Nuchal Region

Dorsal aspect of the neck (deepest layer). The vertebral canal caudally of the atlas and axis has been

opened to show the spinal cord (dura mater has been partly removed).

1 Protuberantia occipitalis externa

2 Greater occipital nerve (C2) and occipital artery

3 Atlas (posterior arch)

4 Axis (posterior arch)

5 Dura mater

6 Spinal cord

7 Spinal ganglion

8 Posterior root filaments (fila radicularia posterior)

9 Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle

10 Splenius capitis muscle (cut and reflected)

11 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

12 Levator scapulae muscle

13 Posterior branches of spinal nerves

14 Arches of cervical vertebrae (cut)

240 Nuchal Region

Dorsal aspect of the neck (deepest layer). Dissection of medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Cranial cavity opened.

1 Vermis of the cerebellum

2 Medulla oblongata and posterior spinal artery

3 Vertebral artery

4 Spinal ganglion

5 Occipital artery

6 Cerebellum

7 Cerebellomedullary cistern

8 Atlas

9 Greater occipital nerve (C2)

10 Levator scapulae muscle and intertransverse ligament

11 Dorsal roots of spinal nerves

12 Vertebral arch

13 Denticulate ligament and arachnoid mater

14 Area where pia mater has been removed

15 Dura mater

16 Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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Nuchal Region

Dorsal aspect of the neck (deepest layer). Dissection of medulla oblongata and spinal cord in relation to the brain.

1 Calvaria

2 Left hemisphere of the brain

3 Cerebellomedullary cistern

4 Spinal cord

5 Scapula with infraspinous muscle

6 Root filaments (fila radicularia posterior)

7 Levatores costarum muscles

8 Falx cerebri with sinus sagittalis superior

9 Subarachnoidal space

10 Confluens sinuum

11 Transverse sinus

12 Cerebellum

13 Occipital artery

14 Suboccipital nerve (C1)

15 Greater occipital nerve (C2)

16 Posterior branches of spinal nerves

17 Levator scapulae muscle

18 Deltoid muscle

19 Rhomboid muscles

20 Vertebral arches (cut)

21 External intercostal muscle

22 Dura mater

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Nuchal Region

Oblique-lateral aspect of the neck and head (deeper layer). The trapezius muscle has been removed.

1 Protuberantia occipitalis externa

2 Semispinalis capitis muscle

3 Splenius capitis muscle

4 Scapula

5 Splenius cervicis muscle

6 Posterior branches of spinal nerves

7 Longissimus muscle

8 Spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

9 Iliocostalis muscle

10 Latissimus dorsi muscle

11 Epidermis of the head (scalp)

12 Galea aponeurotica

13 Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle

14 Occipital artery

15 Greater occipital nerve (C2)

16 Lesser occipital nerve

17 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

18 Great auricular nerve

19 Punctum nervosum

20 Transverse cervical nerve

21 Supraclavicular nerves

22 Accessory nerve (n. XI)

23 Trapezius muscle (cut edge)

24 Medial margin of scapula

25 Rhomboid muscle

26 Infraspinous muscle

27 Teres major muscle

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4 Thoracic Organs

Thoracic organs, heart, and lungs in situ (ventral aspect). Anterior thoracic wall, parietal pleura,

and pericardium have been removed.

Position of lungs and heart within the thoracic

cavity (schematic drawing). The anterior part of

the thorax is not depicted.

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1 Trachea

2 Ascending aorta

3 Left lung

4 Right coronary artery

5 Heart (right ventricle)

6 Costal arch

7 Liver

The thoracic cavity contains

heart, lungs, and mediastinal

organs. The thorax protects all

organs but is still movable so

that respiration can occur. The

respiratory movements of the

lung depend on the pleura

covering, the thoracic wall,

and the surface of the lungs.

The mediastinal organs comprise the esophagus, trachea,

and the related nerves and

vessels, particularly the aorta,

superior vena cava, and the

thoracic duct. The thoracic

cavity is separated from the

abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.

244 Position of the Thoracic Organs

Horizontal section through the thorax at the level of the seventh thoracic vertebra (from below).

1 Cricothyroid muscle

2 Right internal jugular vein

3 Vagus nerve

4 Right common carotid artery

5 Right subclavian vein

6 Right brachiocephalic vein

7 Superior vena cava

8 Upper lobe of right lung

9 Right auricle

10 Middle lobe of right lung

11 Oblique fissure of right lung

12 Lower lobe of right lung

13 Diaphragm

14 Falciform ligament

15 Costal margin

16 Transverse colon

17 Thyroid gland

18 Trachea

19 Left internal jugular vein

20 Left cephalic vein

21 Left brachiocephalic vein

22 Pericardium (cut edge)

23 Upper lobe of left lung

24 Right ventricle

25 Left ventricle

26 Anterior interventricular sulcus

27 Lower lobe of left lung

28 Xiphoid process

29 Liver

30 Stomach

31 Pectoralis major muscle

32 Sternum

33 Left ventricle and bulb of aorta

34 Left main bronchus

35 Esophagus

36 Descending aorta

37 Spinal cord

38 Scapula

39 Right atrium

40 Right pulmonary vein

41 Right main bronchus

42 Azygos vein

43 Body of vertebra

44 Rib

Positions of thoracic organs. The anterior thoracic wall has been removed.

Arrow: horizontal fissure of right lung.

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Position of the Thoracic Organs 245

1 Aortic arch

2 Left atrium of the heart

3 Esophagus

4 Right atrium of the heart

5 Liver

6 Stomach

7 Abdominal aorta

8 Transverse colon (dilated)

9 Lumbar vertebral body

10 Pulmonary trunk

11 Left ventricle of the heart

12 Trachea

13 Ascending aorta

14 Right ventricle of the heart

15 Pericardium

16 Remaining parts of thymus gland

Sagittal section through the thorax, 2 cm lateral to the median

plane.

Sagittal section through the thorax (MRI scan).

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Regional anatomy of the thoracic cavity (midsagittal section).

The parts of the mediastinum are indicated by colors.

Parts of Content

mediastinum

Superior Trachea, brachiocephalic vein,

mediastinum thymus, aortic arch, esophagus,

(yellow) thoracic duct

Middle portion Heart, ascending aorta,

of mediastinum pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins,

(light blue) phrenic nerves

Posterior Esophagus with vagus nerves,

mediastinum descending aorta, thoracic duct,

(red) sympathetic trunks

Anterior portion Smaller vessels and nerves,

of mediastinum fat and connective tissue,

(light red) thymus (only in the child)

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246 Respiratory System: Bronchial Tree

Respiratory system. The lungs have been fixed in expiration and turned laterally.

Head bisected and turned laterally.

Bronchial tree (ventral aspect). The lung tissue has been removed.

The bronchopulmonary segments are numbered 1–10.

1 Sphenoid sinus

2 Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

3 Spinal cord

4 Dens of axis

5 Oropharynx (oropharyngeal isthmus)

6 Epiglottis

7 Entrance of larynx

8 Esophagus

9 Upper lobe of right lung

10 Azygos vein

11 Branches of pulmonary artery

12 Right main bronchus

13 Bifurcation of trachea

14 Tributaries of right pulmonary veins

15 Middle lobe of right lung

16 Lower lobe of right lung

17 Frontal sinus

18 Superior nasal concha

19 Middle nasal concha

20 Inferior nasal concha

21 Hard palate

22 Soft palate with uvula

23 Tongue

24 Vocal fold

25 Larynx

26 Trachea

27 Upper lobe of left lung

28 Left pulmonary artery

29 Left main bronchus

30 Left pulmonary veins

31 Lower lobe of left lung

To page 247:

1 Nasal cavity

2 Pharynx

3 Larynx (thyroid cartilage)

4 Trachea

5 Upper lobe of right lung

6 Bifurcation of trachea

7 Right main bronchus

8 Horizontal fissure of right lung

9 Middle lobe of right lung

10 Oblique fissures of lungs

11 Lower lobe of right lung

12 Clavicle

13 Upper lobe of left lung

14 Left main bronchus

15 Bronchi supplying bronchopulmonary

segments

16 Lower lobe of left lung

17 Costal margin

18 Hyoid bone

19 Right superior lobe bronchus

20 Right middle lobe bronchus

21 Right inferior lobe bronchus

22 Left superior lobe bronchus

23 Left inferior lobe bronchus

24 Segmental bronchi

25 Branches of pulmonary arteries

26 Branches of pulmonary veins

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