The center of the circulatory system is the heart, which is

situated in the thoracic cavity and in contact with the

diaphragm. In the right ventricle, the venous blood is collected

and pumped through the pulmonary artery and into the

lung where the blood is oxygenated. The veins of the lung

transport the blood to the left ventricle, where it is pumped

through the aorta and its branches (arteries) in the human

body. Arteries and veins mostly run parallel. The venous

blood from the intestine reaches the liver via the portal

vein.

1 Aorta

2 Pulmonary artery

3 Right heart

4 Left heart

5 Diaphragm

6 Abdominal aorta

Organization of the circulatory system with

the heart in the center. Red = arteries; blue = veins

(from Lütjen-Drecoll, Rohen, Innenansichten des

menschlichen Körpers, 2010).

Organization of the circulatory systems in the human body.

The center of this system represents the heart. Red = arteries;

blue = veins (from Lütjen-Drecoll, Rohen, Innenansichten des

menschlichen Körpers, 2010).

A = pulmonary circulation C = portal circulation

B = systemic circulation D = lymphatic circulation

Organization of the Lymphatic System 17

3

5

4

7

8

3

4

7

5

6

1

1

2

Organization of the lymphatic system.

Course of the main lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in

the body. Dotted red line = border between lymphatic vessels

draining toward the right and the left venous angles.

Major lymph vessels of the trunk (green). Blue = veins,

red = arteries, white = nerves.

Lymphatic vessels originate in the tissue spaces (lymph

capillaries) and unite to form larger vessels (lymphatics).

These resemble veins but have a much thinner wall, more

valves, and are interrupted by lymph nodes at various

intervals. Large groups of lymph nodes are located in the

inguinal and axillary regions, deep to the mandible and

sternocleidomastoid muscle, and within the root of the

mesentery of the intestine. The lymphatic vessels of the

right half of the head and neck, the right thorax, and the

right upper limb drain toward the right venous angle; those

of the rest of the body, toward the left venous angle.

1 Right venous angle

2 Axillary lymph nodes

3 Left venous angle

4 Thoracic duct

5 Aorta

6 Inguinal lymph nodes

7 Cisterna chyli

8 Left kidney

18 Organization of the Nervous System

Posterior part of the trunk. The solar plexus with its connection to

the vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk has been dissected.

Diagram illustrating the localization of the three

functional portions of the nervous system

(brain, spinal cord and autonomic nervous system).

Yellow = sympathetic system;

red = parasympathetic system.

1

2 9

4

3

7

7

8

5

4

3

5

6

1 Cerebrum

2 Cranial nerves

3 Spinal nerves

4 Sympathetic trunk

5 Solar plexus

6 Nervous plexus of the

autonomic system

7 Aorta

8 Vagus nerve and esophagus

9 Bifurcation of trachea

The nervous system can be divided into three functionally

distinct parts:

1. The cranial part, which comprises the great sensory

organs and the brain.

2. The spinal cord, which shows a segmental structure and

serves predominantly as a reflex organ.

3. The autonomic nervous system, which controls the

involuntary functions (subconscious control) of organs

and tissues. The autonomic part of the nervous system

forms many delicate plexuses near or within the organs.

At certain places these plexuses contain aggregations of

nerve cells (prevertebral and intramural ganglia).

The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord at regular intervals.

The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form the cervical and

brachial plexus, which innervates the upper extremity, and

the ventral rami of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves form

the lumbosacral plexus, which innervates the pelvis and

genital organs and the lower extremity.

19

2 Head and Neck

2.1 Skull and Muscles of the Head

Muscles of mastication and facial muscles (lateral aspect).

The auricle has been removed.

The head contains the brain and the

great sensory organs (neurocranium).

Anteriorly, the facial bones, the

facial muscles, and the muscles of

mastication have been developed

(viscerocranium). The base of the

skull is slightly bent so that the

structures of the viscerocranium

become located underneath the

neurocranium, a specifity of the

human head. Therefore mimic

movements are possible in the

human face.

1 Temporalis muscle

2 Frontal bone

3 Zygomatic bone

4 Temporomandibular joint

5 External acoustic meatus

6 Maxilla

7 Mandible

8 Masseter muscle

Lateral aspect of the skull with muscles of mastication

(temporalis and masseter muscles = red).

The base of the skull is bent (grey line).

1

3

4

5

7

8

2

3

6

7

1

4

5

8

17

18

19

20

21

22

24

23

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

20 Bones of the Skull

1 Coronal suture

2 Frontal bone

3 Sphenoidal bone

4 Sphenofrontal suture

5 Ethmoidal bone

6 Nasal bone

7 Nasomaxillary suture

8 Lacrimal bone

9 Lacrimomaxillary suture

10 Ethmoidolacrimal suture

11 Zygomatic bone

12 Anterior nasal spine

13 Maxilla

14 Mandible

15 Mental foramen

16 Mental protuberance

17 Superior temporal line

18 Inferior temporal line

19 Parietal bone

20 Temporal bone

21 Squamous suture

22 Lambdoid suture

23 Temporal fossa

24 Parietomastoid suture

25 Occipital bone

26 Zygomatic arch

27 Occipitomastoid suture

28 External acoustic meatus

29 Mastoid process

30 Tympanic portion of temporal bone

31 Condylar process of mandible

32 Coronoid process of mandible

General architecture of the skull (lateral aspect). The different bones are indicated in

color (numbers cf. table).

Lateral aspect of the disarticulated skull (palatine bone,

lacrimal bone, ethmoidal bone, and vomer are not depicted).

Cranial bones Base of skull Facial bones Auditory ossicles

2 Frontal bone (orange)

19 Parietal bone (light yellow)

3 Greater wing of sphenoidal bone (red)

25 Squama of occipital bone (blue)

20 Squama of temporal bone (brown)

5 Ethmoidal bone (dark green)

3 Sphenoidal bone (red)

Temporal bone excluding squama (brown)

30 Tympanic portion of temporal bone (dark brown)

Occipital bone excluding squama (blue)

6 Nasal bone (white)

8 Lacrimal bone (light yellow)

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

11 Zygomatic bone (dark yellow)

Palatine bone

13 Maxilla (violet)

14 Mandible (white)

Malleus within petrous portion of Incus

Stapes temporal bone

Hyoid

1