Disarticulated Skull II: Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal, and Palatine Bones 43

Part of a disarticulated base of skull (medial aspect). Green = sphenoidal bone; yellow = ethmoidal bone; red = palatine bone;

natural colored = left maxilla.

Part of a disarticulated base of

skull. The same specimen as shown

above but with frontal bone

(oblique-lateral aspect).

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44 Disarticulated Skull II: Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal, and Palatine Bones

Part of a disarticulated skull showing the connection of the palatine bone (red) and the maxilla with

ethmoidal bone (yellow) and sphenoidal bone (green) (anterior aspect).

Frontal bone Palatine bone Maxilla

1 Squamous part 10 Orbital process 19 Infra-orbital groove

2 Inferior temporal line 11 Perpendicular plate 20 Infra-orbital foramen

3 Temporal surface 12 Conchal crest 21 Zygomatic process

4 Supra-orbital foramen 13 Nasal crest 22 Alveolar process with teeth

5 Zygomatic process 14 Horizontal plate 23 Palatine process

Occipital bone Left inferior nasal concha

6 Squamous part Ethmoidal bone 24 Anterior part of

15 Orbital plate inferior concha

Sphenoidal bone 16 Ethmoidal air cell

7 Greater wing (temporal surface) 17 Middle concha

8 Optic canal within the lesser wing 18 Perpendicular plate

9 Lateral pterygoid plate (part of bony nasal septum)

Disarticulated Skull II: Maxilla, Zygomatic Bone, and Bony Palate 45

Frontal bone

1 Squamous part

2 Frontal notch

3 Supra-orbital foramen

4 Supra-orbital margin

5 Zygomatic process

6 Frontal spine

Sphenoidal bone

7 Greater wing (orbital surface)

8 Foramen rotundum

9 Pterygoid or Vidian canal

10 Lateral pterygoid plate

11 Medial pterygoid plate

Ethmoidal bone

12 Orbital plate

13 Ethmoidal air cells

14 Middle concha

Palatine bone

15 Horizontal plate

15a Nasal crest

16 Pyramidal process

17 Lesser palatine foramen

18 Greater palatine foramen

Zygomatic bone

19 Frontal process

20 Orbital surface

Maxilla

21 Canine fossa

22 Frontal process

23 Palatine process

24 Zygomatic process

25 Alveolar process and teeth

26 Juga alveolaria

27 Infra-orbital foramen

28 Infra-orbital groove

29 Anterior nasal aperture

30 Anterior nasal spine

Incisive bone

31 Central incisor and incisive bone or premaxilla

32 Incisive fossa

Vomer

33 Ala of the vomer

Sutures and choanae

34 Median palatine suture

35 Transverse palatine suture

36 Choanae

Anterior view of a disarticulated skull showing the connection of

the maxilla with the frontal and zygomatic bones. Yellow = ethmoidal

bone; red = palatine bone; green = sphenoidal bone.

Bony palate and teeth of the maxillae (from below). Anterior view of both maxillae forming the anterior bony

aperture of the nose.

46 Disarticulated Skull II: Pterygopalatine Fossa and Orbit

Paramedian section through the skull, right side (lateral aspect). Frontal and maxillary sinuses are opened.

Illustration of canals and foramina connected with the right orbit and

pterygopalatine fossa (compare the above figure). The greater wing of sphenoidal

bone (green) is shown as being transparent. Brown = temporal bone;

yellow = ethmoidal bone; red = lacrimal bone; light red = inferior nasal concha;

violet = maxilla; red = palatine bone.

1 Occipital bone

2 Temporal bone (petrous part)

3 Internal acoustic meatus

4 Carotid canal

5 Hypoglossal canal

6 Occipital condyle

7 Lateral plate of pterygoid process

8 Dorsum of sella turcica

9 Sella turcica

10 Frontal sinus

11 Optic canal

12 Posterior and anterior

ethmoidal foramina

13 Orbital plate of ethmoidal bone

14 Nasal bone

15 Nasolacrimal canal

16 Uncinate process

17 Inferior nasal concha

(maxillary process)

18 Maxillary sinus

19 Anterior nasal spine

20 Alveolar process of maxilla

21 Foramen rotundum

22 Pterygopalatine fossa

23 Tuberosity of maxilla

with alveolar foramina

24 Sphenopalatine foramen

25 Maxillary hiatus

26 Pterygoid or Vidian canal

27 Lesser palatine canal

28 Greater palatine canal

29 Infra-orbital canal

Disarticulated Skull II: Orbit, and Nasal and Lacrimal Bones 47

1 Occipital bone

2 Temporal bone

3 Frontal bone

4 Nasal spine of frontal bone

5 Zygomatic bone

6 Maxilla

7 Frontal process of maxilla

8 Ethmoidal bone

9 Orbital plate of ethmoidal bone

10 Perpendicular plate of ethmoidal bone

11 Site of lacrimal bone

12 Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone

13 Posterior lacrimal crest

14 Fossa for lacrimal sac

15 Lacrimal hamulus

16 Nasolacrimal canal

17 Site of nasal bone

18 Nasal foramina of nasal bone

19 Anterior nasal spine of maxilla

20 Vomer

21 Greater wing of sphenoidal bone

22 Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

23 Optic canal

24 Superior orbital fissure

25 Inferior orbital fissure

26 Infra-orbital groove

27 Infra-orbital foramen

Anterior part of a disarticulated skull.

Orange = zygomatic bone; yellow = ethmoidal bone;

dark green = sphenoidal bone. The arrows indicate the locations

of the lacrimal bone (11) and the nasal bone (17).

Left orbit (anterior aspect).

Left lacrimal bone (anterior aspect).

Left nasal bone (anterior aspect).

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48 Bones of the Nasal Cavity

To page 49:

Blue = occipital bone

Light green = parietal bone

Yellow = frontal bone

Dark brown = temporal bone

Red = sphenoidal bone

Dark green = ethmoidal bone

Light blue = nasal bone

Pink = inferior concha

Orange = vomer

Violet = maxilla

White = palatine bone

White = mandible

1 Frontal sinus

2 Ethmoidal air cells

3 Sphenoidal sinus

4 Superior nasal concha

5 Middle nasal concha

6 Maxillary hiatus

7 Inferior nasal concha

8 Palatine bone

9 Maxilla

10 Inferior meatus

11 Palatine process of the maxilla

Inferior concha and vomer

1 Ethmoidal process

2 Anterior part of concha

3 Inferior border

4 Ala of vomer

5 Posterior border of nasal septum

6 Lacrimal process

7 Posterior part of concha

8 Maxillary process

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Median section through the skull.

Right inferior nasal concha (medial aspect). Anterior part

to the left.

Right inferior nasal concha (lateral aspect). Anterior part

to the right.

Vomer (posterior aspect).

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Septum and Cartilages of the Nose 49

1 Crista galli

2 Cribriform plate

of ethmoidal bone

3 Perpendicular plate

of ethmoidal bone

4 Vomer

5 Ala of the vomer

6 Palatine bone

(perpendicular process)

7 Palatine bone (horizontal plate)

8 Mandible

9 Nasal bone

10 Sphenoidal sinus

11 Hypophysial fossa (sella turcica)

12 Grooves for the middle

meningeal artery

Cartilages of the nose

13 Lateral nasal cartilage

14 Greater alar cartilage

15 Lesser alar cartilages

16 Septal cartilage

17 Location of nasal bone

Paramedian sagittal section through the skull including the nasal septum.

Cartilages of the nose (right anterior aspect). Arrow = nostril,

framed by nasal wing.

Cartilages of the nose

(schematic diagram of the external nose).

50 Maxilla and Mandible with Teeth

1 Central incisor

2 Lateral incisor

3 Canines

4 First premolars or bicuspids

5 Second premolars or bicuspids

6 First molars

7 Second molars

8 Third molars

9 Articular tubercle

10 Mandibular fossa

11 Head of mandible

12 Condylar process

13 Hard palate and palatine glands

14 Oral cavity

15 Upper molar

16 Oral vestibule

17 Lower molar

18 Platysma muscle

19 Mandible

20 Maxillary sinus

21 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

22 Transverse muscle of tongue

23 Buccinator muscle

24 Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

25 Sublingual gland

26 Genioglossus muscle

Normal position of teeth. Dentition in centric occlusion (lateral

view).

Upper teeth of the adult (inferior aspect).

Lower teeth of the adult (superior aspect).

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Coronal section through the oral cavity.

Deciduous and Permanent Teeth 51

Comparison of the deciduous and permanent teeth.

Notice that the breadth of the alveolar arch of the child’s mandible

and maxilla holding the deciduous teeth is nearly the same as the

comparable portion in the jaws of the adult. Note the emergence of the

third molars. The numbers of the teeth correspond to the numbers in

the figure below.

Isolated teeth of the alveolar part of the maxilla (top row) and the mandible (lower row), labial surface of the

teeth.

Deciduous teeth in child’s skull. The developing crowns of the

permanent teeth are displayed in their crypts in the maxilla and

mandible.

1 Permanent incisors

2 Permanent cuspid (canine)

3 Premolars

4 First permanent molar

5 Second permanent molar

6 Mental foramen