coworkers

for their unselfish, devoted and highly qualified work.

Erlangen, Germany; Spring 1983 J.W.Rohen

C.Yokochi

Preface to the First Edition

VII

Contents

2 Head and Neck 19

2.1 Skull and Muscles of the Head ______ 19

Bones of the Skull ____________________________ 20

Disarticulated Skull I __________________________ 24

Sphenoidal and Occipital Bones ________________ 24

Temporal Bone ____________________________ 26

Frontal Bone ______________________________ 28

Calvaria ____________________________________ 29

Base of the Skull______________________________ 30

Skull of the Newborn __________________________ 35

Median Sections through the Skull ______________ 36

Disarticulated Skull II __________________________ 38

Ethmoidal Bone ____________________________ 38

Ethmoidal and Palatine Bones__________________ 39

Palatine Bone and Maxilla ____________________ 40

Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal, and Palatine Bones ________ 43

Maxilla, Zygomatic Bone, and Bony Palate ________ 45

Pterygopalatine Fossa and Orbit ________________ 46

Orbit, and Nasal and Lacrimal Bones ____________ 47

Bones of the Nasal Cavity ______________________ 48

Septum and Cartilages of the Nose ______________ 49

Maxilla and Mandible with Teeth ________________ 50

Deciduous and Permanent Teeth ________________ 51

Mandible and Dental Arch ______________________ 52

Ligaments of the Temporomandibular Joint ________ 53

Temporomandibular Joint ________________________ 54

Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscles __ 55

Masticatory Muscles __________________________ 56

Temporalis and Masseter Muscles ______________ 56

Pterygoid Muscles __________________________ 57

Facial Muscles ________________________________ 58

Supra- and Infrahyoid Muscles __________________ 60

Section through the Cavities of the Head__________ 62

Maxillary Artery ______________________________ 63

2.2 Cranial Nerves________________________ 64

Brain and Cranial Nerves _________________________ 64

Trigeminal Nerve _____________________________ 68

Facial Nerve ________________________________ 70

Connection with the Brain Stem ________________ 71

Nerves of the Orbit __________________________ 72

Base of the Skull with Cranial Nerves ____________ 74

Regions of the Head __________________________ 76

Lateral Region _______________________________ 76

Retromandibular Region ______________________ 80

Para- and Retropharyngeal Regions______________ 83

1 General Anatomy 1

Architectural Principles of the Human Body________ 1

Position of the Inner Organs, Palpaple Points,

and Regional Lines ____________________________ 2

Planes and Directions of the Body ________________ 4

Osteology _____________________________________ 6

Skeleton of the Human Body __________________ 6

Bone Structure _____________________________ 8

Ossification of the Bones ______________________ 9

Arthrology __________________________________ 10

Types of Joints ______________________________ 10

Architecture of the Joint ______________________ 12

Myology ____________________________________ 13

Shapes of Muscles __________________________ 13

Structure of the Muscular System _________________ 14

Comparative Imaging of Skeletal

and Muscular Structures in MRI and X-Ray ________ 15

Organization of the Circulatory System _____________ 16

Organization of the Lymphatic System ____________ 17

Organization of the Nervous System _______________ 18

VIII

2 Head and Neck

2.3 Brain and Sensory Organs____________ 84

Position of Brain and Great Sensory Organs________ 84

Scalp and Meninges _____________________________ 85

Meninges ______________________________________ 86

Dura Mater and Dural Venous Sinuses ____________ 86

Dura Mater __________________________________ 88

Pia Mater and Arachnoid ________________________ 89

Brain _________________________________________ 90

Median Sections ____________________________ 90

Arteries and Veins __________________________ 92

Arteries __________________________________ 93

Arteries and the Arterial Circle of Willis __________ 98

Cerebrum ________________________________ 99

Cerebellum________________________________ 102

Dissections ________________________________ 104

Limbic System ________________________________ 107

Hypothalamus ___________________________________ 108

Subcortical Nuclei __________________________ 109

Ventricular System __________________________ 112

Brain Stem ________________________________ 114

Coronal and Cross Sections____________________ 116

Horizontal Sections __________________________ 118

Auditory and Vestibular Apparatus ___________________ 122

Temporal Bone __________________________________ 125

Middle Ear ________________________________ 126

Auditory Ossicles _____________________________ 128

Internal Ear _________________________________ 129

Auditory Pathway and Areas ____________________ 131

Visual Apparatus and Orbit _______________________ 132

Eyeball _____________________________________ 133

Vessels of the Eye __________________________ 134

Extra-ocular Muscles ________________________ 135

Visual Pathway and Areas ____________________ 137

Layers of the Orbit __________________________ 140

Lacrimal Apparatus and Lids __________________ 142

2.4 Oral and Nasal Cavities ______________ 143

Position of Oral and Nasal Cavities ______________ 143

Nasal Cavity ___________________________________ 144

Paranasal Sinuses __________________________ 144

Nerves and Arteries ___________________________ 146

Sections through the Nasal and Oral Cavities ______ 148

Oral Cavity __________________________________ 150

Muscles __________________________________ 150

Submandibular Triangle ______________________ 152

Salivary Glands ____________________________ 153

2.5 Neck and Organs of the Neck ________ 154

Organization and Regions of the Neck ____________ 154

Muscles of the Neck __________________________ 156

Larynx ______________________________________ 158

Cartilages and Hyoid Bone ____________________ 158

Muscles __________________________________ 160

Vocal Ligament ____________________________ 161

Nerves _____________________________________ 162

Larynx and Oral Cavity _____________________________ 163

Pharynx ____________________________________ 164

Muscles __________________________________ 166

Vessels of the Head and Neck ________________________ 168

Arteries __________________________________ 168

Arteries and Veins __________________________ 170

Veins ____________________________________ 171

Lymph Vessels and Nodes ____________________ 172

Regions of the Neck __________________________ 174

Anterior Region ____________________________ 174

Lateral Region _______________________________ 178

Cervical and Brachial Plexuses __________________ 186

Contents