96 Brain: Arteries

Arteries of the brain. Angiogram of the internal carotid artery (lateral aspect)

(courtesy of Prof. Dr. W. Huk, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg).

Cerebral arteries. The areas supplied by the main arteries are indicated by

different colors (lateral aspect).

Areas of blood supply of the brain

(cerebellum = light blue).

A = anterior cerebral artery (upper

and medial parts of the cortex)

(orange)

B = middle cerebral artery (lateral

areas of the frontal, parietal, and

temporal lobes) (white)

C = posterior cerebral artery (occipital

lobe and inferior parts of the

temporal lobe) (blue)

1 Anterior cerebral artery

2 Loop of the internal

carotid artery

3 Middle cerebral artery

4 Posterior cerebral artery

5 Internal carotid artery

6 Superior cerebellar artery

7 Anterior inferior cerebellar

artery

8 Posterior inferior cerebellar

artery

9 Vertebral artery

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Brain: Arteries 97

Dissection of the arteries of the brain and head (lateral aspect, superficial layers of facial region and left

hemisphere and cerebellum partly removed).

1 Falx cerebri

2 Anterior cerebral artery

3 Frontal lobe

4 Oculomotor nerve (n. III)

5 Abducent nerve (n. VI)

6 Posterior cerebral artery

7 Internal carotid artery, entering sinus

cavernosus

8 Hypoglossus nerve (n. XII)

9 Maxillary artery

10 Facial artery

11 Mandible

12 External carotid artery

13 Submandibular gland

14 Common carotid artery

15 Sternohyoid muscle

16 Calvaria

17 Dura mater

18 Subarachnoidal space

19 Occipital lobe

20 Tentorium of cerebellum

21 Cerebellum

22 Base of skull

23 Vertebral artery

(on the posterior arch of the atlas)

24 Cervical plexus

25 Vertebral artery

(removed from the cervical vertebrae)

26 Brachial plexus

27 Vertebral artery

(branching from the subclavian artery)

28 Subclavian artery

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Brain: Arteries and the Arterial Circle of Willis

1 Anterior cerebral artery

2 Anterior communicating artery

3 Internal carotid artery

4 Medial cerebral artery

5 Posterior communicating artery

6 Posterior cerebral artery

7 Superior cerebellar artery

8 Basilar artery

9 Anterior inferior cerebellar

artery with the artery of the

labyrinth

10 Vertebral artery

11 Posterior inferior cerebellar

artery

12 Anterior spinal artery

13 Pia mater of spinal cord

14 Tentorium cerebelli

15 Dura mater of the cranial cavity

16 Spinal cord

17 Spinal ganglion

18 Spinal nerves (C3, C4)

19 Posterior root filaments

(fila radicularia post.)

20 Ophthalmic artery

(within the orbit)

21 Internal carotid artery

(within carotid canal)

22 Posterior spinal artery

I Olfactory tract

II Optic nerve

III Oculomotor nerve

IV Trochlear nerve

V Trigeminal nerve

VI Abducent nerve

VII Facial nerve

VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve

IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

X Vagus nerve

XI Accessory nerve

XII Hypoglossus nerve

Arterial circle of Willis (superior aspect).

(Schematic drawing.)

Dissection of the arterial circle of the cerebrum at the base of the skull

(from above; calvaria and brain have been removed; arteries are colored in red, cranial nerves

[n. I–XII] in yellow).

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VII, VIII

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Brain: Cerebrum 99

Red = Frontal lobe

Blue = Parietal lobe

Green = Occipital lobe

Yellow = Temporal lobe

Dark red = Precentral lobe

Dark blue = Postcentral lobe

Dark green = Calcarine sulcus

Dark yellow = Limbic cortex

(cingulate and

parahippocampal gyri)

1 Precentral gyrus

2 Precentral sulcus

3 Cingulate sulcus

4 Cingulate gyrus

5 Sulcus of corpus callosum

6 Fornix

7 Genu of corpus callosum

8 Interventricular foramen

9 Intermediate mass

10 Anterior commissure

11 Optic chiasma

12 Infundibulum

13 Uncus hippocampi

14 Postcentral gyrus

15 Body of corpus callosum

16 Third ventricle and thalamus

17 Stria medullaris

18 Parieto-occipital sulcus

19 Splenium of corpus callosum

20 Communication of calcarine and

parieto-occipital sulcus

21 Calcarine sulcus

22 Pineal body

23 Mamillary body

24 Parahippocampal gyrus

25 Olfactory bulb

26 Olfactory tract

27 Gyrus rectus

28 Optic nerve

29 Infundibulum and optic chiasma

30 Optic tract

31 Oculomotor nerve

32 Pedunculus cerebri

33 Red nucleus

34 Cerebral aqueduct

35 Corpus callosum

36 Longitudinal fissure

37 Orbital gyri

38 Lateral root of olfactory tract

39 Medial root of olfactory tract

40 Olfactory tubercle and anterior

perforated substance

41 Tuber cinereum

42 Interpeduncular fossa

43 Substantia nigra

44 Colliculi of the midbrain

45 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus

46 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus

Brain, right hemisphere (medial aspect). Frontal pole to the left (midbrain divided,

cerebellum and inferior part of brain stem removed).

Brain (inferior aspect). Midbrain divided. Cerebellum and inferior part of brain stem

removed. Frontal pole at the top.

100 Brain: Cerebrum

1 Central sulcus

2 Precentral gyrus

3 Precentral sulcus

4 Frontal lobe

5 Anterior ascending ramus of lateral sulcus

6 Anterior horizontal ramus of lateral sulcus

7 Lateral sulcus

8 Temporal lobe

9 Parietal lobe

10 Postcentral gyrus

11 Postcentral sulcus

12 Occipital lobe

13 Cerebellum

14 Superior frontal sulcus

15 Middle frontal gyrus

16 Lunate sulcus

17 Longitudinal fissure

18 Arachnoid granulations

Pink = Frontal lobe

Blue = Parietal lobe

Green = Occipital lobe

Yellow = Temporal lobe

Dark red = Precentral gyrus

Dark blue = Postcentral gyrus

Brain, left hemisphere (lateral aspect). Frontal pole to the left.

Brain (superior aspect). Right hemisphere with arachnoid and pia mater. Brain (superior aspect). Lobes of the left hemisphere

indicated by color; right hemisphere is covered with

arachnoid and pia mater.

Brain: Cerebrum 101

1 Premotor area

2 Somatomotor area

3 Motor speech area of Broca

4 Acoustic area

(red: high tone, dark green: low tone)

5 Somatosensory area

6 Sensory speech area of Wernicke

7 Reading comprehension area

8 Visuosensory area

1 Precentral gyrus

2 Precentral sulcus

3 Superior frontal gyrus

4 Central sulcus

5 Middle frontal gyrus

6 Inferior frontal gyrus

7 Ascending ramus of lateral 8 Horizontal ramus

9 Posterior ramus sulcus

10 Superior temporal gyrus

11 Middle temporal gyrus

12 Inferior temporal gyrus

13 Parietal lobe

14 Postcentral sulcus

15 Postcentral gyrus

16 Supramarginal gyrus

17 Angular gyrus

18 Occipital lobe

19 Cerebellum

20 Horizontal fissure of cerebellum

21 Medulla oblongata

Brain, left hemisphere (lateral aspect). Main cortical areas are colored.

The lateral sulcus has been opened to display the insula and the inner surface of the

temporal lobe.

Brain, left hemisphere (lateral aspect). Frontal pole to the left.

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Brain: Cerebellum

1 Superior cerebellar peduncle

2 Middle cerebellar peduncle

3 Cerebellar tonsil

4 Inferior semilunar lobule

5 Vermis

6 Central lobule of vermis

7 Inferior cerebellar peduncle

8 Superior medullary velum

9 Nodule of vermis

10 Flocculus of cerebellum

11 Biventral lobule

12 Left cerebellar hemisphere

13 Inferior semilunar lobule

14 Biventral lobule

15 Vermis of cerebellum

16 Tuber of vermis

17 Pyramid of vermis

18 Uvula of vermis

19 Tonsil of cerebellum

20 Flocculus of cerebellum

21 Right cerebellar hemisphere

22 Vermis (central lobule)

23 Cerebellar lingula

24 Ala of central lobule

25 Superior cerebellar peduncle

26 Fastigium

27 Fourth ventricle

28 Middle cerebellar peduncle

29 Nodule of vermis

30 Flocculus of cerebellum

31 Cerebellar tonsil

32 Culmen of vermis

33 Declive of vermis

34 Tuber of vermis

35 Inferior semilunar lobule

36 Pyramid of vermis (cut)

37 Uvula of vermis

Cerebellum (inferior anterior aspect). The cerebellar peduncles have been severed.

Cerebellum (inferior posterior aspect).

Median section through the cerebellum. Right cerebellar hemisphere and right half of vermis.

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Brain: Cerebellum

1 Olfactory bulb

2 Olfactory tract

3 Lateral olfactory stria

4 Anterior perforated substance

5 Infundibulum (divided)

6 Mamillary body

7 Substantia nigra

8 Cerebral peduncle (cut)

9 Red nucleus

10 Decussation of superior cerebellar

peduncle

11 Cerebellar hemisphere

12 Medial olfactory stria

13 Optic nerve

14 Optic chiasma

15 Optic tract

16 Posterior perforated substance

17 Interpeduncular fossa

18 Superior cerebellar peduncle

and cerebellorubral tract

19 Dentate nucleus

20 Vermis of cerebellum

21 Cingulate gyrus

22 Corpus callosum

23 Stria terminalis

24 Septum pellucidum

25 Columna fornicis

26 Cerebral peduncle at midbrain level

27 Pons

28 Inferior olive

29 Medulla oblongata with lateral

pyramidal tract

30 Occipital lobe

31 Calcarine sulcus

32 Thalamus

33 Inferior colliculus with brachium

34 Medial lemniscus

35 Superior cerebellar peduncle

36 Inferior cerebellar peduncle

37 Middle cerebellar peduncle

38 Cerebellar hemisphere

Brain and cerebellum (inferior aspect). Parts of the cerebellum have been removed to

display the dentate nucleus and the main pathway to the midbrain (cerebellorubral tract).

Dissection of the cerebellar peduncles and their connection with midbrain and

diencephalon. A small part of pulvinar thalami (✽) has been cut to show inferior brachium.

104 Brain: Dissections

1 Lateral longitudinal stria

of indusium griseum

2 Medial longitudinal stria

of indusium griseum

3 Cerebellum

4 Radiating fibers of the corpus callosum

5 Forceps minor of corpus callosum

6 Forceps major of corpus callosum

7 Splenium of corpus callosum

1 Longitudinal cerebral fissure

2 Genu of corpus callosum

3 Head of caudate nucleus and

anterior horn of lateral ventricle

4 Cavum of septum pellucidum

5 Septum pellucidum

6 Stria terminalis

7 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

8 Splenium of corpus callosum

9 Calcar avis

10 Posterior horn of lateral ventricle

11 Thalamus (lamina affixa)

12 Commissure of fornix

13 Vermis of cerebellum

Dissection of the brain I. The fiber system of the corpus callosum has been displayed

by removing the cortex lying above it. Frontal pole at the top.

Dissection of the brain II. The lateral ventricles and subcortical nuclei of the brain are

dissected. The corpus callosum has been partly removed. Frontal pole at the top.

Brain: Dissections 105

Dissection of the brain III (superior view of lateral ventricle and subcortical nuclei of the brain). Corpus callosum partly removed. At right,

the entire lateral ventricle has been opened, the insula with claustrum and the extreme and external capsules have been removed, exposing

the lentiform nucleus and the internal capsule.

1 Lateral longitudinal stria

2 Medial longitudinal stria

3 Genu of corpus callosum

4 Head of caudate nucleus

5 Septum pellucidum

6 Stria terminalis

7 Thalamus (lamina affixa)

8 Choroid plexus of third ventricle

9 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

10 Splenium of corpus callosum

11 Posterior horn of lateral ventricle

12 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

(head of caudate nucleus)

13 Putamen of lentiform nucleus

14 Internal capsule

15 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

16 Pes hippocampi

17 Crus of fornix

18 Vermis of cerebellum with arachnoid and

pia mater

19 Interventricular foramen

20 Right column of fornix

21 Collateral eminence

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Brain: Dissections

1 Lateral longitudinal stria

2 Medial longitudinal stria

3 Corpus callosum

4 Septum pellucidum

5 Insular gyri

6 Thalamostriate vein

7 Anterior tubercle of thalamus

8 Thalamus

9 Stria medullaris of thalamus

10 Habenular trigone

11 Habenular commissure

12 Vermis of cerebellum

13 Left hemisphere of cerebellum

14 Head of caudate nucleus

15 Columns of fornix

16 Putamen of lentiform nucleus

17 Internal capsule

18 Taenia of choroid plexus

19 Stria terminalis and thalamostriate

vein

20 Lamina affixa

21 Third ventricle

22 Pineal body

23 Superior and inferior colliculus

of midbrain

1 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

2 Hippocampal digitations

3 Collateral eminence

4 Splenium of corpus callosum

5 Calcar avis

6 Posterior horn of lateral ventricle

7 Uncus of parahippocampal gyrus

8 Body and crus of fornix

9 Parahippocampal gyrus

10 Pes hippocampi

11 Dentate gyrus

12 Hippocampal fimbria

13 Lateral ventricle

Dissection of the brain IVa. Temporal lobe, fornix, and the posterior corpus callosum

have been removed (this part of the specimen is depicted below). Frontal pole at top

(superior aspect).

Dissection of the brain IVb. Depicted is the portion of the brain

removed from the specimen above. Temporal lobe and limbic

system (superior aspect). Columns of fornix are cut.

Brain: Limbic System 107

Dissection of the limbic system. Left side, lateral aspect. Corpus callosum has been cut in the median plane. The left thalamus and the

left hemisphere have been partly removed.

Main pathways of limbic and olfactory system (schematic

drawing). Blue = afferent pathways; red = efferent pathways.

1 Body of fornix

2 Septum pellucidum

3 Lateral longitudinal stria

4 Genu of corpus callosum

5 Column of fornix

6 Medial olfactory stria

7 Olfactory bulb and

olfactory tract

8 Optic nerve

9 Anterior commissure

(left half)

10 Right temporal lobe

11 Lateral olfactory stria

12 Amygdala

13 Body of corpus callosum

14 Interthalamic adhesion

15 Third ventricle and right

thalamus

16 Mamillothalamic fasciculus

17 Part of the thalamus

18 Habenular commissure

19 Pineal body

20 Splenium of corpus

callosum

21 Colliculi of midbrain

22 Vermis of cerebellum

23 Stria terminalis

24 Mamillary body

25 Fimbria of hippocampus

and pes hippocampi

26 Left optic tract and

lateral geniculate body

27 Lateral ventricle and

parahippocampal gyrus

28 Collateral eminence

29 Hippocampal digitations

30 Supracallosal gyrus

(longitudinal stria)

31 Stria medullaris of

thalamus

32 Thalamus

33 Red nucleus

34 Mamillotegmental

fasciculus

35 Dorsal longitudinal

fasciculus (Schütz)