Right hand, superficial layer (palmar aspect).
Dissection of the superficial palmar arch.
Arteries and nerves of the right hand
(palmar aspect, schematic drawing).
Longitudinal section through the hand
at the level of the third finger.
Longitudinal section through the hand
at the level of the third finger (MRI scan,
courtesy of Prof. Heuck, Munich).
Right hand, middle layer (palmar aspect). The flexor retinaculum
1 Superficial branch of radial nerve
2 Tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle
5 Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
6 Tendon of abductor pollicis longus muscle
7 Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis muscle
8 Superficial palmar branch of radial artery
9 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
10 Superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis muscle
11 Terminal branches of superficial branch of radial nerve
12 Common palmar digital nerves (median nerve)
13 Proper palmar digital arteries of thumb
14 Proper palmar digital nerves (median nerve)
15 Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
18 Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
21 Abductor digiti minimi muscle
22 Common palmar digital nerves (ulnar nerve)
Arteriogram of the right hand (palmar aspect).
24 Tendons of flexor digitorum muscles
25 Common palmar digital arteries
26 Palmar digital nerves (ulnar nerve)
27 Proper palmar digital arteries
29 Fibrous sheaths for the tendons of flexor digitorum
32 Palmar branch of median nerve
33 Common digital palmar artery
35 Capillary network of finger
43 Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
44 Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (upper)
and superficialis (lower) muscles
Right hand, superficial layer (palmar aspect). Dissection of
Right hand, superficial layer (palmar aspect). Dissection of
vessels and nerves. The palmar aponeurosis has been removed to
display the superficial palmar arch.
1 Tendon of palmaris longus muscle
3 Tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle and median nerve
4 Distal part of antebrachial fascia
5 Radial artery passing into the anatomical snuffbox
6 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
7 Superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis muscle
8 Palmar digital artery of thumb
9 Common palmar digital arteries
10 Proper palmar digital nerves (median nerve)
12 Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
14 Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
17 Palmar digital nerves (ulnar nerve)
18 Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament
19 Proper palmar digital arteries
20 Superficial palmar branch of radial artery
(contributing to the superficial palmar arch)
23 Abductor digiti minimi muscle
24 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
25 Opponens digiti minimi muscle
27 Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
28 Common palmar digital branch of ulnar nerve
29 Common palmar digital branch of median nerve
30 Fibrous sheath of flexor tendons
1 Tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle
3 Tendon of abductor pollicis longus muscle
4 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
5 Superficial and deep heads of flexor pollicis
6 Oblique and transverse heads of adductor
8 Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and
9 Tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle
11 Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Right hand, deep layer (palmar aspect). The carpal tunnel has
been opened, the tendons of the flexor muscles have been
13 Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
15 Abductor digiti minimi muscle
16 Superficial palmar arch (cut end)
17 Common palmar digital nerves (ulnar nerve)
18 Palmar metacarpal arteries of deep palmar arch
19 Palmar digital artery of the fifth finger
20 Fibrous sheaths of tendons of flexor muscles
21 Palmar interosseous muscles
22 Opponens pollicis muscle (cut)
24 First dorsal interosseous muscle
430 Sections through the Upper Limb
Horizontal section through the right shoulder joint (section 1; MRI scan;
2 Greater tubercle and tendon of biceps muscle
4 Head of humerus and articular cavity of
13 Vertebral canal and spinal cord
17 Radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels
Horizontal section through the right shoulder joint (section 1; inferior aspect).
Axial section through the middle of the
right arm (section 2; MRI scan; inferior aspect).
Axial section through the middle of the
right arm (section 2; inferior aspect).
Sections through the Upper Limb 431
28 Olecranon and articular cavity
32 Extensor muscles of forearm
38 Radial artery and superficial
39 Flexor pollicis longus muscle
41 Ulnar nerve, ulnar artery, and
42 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
44 Metacarpal bones III and IV
45 Carpal canal with tendons of
Axial section through the right hand at the level of the
metacarpus (section 5; MRI scan; inferior aspect).
Axial section through the right hand at the level of the
metacarpus (section 5; inferior aspect).
Axial section through the right elbow
joint (section 3; MRI scan; inferior aspect).
Axial section through the middle of the
right forearm (section 4; MRI scan; inferior
Axial section through the middle of the
right forearm (section 4; inferior aspect).
Axial section through the right elbow joint
14 Proximal tibiofibular joint
17 Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Skeleton of pelvic girdle and lower limb (anterior
aspect). The ankle joint has been dislocated.
Organization of pelvic girdle and lower limb.
contrast to the upper limb, the lower limb is more restricted in
its movements, and the joints are tighter and fixed by strong
ligaments. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial
joint between the head of the femur and acetabulum. The knee
joint is a hinge type of synovial joint that permits only limited
rotation. The talocrural joint is a hinge joint between the talus,
fibula, and tibia, only allow ing movements of flexion and
The long axis of the foot is at a right angle to that of the leg,
thus forming an effective arch for the upright stance of the
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