1 Body of fifth lumbar vertebra,

suspensory ligament of ovary,

and sacral promontory

2 Ureter

3 Medial umbilical ligament

(remnant of umbilical artery)

(cut)

4 Infundibulum of uterine tube

5 Ampulla of uterine tube

6 Ovary

7 Uterine artery

8 Uterine tube

9 Rectum

10 Levator ani muscle

(pelvic diaphragm – cut edge)

11 External anal sphincter muscle

12 Anus (probe)

13 Internal iliac artery

14 Remnant of urachus

(median umbilical ligament)

15 Uterus

16 Round ligament of uterus

17 Urinary bladder

18 Vagina

19 Clitoris

20 Labium minus

21 External orifice of urethra

(red probe)

22 Vaginal orifice (green probe)

23 Lateral umbilical ligament

24 Inferior epigastric artery

25 Obturator artery, vein, and nerve

26 External iliac artery

27 Recto-uterine pouch (of Douglas)

28 Recto-uterine fold

29 Vesico-uterine pouch

30 Suspensory ligament of ovary

31 Greater vestibular gland and bulb

of the vestibule

Pelvic cavity in the female,

internal genital organs in situ (seen

from above). The peritoneum at the

left half of pelvic cavity has been

removed to display uterine tube,

vessels, and nerves.

Pelvic cavity in the female, internal genital organs in situ (lateral aspect). Right half of the

pelvis and sacrum have been removed.

Pelvic Cavity in the Female: Coronal and Horizontal Sections 367

1 Ilium

2 Rectum

3 Recto-uterine fold

4 Ovary

5 Uterine tube

6 Urinary bladder

7 Urethra

8 Labium minus

9 Recto-uterine pouch of

Douglas

10 Uterus (uterovesical

pouch)

11 Ligament of the head of

the femur

12 Head of femur

13 Vestibule of vagina

14 Labium majus

15 Anal cleft

16 Coccyx

17 Rectum

18 Myometrium of uterus

19 Uterine cavity

20 Obturator internus

muscle

21 Iliopsoas muscle

22 Sartorius muscle

23 Sciatic nerve and

gluteus maximus muscle

24 Uterine venous plexus

25 Broad ligament

26 Small intestine

27 Femoral artery and vein

28 Femoral nerve

29 Pyramidalis muscle

30 Rectum (anal canal)

31 Vagina

32 Urethral sphincter muscle

(base of urinary bladder)

33 Pubic symphysis

34 Levator ani muscle

35 Obturator externus

muscle

36 Mons pubis

37 Pectineus muscle

Coronal section through the pelvic cavity of the female (cf. MRI scan on p. 355).

Horizontal section through the pelvic cavity of the female at level of uterus (from below).

The uterus is retroverted to the left.

Horizontal section through the pelvic cavity of the female at level of the urethral sphincter

and vagina (from below).

368

11

7 Upper Limb

A = Shoulder girdle

B = Arm

C = Forearm

D = Wrist

E = Palm of hand

F = Finger

Bones

1 Scapula

2 Clavicle

3 Sternum

4 Humerus

5 Radius

6 Ulna

7 Carpal bones

8 Metacarpal bones

9 Phalanges

Joints

10 Sternoclavicular joint

11 Acromioclavicular joint

12 Shoulder joint

13 Elbow joint

14 Wrist joint

15 Midcarpal joint

16 Carpometacarpal joint

17 Metacarpophalangeal joint

18 Interphalangeal joints of the hand

19 Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Bones of shoulder girdle articulated with the thorax (superior aspect).

Organization of shoulder girdle and upper limb (superior aspect). The two

positions of the forearm essential to manual skills in the human, supination (right

arm) and pronation (left arm), are shown.

369

16

Skeleton of the Shoulder Girdle and Thorax

Skeleton of shoulder girdle and thorax (anterior aspect).

The cartilaginous parts of the ribs appear dark brown.

Right clavicle (superior aspect).

Right clavicle (inferior aspect).

Vertebral column

1 Atlas

2 Axis

3 Third–seventh cervical vertebrae

4 First thoracic vertebra

5 Twelfth thoracic vertebra

6 First lumbar vertebra

Ribs

7 First–third ribs True ribs 8 Fourth–seventh ribs

9 Eighth–tenth ribs False ribs 10 Eleventh and twelfth ribs

(floating ribs)

Clavicle

11 Sternal end

12 Articular facet for sternum

13 Acromial end

14 Articular facet for acromion

15 Impression for costoclavicular ligament

16 Conoid tubercle

17 Trapezoid line

18 Site of acromioclavicular joint

19 Site of sternoclavicular joint

Scapula

20 Acromion

21 Coracoid process

22 Glenoid cavity

23 Costal surface

Sternum

24 Manubrium

25 Body

26 Xiphoid process

Because of the human body’s upright

posture, the upper limb has developed a

high degree of mobility. The shoulder

girdle is to a great extent movable in

the thorax and is connected with the

trunk only by the sternoclavicular joint.

A further characteristic of the forearm is

the capacity for rotation (i.e., prona tion

and supination).

10

370

Vertebral column

1 Atlas

2 Axis

3 Third–sixth cervical vertebrae

4 Seventh vertebra (vertebra prominens)

5 First thoracic vertebra

6 Sixth thoracic vertebra

7 Twelfth thoracic vertebra

8 First lumbar vertebra

Clavicle

9 Sternal end

10 Acromial end

11 Site of acromioclavicular joint

Scapula

12 Acromion

13 Spine of scapula

14 Lateral angle

15 Posterior surface

16 Inferior angle

17 Coracoid process

18 Supraglenoid tubercle

19 Glenoid cavity

20 Infraglenoid tubercle

21 Lateral margin

Thorax

22 Body of sternum

23 Costal arch

24 Angle of ribs

25 Floating ribs

Skeleton of the Shoulder Girdle and Thorax

Skeleton of shoulder girdle and thorax (posterior aspect). Skeleton of shoulder girdle and thorax

(lateral aspect).

Scapula 371

Right scapula (posterior aspect).

Right scapula (lateral aspect).

Right scapula (anterior aspect, costal surface).

Scapula

A = superior border

B = medial border

C = lateral border

D = superior angle

E = inferior angle

F = lateral angle

1 Acromion

2 Coracoid process

3 Scapular notch

4 Glenoid cavity

5 Infraglenoid tubercle

6 Supraspinous fossa

7 Spine

8 Infraspinous fossa

9 Articular facet for acromion

10 Neck

11 Supraglenoid tubercle

12 Costal (anterior) surface

13 Base of coracoid process

372 Skeleton of the Shoulder Girdle and Humerus

1 First rib

2 Position of costotransverse joints

3 Fourth–seventh ribs

4 Clavicle

5 Position of acromioclavicular joint

6 Acromion

7 Scapular notch

8 Spine of scapula

9 Head of humerus

10 Glenoid cavity

11 Surgical neck of humerus

12 Posterior surface of scapula

13 Coracoid process

14 Infraglenoid tubercle

15 Greater tubercle of humerus

16 Anatomical neck of humerus

Bones of shoulder joint (posterior aspect).

Bones of shoulder joint (anterior aspect).

Humerus 373

Right humerus (anterior aspect). Right humerus (medial aspect). Right humerus (posterior aspect).

Humerus

1 Greater tubercle

2 Lesser tubercle

3 Crest of lesser tubercle

4 Crest of greater tubercle

5 Intertubercular sulcus

6 Surgical neck

7 Deltoid tuberosity

8 Anterolateral surface

9 Lateral supracondylar ridge

10 Radial fossa

11 Lateral epicondyle

12 Capitulum

13 Head

14 Anatomical neck

15 Anteromedial surface

16 Medial supracondylar ridge

17 Coronoid fossa

18 Medial epicondyle

19 Trochlea

20 Posterior surface

21 Groove for ulnar nerve

22 Groove for radial nerve

23 Olecranon fossa

374 Skeleton of the Forearm

Radius

1 Head

2 Articular circumference

3 Neck

4 Radial tuberosity

5 Shaft

6 Anterior surface

7 Styloid process

8 Articular surface

9 Posterior surface

10 Ulnar notch

Ulna

11 Trochlear notch

12 Coronoid process

13 Radial notch

14 Ulnar tuberosity

15 Head

16 Articular circumference

17 Styloid process

18 Posterior surface

19 Olecranon

Bones of right forearm, radius, and

ulna (anterior aspect).

Bones of right elbow joint (lateral aspect).

Bones of right forearm, radius, and

ulna (posterior aspect).

Articulations at the right elbow

20 Site of humero-ulnar joint

21 Site of humeroradial joint

22 Site of proximal radio-ulnar joint

A = humerus

B = radius

C = ulna

Skeleton of the Forearm and Hand 375

Skeleton of right forearm and hand in pronation. Skeleton of right forearm and hand in supination.

1 Humerus

2 Trochlea of humerus

3 Capitulum of humerus

4 Articular circumference of radius

5 Radial tuberosity

6 Anterior surface of ulna

7 Posterior surface of radius

8 Anterior surface of radius

9 Articular circumference of ulna

10 Carpal bones

11 Metacarpal bones

12 Proximal phalanges

13 Middle phalanges

14 Distal phalanges

15 Metacarpal bone of thumb

16 Proximal phalanx of thumb

Sites of joints

17 Humeroradial joint

18 Humero-ulnar joint

19 Proximal radio-ulnar joint

20 Distal radio-ulnar joint

21 Wrist joint

22 Midcarpal joint

23 Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

24 Carpometacarpal joints

25 Metacarpophalangeal joints

26 Interphalangeal joints of the hand

376 Skeleton of the Hand

Skeleton of right wrist and hand (dorsal aspect).

1 Radius

2 Ulna

3 Styloid process of ulna

4 Lunate bone

5 Triquetral bone Carpal bones 6 Capitate bone

7 Hamate bone

8 Base of third metacarpal bone

9 Metacarpal bones

10 Head of metacarpal bone

11 Proximal phalanges of hand

12 Middle phalanges of hand

13 Distal phalanges of hand

14 Styloid process of radius

15 Scaphoid bone

16 Trapezium bone Carpal bones

17 Trapezoid bone

18 Metacarpal bone of thumb

19 Proximal phalanx of thumb

20 Distal phalanx of thumb

21 Base of second proximal phalanx

22 Head of second

proximal phalanx

23 Tuberosity of distal

phalanx

24 Body of

third metacarpal

bone

Skeleton of right wrist and hand

(medial aspect).

10

Skeleton of the Hand 377

Skeleton of right wrist and hand (palmar aspect).

1 Radius

2 Styloid process of radius

3 Scaphoid bone

4 Capitate bone Carpal bones 5 Trapezium

6 Trapezoid bone

7 First metacarpal bone

8 Second to fourth metacarpal bones

9 Proximal phalanx of thumb

10 Distal phalanx of thumb

11 Base of second proximal phalanx

12 Proximal phalanges

13 Head of second proximal phalanx

14 Middle phalanges

15 Distal phalanx

16 Ulna

17 Styloid process of ulna

18 Lunate bone

19 Pisiform bone

20 Triquetral bone Carpal bones

21 Hamate bone

22 Hamulus or hook

of hamate bone

23 Base of third metacarpal bone

24 Head of metacarpal bone

25 Tuberosity of distal phalanx

The human hand is one of the most admirable structures of

the human body. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb,

a saddle joint, enjoys wide mobility so that the thumb can

come into contact with all other fingers, thus enabling the

hand to become an instrument for grasping and psychologic

expression. During evolution, these newly developed functions

appeared after the erect posture of the human body was

achieved. An inevitable prerequisite for the development of

human cultures is not only the differentiation of the brain

but also the development of an organ capable of realizing

its ideas: the human hand.

10

378

11

12

13

14

15

3

18

13

19

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

6

8

9

10

3

14

17

25

10

14

16

17

9

10

20

18

13

21

15

22

23

24