Position of the lnner Organs, Palpable Points, and Regional Lines

At the dorsal side of the body, the posterior spines of the

vertebral column, the ribs, the scapula, the sacrum, and

the iliac crest are palpable. Lines of orientation are the

paravertebral line, the scapular line, the posterior axillary

line, and the iliac crest.

Position of the inner organs of the human body

(posterior aspect).

1 Brain

2 Lung

3 Diaphragm

4 Heart

5 Liver

6 Stomach

7 Colon

8 Small intestine

9 Testis

10 Kidney

11 Ureter

12 Anal canal

13 Clavicle

14 Manubrium sterni

15 Costal arch

16 Umbilicus

17 Anterior superior iliac spine

18 Inguinal ligament

19 Scapular spine

20 Spinous processes

21 Iliac crest

22 Coccyx and sacrum

Regional lines and palpable points at the dorsal side of the

human body.

Regional lines

E = paravertebral line

F = scapular line

G = posterior axillary line

H = iliac crest

4

Sagittal section through the knee joint.

Horizontal section through the pelvic cavity and the hip

joints.

MRI scan through the pelvic cavity and the hip joints (horizontal or axial or transverse plane).

A

B

4

2

3

1

Planes and Directions of the Body

MRI scan through the knee joint (sagittal plane).

Planes of the body:

A = horizontal or axial or transverse plane

B = sagittal plane (at the level of the knee joint)

Directions:

1 = cranial 3 = anterior (ventral)

2 = caudal 4 = posterior (dorsal)

5

Median section through the trunk of a female.

A

B

3

4

6

5

2

1

Planes and Directions of the Body

MRI scan through the pelvic cavity and the hip joints (frontal or coronal

plane).

Planes of the body:

A = midsagittal or median plane

B = frontal or coronal plane (through the pelvic cavity)

Directions:

1 = posterior (dorsal) 4 = medial

2 = anterior (ventral) 5 = cranial

3 = lateral 6 = caudal

6

1

4

7

6

8

19

15

16

18

14

22

23

24

25

26

17

5

12

13

28

30

31

34

32

33

35

36

37

8

10

16

11

27

12

30

31

38

3

2

9

20

21

23

22

13

29

31

33

32

Osteology: Skeleton of the Human Body

Skeleton of a female adult (anterior aspect). Skeleton of a female adult (posterior aspect).

7

1

4

6

8

9

15

17

21

11

22

23

24

25

26

31

34

32

33

35

36

37

Osteology: Skeleton of the Human Body

Axial skeleton

Head

1 Frontal bone

2 Occipital bone

3 Parietal bone

4 Orbit

5 Nasal cavity

6 Maxilla

7 Zygomatic bone

8 Mandible

Trunk and thorax

Vertebral column

9 Cervical vertebrae

10 Thoracic vertebrae

11 Lumbar vertebrae

12 Sacrum

13 Coccyx

14 Intervertebral discs

Thorax

15 Sternum

16 Ribs

17 Costal cartilage

18 Infrasternal angle

Appendicular skeleton

Upper limb and shoulder girdle

19 Clavicle

20 Scapula

21 Humerus

22 Radius

23 Ulna

24 Carpal bones

25 Metacarpal bones

26 Phalanges of the hand

Lower limb and pelvis

27 Ilium

28 Pubis

29 Ischium

30 Symphysis pubis

31 Femur

32 Tibia

33 Fibula

34 Patella

35 Tarsal bones

36 Metatarsal bones

37 Phalanges of the foot

38 Calcaneus

Skeleton of a 5-year-old child (anterior aspect).

The zones of the cartilaginous growth plates are seen (arrows).

In contrast to the adult, the ribs show a predominantly

horizontal position.

8 Osteology: Bone Structure

Femur of the adult. Coronal section of the

proximal and distal epiphyses displaying the

spongy bone and the medullary cavity.

1

3

1

2

3

4

2

5

1

3

Coronal section through the proximal end

of the adult femur showing the characteristic

structure of the spongy bone.

Three-dimensional representation on the

trajectorial lines of the femoral head

(according to B. Kummer).

1

2

4

1

2

4

MRI scan of the right femur and the hip

joint (coronal section) (from Heuck et al.,

MRT-Atlas, 2009).

X-ray of the right femur and the hip joint

(a.-p. direction).

1 Head of the femur

2 Spongy bone

3 Diaphysis of the femur

4 Compact bone

5 Articular cartilage

▲

9

5

6

7

8

4

2

3

▲

▲

Osteology: Ossification of the Bones

1 Ossification center in the

head of the femur

2 Greater trochanter

3 Head of the femur

4 Neck of the femur

The ossification of the bones of the limbs starts within

the ossification centers of the primary cartilagenous

bones. Here, the medullary cavity develops. The ossification process of limb bones is not finished at birth.

5 Lateral condyle

6 Medial condyle

7 Intercondylar notch

8 Diaphysis

Ossification of the femur (left: coronal section,

right: posterior view of the femur). Arrows: distal epiphysis.

1 Scapula 6 Radius

2 Shoulder joint 7 Tibia

3 Humerus 8 Fibula

4 Elbow joint 9 Knee joint

5 Ulna 10 Femur

1 Ulna 6 Fibula

2 Radius 7 Talus

3 Metacarpals 8 Calcaneus

4 Phalanges 9 Metatarsals

5 Tibia 10 Phalanges

X-ray of hand and foot of a newborn.

X-ray of the upper and lower limb of a newborn child

(left: upper limb, right: lower limb). Arrows: ossification centers.

10 Arthrology: Types of Joints

2

4

1

1

3

3

1

2

Shoulder joint as an example of a multiaxial balland-socket joint (coronal section).

Elbow joint with ligaments as an

example of a hinge joint (monaxial

humero-ulnar joint) in combination

with a pivot joint (monaxial radio-ulnar

joint), which allows rotation.

Coronal section of the elbow joint

(MRI scan, courtesy of Prof. Heuck, Munich).

The possibilities of movement are shown in the

schematic drawings on p. 11.

Ball-and-socket joint with its

different axes (schematic drawing).

Arrows: axes of movement.

1 Humerus

2 Radius

3 Ulna

4 Articular cavity (shoulder joint)

5 Metacarpophalangeal joint

6 Joints of fingers

Skeleton of the right arm

and shoulder girdle

(anterior aspect).

1

2

3

Arthrology: Types of Joints 11

4

1

2

3

5

6

6

Skeleton of right wrist and hand (medial aspect).

The metacarpophalangeal joints are biaxial, as is

the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (✽ in the

figure). The joints of the fingers, however, are

monaxial.

Joints exhibit a variety of functions. In

general, mobility becomes reduced in the

direction from proximal to distal. The hip

joint, e.g., is multiaxial; the knee joint is

biaxial, and the joints of toes and fingers are

monaxial.

Pivot joint

(e.g. radio-ulnar joint).

Hinge joint

(e.g. humero-ulnar joint). Left: extension, right: flexion.

Arrows: axes of movement.

Saddle joint

(e.g. carpometacarpal joint of

the thumb).

Coronal section of the shoulder joint

(MRI scan, from Heuck et al., MRT-Atlas, 2009).

✽

12 Arthrology: Architecture of the Joint

Coronal section through the knee joint (anterior aspect

of the right joint in extension).

1

4

5

6

2

1

5

6

2

4

5

4

5

6

4

6

3

1

2

3