A = pelvic girdle

B = thigh

C = leg

D = foot

Bones of the Pelvis 433

A = ilium

B = ischium

C = pubis

1 Posterior superior iliac spine

2 Posterior gluteal line

3 Posterior inferior iliac spine

4 Greater sciatic notch

5 Ischial spine

6 Lesser sciatic notch

7 Body of ischium

8 Ischial tuberosity

9 Obturator foramen

10 Iliac crest

11 Anterior gluteal line

12 Internal lip of iliac crest

13 External lip of iliac crest

14 Anterior superior iliac spine

15 Inferior gluteal line

16 Anterior inferior iliac spine

17 Lunate surface of acetabulum

18 Acetabular fossa

19 Acetabular notch

20 Pecten pubis

21 Pubic tubercle

22 Body of pubis

23 Iliac fossa

24 Arcuate line

25 Iliopubic eminence

26 Symphysial surface of pubis

27 Auricular surface

28 Pelvic surface of sacrum

29 Superior articular process of sacrum

30 Dorsal sacral foramina

31 Sacral tuberosity

32 Lateral sacral crest

33 Median sacral crest

34 Obturator groove

35 Coccyx

Right hip bone (lateral aspect).

Sacrum and coccyx (lateral aspect).

Right hip bone (medial aspect).

434 Bones of the Pelvis

Sacrum (posterior aspect).

Sacrum (superior aspect).

Diameters of pelvis (oblique superior aspect).

(Schematic drawing.)

Sacrum (anterior aspect).

1 Superior articular process of sacrum

2 Dorsal sacral foramina

3 Sacral hiatus

4 Median sacral crest

5 Lateral sacral crest

6 Sacral tuberosity

7 Intermediate sacral crest

8 Coccyx

9 Base of sacrum

10 Sacral promontory

11 Anterior sacral foramina

12 Lateral part of sacrum (ala)

13 Transverse line of sacrum

14 Sacral canal

15 Linea terminalis

16 True conjugate

17 Diagonal conjugate

18 Transverse diameter

19 Oblique diameter

20 Inferior pelvic aperture or outlet

The pelvic girdle is firmly connected to the vertebral

column at the sacro-iliac joint. Therefore, the body can

be kept upright more easily even if only one limb is used

for support (as in walking). The mobility of the lower

limb is more limited than that of the upper limb.

18

19

16

15

17

20

Skeleton of the Pelvis 435

Female pelvis (superior aspect). Note the differences between the male and female pelvis, predominantly in

the form and dimensions of the sacrum, the superior and inferior apertures, and the alae of the ilium.

Male pelvis (superior aspect). Compare with the female pelvis (depicted above).

1 Superior articular process of sacrum

2 Posterior superior iliac spine

3 Base of sacrum

4 Sacral promontory

5 Coccyx

6 Ischial spine

7 External lip of iliac 8 Intermediate line

9 Internal lip crest

10 Arcuate line

11 Anterior superior iliac spine

12 Anterior inferior iliac spine

13 Iliopubic eminence

14 Pecten pubis

15 Pubic tubercle

16 Pubic symphysis

17 Sacral canal

18 Ala of sacrum

19 Position of sacro-iliac joint

20 Iliac fossa

21 Linea terminalis

22 Iliac crest

1

436 Skeleton of the Pelvis

Female pelvis (anterior aspect). Note the differences between the form and dimensions of the male and

female pelvis. The female pubic arch is wider than the male. The obturator foramen in the female pelvis is

triangular, while that in the male pelvis is ovoid.

Male pelvis (anterior aspect). Compare with the female pelvis (depicted above).

1 Anterior superior iliac spine

2 Iliac fossa

3 Position of sacro-iliac joint

4 Iliopubic eminence

5 Lunate surface of acetabulum

6 Acetabular notch

7 Obturator foramen

8 Ischial tuberosity

9 Pubic arch

10 Anterior inferior iliac spine

11 Sacrum

12 Linea terminalis (at margin of superior aperture)

13 Pubic symphysis

14 Ischial spine

15 Coccyx

437

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

9

10

Skeleton of the Pelvis

Female pelvis (posterior aspect). Note the differences between the female and male pelvis,

especially with respect to the inferior aperture, the shape of the sacrum, the two sciatic notches,

and the pubic arch.

Male pelvis (posterior aspect). Compare with the female pelvis (depicted above).

1 Iliac crest

2 Sacral canal

3 Posterior gluteal line

4 Posterior superior iliac spine

5 Position of sacro-iliac joint

6 Dorsal sacral foramina

7 Sacral hiatus

8 Obturator foramen

9 Ramus of ischium

10 Coccyx

11 Superior articular process of sacrum

12 Gluteal surface of ilium

13 Median sacral crest

14 Greater sciatic notch

15 Position of acetabulum

16 Ischial spine

17 Lesser sciatic notch

18 Ischial tuberosity

438 Bones of the Hip Joint

1 Iliac crest

2 Lateral part of sacrum (ala)

3 Position of sacro-iliac joint

4 Anterior superior iliac spine

5 Linea terminalis

6 Iliopubic eminence

7 Bony margin of acetabulum

8 Head of femur

9 Greater trochanter

10 Neck of femur

11 Intertrochanteric line

12 Shaft of femur

13 Fifth lumbar vertebra

14 Imitation intervertebral disc between fifth lumbar

vertebra and sacrum

15 Sacral promontory

16 Anterior sacral foramina

17 Pubic tubercle

18 Obturator foramen

19 Ramus of ischium

20 Lesser trochanter

21 Dorsal sacral foramina

22 Greater sciatic notch

23 Ischial spine

24 Pubic symphysis

25 Pubis

26 Ischial tuberosity

27 Intertrochanteric crest

28 Symphysial surface

Diameters of the pelvis

A = true conjugate (11–11.5 cm) (conjugata vera)

B = diagonal conjugate (12.5–13 cm)

C = largest diameter of pelvis

D = inferior pelvic aperture

E = pelvic inclination (60°)

Bones of right hip joint (anterior aspect).

Bones of right hip joint (posterior aspect).

Inclination and diameters of the female pelvis,

right half (medial aspect).

Femur 439

Right femur (anterior aspect). Right femur (medial aspect). Right femur (posterior aspect).

1 Greater trochanter

2 Intertrochanteric line

3 Nutrient foramina

4 Shaft of femur (diaphysis)

5 Lateral epicondyle

6 Patellar surface

7 Head

8 Fovea of head

9 Neck

10 Lesser trochanter

11 Medial epicondyle

12 Pectineal line

13 Linea aspera

14 Popliteal surface

15 Lateral condyle

16 Medial condyle

17 Intertrochanteric crest

18 Third trochanter

19 Medial lip of linea aspera

20 Lateral lip of linea aspera

21 Intercondylar fossa

440 Skeleton of the Leg

1 Lateral condyle of tibia

2 Position of tibiofibular joint

3 Head of fibula

4 Interosseous border of tibia

5 Shaft of fibula

6 Interosseous border of fibula

7 Lateral surface of fibula

8 Position of tibiofibular joint

9 Lateral malleolus

10 Medial condyle of tibia

11 Tuberosity of tibia

12 Shaft of tibia (diaphysis)

13 Anterior margin of tibia

14 Medial malleolus

15 Inferior articular surface

of tibia

16 Intercondylar eminence

17 Soleal line

18 Medial border of tibia

19 Posterior surface of tibia

20 Malleolar sulcus of tibia

21 Malleolar articular surface

of fibula

22 Apex of head of fibula

23 Posterior surface of fibula

24 Posterior border of fibula

25 Medial intercondylar tubercle

26 Posterior intercondylar area

27 Anterior intercondylar area

28 Lateral intercondylar tubercle

Bones of leg, right tibia, and fibula

(anterior aspect).

Bones of leg, right tibia, and fibula

(posterior aspect).

Upper end of right tibia with fibula

(from above), anterior margin of tibia above.

Superior articular surface of tibia.

Bones of the Knee Joint 441

Bones of right knee joint

(anterior aspect).

Right patella (anterior aspect). Right patella (posterior aspect).

Bones of right knee joint

(posterior aspect).

Bones of right knee joint

(lateral aspect).

1 Femur

2 Patellar surface of femur

3 Lateral epicondyle of femur

4 Intercondylar eminence of tibia

5 Lateral condyle of tibia

6 Position of tibiofibular joint

7 Head of fibula

8 Tuberosity of tibia

9 Fibula

10 Shaft of tibia

11 Popliteal surface of femur

12 Intercondylar fossa of femur

13 Lateral condyle of femur

14 Patella

15 Base of patella

16 Anterior surface of patella

17 Apex of patella

18 Articular surface of patella